गुरुदेव लोकसेवा तयारीEnglish & Nepali Grammar Complete Notes
नेपाली र अङ्ग्रेजी व्याकरण तथा शब्दभण्डारको सम्पूर्ण अभ्यास सामग्री — 1,400+ अन्तरक्रियात्मक MCQ, विगत लोकसेवा प्रश्नहरू, र विस्तृत नियमहरूसहित।
English Grammar
Complete English grammar covering Parts of Speech, Tenses, Voice, Speech, Vocabulary, Past Loksewa questions, and 800+ MCQs with detailed explanations.
नेपाली व्याकरण
सम्पूर्ण नेपाली व्याकरण र शब्दभण्डार — वर्णविन्यासदेखि उखान टुक्कासम्म, विगत प्रश्नहरू, ८००+ अन्तरक्रियात्मक MCQ, र विस्तृत नियमहरू।
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🇬🇧 English Grammar - Complete Notes
16 Chapters covering all syllabus topics with concept, rules, MCQs, and past Loksewa questions
COMPREHENSIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR & VOCABULARY NOTES
For 5th Level Sangathit Sanstha Pretest (10.1 - 5 Marks)
Based on Loksewa Syllabus 10.1
Target Exam: 5th Level Sangathit Sanstha Pretest
Subject Code: 10.1 – English Grammar and Vocabulary
Full Marks: 5
Question Type: Objective (MCQ)
Level: Class 10–11 standard
Compiled by: Arena AI Agent
Last Updated: 2026
TABLE OF CONTENTS
- PARTS OF SPEECH
- 1.1 Nouns
- 1.2 Pronouns
- 1.3 Adjectives
- 1.4 Verbs
- 1.5 Adverbs
- 1.6 Prepositions
- 1.7 Conjunctions
- 1.8 Interjections
- SENTENCE STRUCTURE
- 2.1 Simple, Compound, Complex Sentences
- 2.2 Sentence Patterns
- CLAUSES
- 3.1 Independent Clauses
- 3.2 Dependent Clauses
- 3.3 Types of Dependent Clauses
- TENSE
- 4.1 Present Tense (4 types)
- 4.2 Past Tense (4 types)
- 4.3 Future Tense (4 types)
- VOICE
- 5.1 Active Voice
- 5.2 Passive Voice
- 5.3 Conversion Rules
- SUBJECT–VERB AGREEMENT
- 6.1 Basic Rules
- 6.2 Special Cases
- VOCABULARY
- 7.1 Word Meanings
- 7.2 Synonyms
- 7.3 Antonyms
- 7.4 Derivatives (Word Formation)
- PAST LOKSEWA QUESTIONS
- ANSWER KEY
CHAPTER 1: PARTS OF SPEECH
1.1 INTRODUCTION
In English grammar, words are classified into eight parts of speech based on their function in a sentence. Every word in a sentence belongs to one of these categories:
- Noun
- Pronoun
- Verb
- Adjective
- Adverb
- Preposition
- Conjunction
- Interjection
Memory Trick: Use the sentence "Naga People Voted And Picked Congress Inc." (Noun, Pronoun, Verb, Adjective, Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction, Interjection)
1.2 NOUNS
CONCEPT
A noun is a word used to name a person, place, thing, animal, or idea. It is the most basic part of speech.
TYPES OF NOUNS
1. Proper Noun
Definition: Name of a specific person, place, or thing. Always starts with a capital letter.
Examples:
- Ram, Hari, Sita (persons)
- Kathmandu, London, Mount Everest (places)
- Sunday, January (days/months)
- Toyota, Facebook (brand names)
Sentence: Kathmandu is the capital of Nepal.
2. Common Noun
Definition: General name given to every person, place, or thing of the same kind.
Examples:
- boy, girl, teacher
- city, country, river
- book, pen, table
Sentence: The boy is reading a book.
3. Collective Noun
Definition: Name of a group/collection of persons, animals, or things.
Examples:
- army, team, class, family
- flock, herd, swarm (animals)
- bunch, bundle, set
Sentence: The team won the match.
4. Material Noun
Definition: Name of a material or substance from which things are made.
Examples:
- gold, silver, iron, wood
- cotton, silk, wool
- water, milk, oil
Sentence: The ring is made of gold.
5. Abstract Noun
Definition: Name of an idea, quality, or state that cannot be seen or touched.
Examples:
- love, hate, anger, joy
- honesty, bravery, kindness
- childhood, youth, freedom
Sentence: Honesty is the best policy.
IMPORTANT RULES FOR NOUNS
Rule 1: Proper nouns are always capitalized.
- Correct: I live in Nepal.
- Incorrect: I live in nepal.
Rule 2: Abstract nouns are usually formed by adding suffixes to adjectives/verbs:
- kind → kindness
- free → freedom
- child → childhood
- honest → honesty
- brave → bravery
Rule 3: Collective nouns take singular verbs when treated as a unit:
- The team is playing well.
- The team are divided among themselves. (when members act individually)
Rule 4: Some nouns are always plural (used as plurals):
- scissors, trousers, pants, glasses, goods, thanks, ashes, contents
- Example: My trousers are new.
Rule 5: Some nouns are always singular:
- news, mathematics, physics, politics, economics, measles, mumps
- Example: Mathematics is a difficult subject.
Rule 6: Nouns used as adjectives (Noun acting as Adjective):
- gold ring (not golden ring)
- stone wall
- school teacher
- football match
Rule 7: Common gender nouns can refer to both male and female:
- teacher, student, doctor, friend, child, baby, person
COUNTABLE vs UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
| Countable | Uncountable |
|---|---|
| book/books | information |
| apple/apples | advice |
| boy/boys | water |
| idea/ideas | news |
| chair/chairs | furniture |
MCQ SECTION: NOUNS
Q1. "Honesty is the best policy." The word "Honesty" is a/an:
- (a) Common noun
- (b) Proper noun
- (c) Abstract noun
- (d) Collective noun
Answer: (c) Abstract noun
Q2. "The army marched forward." Here "army" is:
- (a) Common noun
- (b) Collective noun
- (c) Abstract noun
- (d) Material noun
Answer: (b) Collective noun
Q3. Which of the following is a proper noun?
- (a) river
- (b) Kathmandu
- (c) teacher
- (d) book
Answer: (b) Kathmandu
Q4. Choose the collective noun: "A _____ of sheep."
- (a) swarm
- (b) herd
- (c) bunch
- (d) pack
Answer: (b) herd
Q5. "Mathematics ___ my favorite subject." (is/are)
- (a) is
- (b) are
- (c) have been
- (d) were
Answer: (a) is (because Mathematics is treated as singular)
Q6. "Gold is a precious metal." Here "Gold" is a:
- (a) Common noun
- (b) Material noun
- (c) Abstract noun
- (d) Proper noun
Answer: (b) Material noun
Q7. "The scissors are sharp." "Scissors" is:
- (a) Singular noun
- (b) Plural noun (always)
- (c) Collective noun
- (d) Abstract noun
Answer: (b) Plural noun (always)
Q8. Which is an abstract noun?
- (a) Table
- (b) Chair
- (c) Childhood
- (d) Pen
Answer: (c) Childhood
Q9. "Team" is a _____ noun.
- (a) Material
- (b) Abstract
- (c) Common
- (d) Collective
Answer: (d) Collective
Q10. Identify the noun: "The students play in the garden."
- (a) play
- (b) in
- (c) the
- (d) students
Answer: (d) students
1.3 PRONOUNS
CONCEPT
A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun to avoid repetition.
TYPES OF PRONOUNS
1. Personal Pronouns
Definition: Pronouns referring to persons.
| Person | Subject (Nominative) | Object (Accusative) | Possessive Adjective | Possessive Pronoun |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Sing. | I | me | my | mine |
| 2nd Sing/Pl | you | you | your | yours |
| 3rd Sing. | he/she/it | him/her/it | his/her/its | his/hers/its |
| 1st Pl. | we | us | our | ours |
| 3rd Pl. | they | them | their | theirs |
Example: Rama is a good boy. He is honest. (He = Rama)
2. Reflexive Pronouns
Definition: Pronouns that reflect the action back to the subject.
Forms: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
Example: I hurt myself.
3. Demonstrative Pronouns
Definition: Pronouns that point out specific things.
Forms: this, that, these, those
Example: This is my book. That is yours.
4. Relative Pronouns
Definition: Pronouns that relate a clause to a noun/pronoun.
Forms: who, whom, whose, which, that
Example: The boy who came here is Ram. (who refers to boy)
5. Interrogative Pronouns
Definition: Pronouns used to ask questions.
Forms: who, whom, whose, which, what
Example: Who are you?
6. Indefinite Pronouns
Definition: Pronouns referring to unspecified persons or things.
Forms: someone, anyone, everyone, no one, somebody, anybody, everybody, nobody, something, anything, everything, nothing, some, any, few, many, several, all, both, each, every, either, neither, one, none, other, another
Example: Everyone is present.
7. Distributive Pronouns
Definition: Pronouns that refer to persons or things taken one at a time.
Forms: each, every, either, neither
Example: Each of the boys got a prize.
IMPORTANT RULES FOR PRONOUNS
Rule 1: Subject pronouns are used as subject; object pronouns as object.
- Correct: She and I are friends. (subject)
- Correct: He told me a story. (object)
Rule 2: "Who" is used for subject; "whom" for object.
- Correct: The boy who came is Ram. (subject)
- Correct: The boy whom I met is Ram. (object)
Rule 3: Indefinite pronouns (each, every, either, neither, one, anyone, everybody, somebody, nobody, etc.) take singular verbs.
- Correct: Each of the students is present.
- Correct: Everyone has finished lunch.
- Correct: Neither of them is correct.
Rule 4: Indefinite pronouns (both, few, many, several) take plural verbs.
- Correct: Many students are absent.
- Correct: Both the boys were late.
Rule 5: Reflexive pronouns are used when the subject and object are the same.
- Correct: I hurt myself. (not "I hurt me")
- Correct: She blamed herself.
Rule 6: The pronoun after a preposition is always in the objective form.
- Correct: between you and me (not "between you and I")
- Correct: for him and her (not "for he and she")
Rule 7: "Its" is possessive; "It's" means "it is."
- Correct: The dog wagged its tail. (possessive)
- Correct: It's raining. (it is)
CASE FORMS OF PRONOUNS
| Nominative (Subject) | Accusative (Object) | Possessive |
|---|---|---|
| I | me | my/mine |
| we | us | our/ours |
| you | you | your/yours |
| he | him | his |
| she | her | her/hers |
| it | it | its |
| they | them | their/theirs |
| who | whom | whose |
MCQ SECTION: PRONOUNS
Q1. "Rita is a good girl. ___ is sincere." Fill in the blank:
- (a) He
- (b) She
- (c) It
- (d) They
Answer: (b) She
Q2. Choose the correct sentence:
- (a) Between you and I, this is wrong.
- (b) Between you and me, this is wrong.
- (c) Between you and myself, this is wrong.
- (d) Between I and you, this is wrong.
Answer: (b) Between you and me, this is wrong.
Q3. "The book is ___" (showing possession).
- (a) my
- (b) mine
- (c) me
- (d) I
Answer: (b) mine (possessive pronoun, used alone)
Q4. "Each of the students ___ present." (is/are)
- (a) is
- (b) are
- (c) were
- (d) have been
Answer: (a) is (each takes singular verb)
Q5. Identify the relative pronoun: "The boy who came is Ram."
- (a) boy
- (b) who
- (c) came
- (d) Ram
Answer: (b) who
Q6. "The dog wagged ___ tail." (its/it's)
- (a) it's
- (b) its
- (c) it
- (d) itself
Answer: (b) its (possessive form)
Q7. "I cut ___ while shaving." (reflexive pronoun)
- (a) me
- (b) I
- (c) myself
- (d) mine
Answer: (c) myself
Q8. "Neither of the answers ___ correct." (is/are)
- (a) is
- (b) are
- (c) were
- (d) have
Answer: (a) is
Q9. "Everyone ___ to succeed." (want/wants)
- (a) want
- (b) wants
- (c) wanting
- (d) wanted
Answer: (b) wants (Everyone is singular)
Q10. Choose the interrogative pronoun: "___ is calling me?"
- (a) Whom
- (b) Whose
- (c) Who
- (d) Which
Answer: (c) Who (used as subject)
1.4 ADJECTIVES
CONCEPT
An adjective is a word that describes, qualifies, or modifies a noun or pronoun. It answers questions: What kind? How many? Which one?
TYPES OF ADJECTIVES
1. Adjectives of Quality
Definition: Describe the quality/characteristic of a noun.
Examples: good, bad, beautiful, tall, short, intelligent, kind, honest
Sentence: She is a good girl.
2. Adjectives of Quantity
Definition: Show how much of something.
Examples: some, any, much, little, few, all, no, whole
Sentence: I have little money.
3. Adjectives of Number
Definition: Show the number of nouns.
Examples: one, two, three, first, second, third, few, many, several, all
Sentence: I have three books.
4. Demonstrative Adjectives
Definition: Point out specific nouns.
Forms: this, that, these, those
Sentence: This book is mine.
5. Distributive Adjectives
Definition: Refer to individual items in a group.
Forms: each, every, either, neither
Sentence: Each student got a prize.
6. Interrogative Adjectives
Definition: Used to ask questions.
Forms: what, which, whose
Sentence: Which book do you want?
7. Possessive Adjectives
Definition: Show possession.
Forms: my, your, his, her, its, our, their
Sentence: This is my book.
8. Proper Adjectives
Definition: Adjectives formed from proper nouns.
Examples: Indian (from India), American (from America), Nepali (from Nepal)
Sentence: He is an Indian citizen.
9. Compound Adjectives
Definition: Two or more words joined with a hyphen to act as an adjective.
Examples: well-known, hard-working, long-term, blue-eyed, part-time
Sentence: She is a hard-working student.
DEGREES OF COMPARISON
Adjectives have three degrees:
1. Positive Degree: Describes a quality without comparison.
- Ram is tall.
2. Comparative Degree: Compares two things.
- Ram is taller than Hari.
3. Superlative Degree: Compares more than two things.
- Ram is the tallest of all.
RULES FOR FORMING DEGREES
Rule 1: For most one-syllable adjectives, add "-er" and "-est":
- tall → taller → tallest
- short → shorter → shortest
- fast → faster → fastest
- old → older → oldest
- young → younger → youngest
- long → longer → longest
- strong → stronger → strongest
Rule 2: For adjectives ending in "-y", change "y" to "i" and add "-er"/"-est":
- happy → happier → happiest
- easy → easier → easiest
- busy → busier → busiest
- lazy → lazier → laziest
- pretty → prettier → prettiest
- heavy → heavier → heaviest
Rule 3: For adjectives ending in "-e", add "-r"/"-st":
- large → larger → largest
- nice → nicer → nicest
- wise → wiser → wisest
- brave → braver → bravest
- fine → finer → finest
Rule 4: For adjectives ending in consonant + vowel + consonant, double the last consonant:
- big → bigger → biggest
- hot → hotter → hottest
- thin → thinner → thinnest
- fat → fatter → fattest
- red → redder → reddest
Rule 5: For two-syllable adjectives ending in "-ful", "-less", "-ing", "-ed", use "more"/"most":
- more beautiful, most beautiful
- more careful, most careful
- more useful, most useful
- more boring, most boring
Rule 6: For adjectives of more than two syllables, use "more"/"most":
- beautiful → more beautiful → most beautiful
- intelligent → more intelligent → most intelligent
- difficult → more difficult → most difficult
- important → more important → most important
IRREGULAR COMPARISONS
| Positive | Comparative | Superlative |
|---|---|---|
| good | better | best |
| bad | worse | worst |
| little | less | least |
| much/many | more | most |
| far | farther/further | farthest/furthest |
| old | older/elder | oldest/eldest |
| late | later/latter | latest/last |
| up | upper | uppermost |
Special Note:
- elder/eldest - used for family members only
- my elder brother, the eldest son
- later/latter - latter refers to the second of two items
- the former...the latter
IMPORTANT RULES FOR ADJECTIVES
Rule 1: "Elder" and "eldest" are used for family members, not "older" and "oldest."
- Correct: my elder brother
- Correct: He is the eldest in the family.
Rule 2: When two qualities of the same person/thing are compared, use "more" (not "-er"):
- Correct: He is more honest than diligent. (not "honester")
- Correct: She is more intelligent than beautiful.
Rule 3: "Less" is used for uncountable nouns; "fewer" for countable:
- Less water, fewer books
- Less money, fewer friends
Rule 4: Article placement with adjectives:
- a + adjective + noun (a beautiful flower)
- the + adjective (used as noun for a class) (the rich, the poor)
Rule 5: Some adjectives cannot be compared (Absolute/Superlative adjectives):
- perfect, complete, unique, ideal, excellent, extreme, dead, empty, full, round, square
- These are already at the highest degree.
Rule 6: "A/An" comes before the adjective:
- a clever boy
- an honest man
ORDER OF ADJECTIVES (when more than one adjective)
Memory Trick: "OSASCOMP" (Opinion, Size, Age, Shape, Color, Origin, Material, Purpose)
Formula: Opinion + Size + Age + Shape + Color + Origin + Material + Purpose + Noun
Example: A beautiful (opinion) big (size) old (age) round (shape) red (color) Chinese (origin) wooden (material) dining (purpose) table.
MCQ SECTION: ADJECTIVES
Q1. Comparative of "good" is:
- (a) gooder
- (b) better
- (c) more good
- (d) best
Answer: (b) better
Q2. "She is ___ than her sister." (tall)
- (a) tall
- (b) taller
- (c) tallest
- (d) more tall
Answer: (b) taller
Q3. Superlative of "bad" is:
- (a) baddest
- (b) more bad
- (c) worse
- (d) worst
Answer: (d) worst
Q4. "He is the ___ boy in the class." (intelligent)
- (a) intelligent
- (b) more intelligent
- (c) most intelligent
- (d) intelligenter
Answer: (c) most intelligent (intelligent has 4 syllables)
Q5. "My ___ brother lives in Pokhara." (correct word)
- (a) older
- (b) elder
- (c) oldest
- (d) eldest
Answer: (b) elder (for family members)
Q6. Choose the correct form: "Ram is ___ than Shyam."
- (a) more stronger
- (b) stronger
- (c) strongest
- (d) most strong
Answer: (b) stronger (single syllable adjective)
Q7. Identify the adjective: "She bought a red dress."
- (a) She
- (b) bought
- (c) red
- (d) dress
Answer: (c) red
Q8. Comparative of "beautiful":
- (a) beautifuler
- (b) more beautiful
- (c) beautifulest
- (d) most beautifuler
Answer: (b) more beautiful
Q9. "Happy" - Comparative:
- (a) happyer
- (b) happier
- (c) more happy
- (d) most happy
Answer: (b) happier (y→i + er)
Q10. "I have ___ money than you." (less/fewer)
- (a) fewer
- (b) less
- (c) lesser
- (d) least
Answer: (b) less (money is uncountable)
1.5 VERBS
CONCEPT
A verb is a word that shows an action, occurrence, or state of being. It is the heart of a sentence.
TYPES OF VERBS
1. Transitive Verb
Definition: A verb that needs an object to complete its meaning.
Examples:
- Ram kicked the ball. (ball = object)
- She wrote a letter. (letter = object)
- He eats rice.
2. Intransitive Verb
Definition: A verb that does not need an object.
Examples:
- The baby cries. (no object)
- The sun shines. (no object)
- Birds fly.
3. Linking Verb
Definition: Verbs that connect the subject to additional information.
Forms: is, am, are, was, were, be, being, been
Other linking verbs: seem, appear, become, look, feel, sound, taste, smell, remain, stay
Examples:
- She is a doctor. (connects subject to "doctor")
- He looks tired. (connects subject to "tired")
- The food tastes good.
4. Auxiliary/Helping Verbs
Definition: Verbs that help the main verb form tenses, voice, or mood.
Forms:
- Primary auxiliaries: be, have, do
- Modal auxiliaries: can, could, will, would, shall, should, may, might, must, ought to
Examples:
- She is singing. (is = helping verb)
- They have gone. (have = helping verb)
- He can swim. (can = modal)
5. Modal Verbs
Definition: Verbs that express mood, attitude, or ability.
Forms: can, could, will, would, shall, should, may, might, must, ought to, need, dare
Examples and Meanings:
| Modal | Function | Example |
|---|---|---|
| can | ability/permission | I can swim. |
| could | past ability/polite request | Could you help me? |
| will | future/intention | I will go tomorrow. |
| would | polite request/habit | I would like tea. |
| shall | future (formal) | I shall return. |
| should | advice/obligation | You should study. |
| may | permission/possibility | May I come in? |
| might | weak possibility | It might rain. |
| must | strong obligation/necessity | You must work hard. |
| ought to | moral duty | You ought to respect elders. |
| need | necessity | You need to work. |
THREE FORMS OF VERBS
Regular Verbs: Add "-ed" to form past and past participle.
- work → worked → worked
- walk → walked → walked
- play → played → played
- talk → talked → talked
- study → studied → studied (y → i + ed)
Irregular Verbs: Have unique past and past participle forms.
| Base Form (V1) | Past Form (V2) | Past Participle (V3) |
|---|---|---|
| be | was/were | been |
| become | became | become |
| begin | began | begun |
| break | broke | broken |
| bring | brought | brought |
| build | built | built |
| buy | bought | bought |
| catch | caught | caught |
| choose | chose | chosen |
| come | came | come |
| cost | cost | cost |
| cut | cut | cut |
| do | did | done |
| draw | drew | drawn |
| drink | drank | drunk |
| drive | drove | driven |
| eat | ate | eaten |
| fall | fell | fallen |
| feel | felt | felt |
| fight | fought | fought |
| find | found | found |
| fly | flew | flown |
| forget | forgot | forgotten |
| freeze | froze | frozen |
| get | got | got/gotten |
| give | gave | given |
| go | went | gone |
| grow | grew | grown |
| have | had | had |
| hear | heard | heard |
| hide | hid | hidden |
| hit | hit | hit |
| hold | held | held |
| hurt | hurt | hurt |
| keep | kept | kept |
| know | knew | known |
| leave | left | left |
| lend | lent | lent |
| let | let | let |
| lie | lay | lain |
| lose | lost | lost |
| make | made | made |
| mean | meant | meant |
| meet | met | met |
| pay | paid | paid |
| put | put | put |
| read | read | read |
| ride | rode | ridden |
| ring | rang | rung |
| rise | rose | risen |
| run | ran | run |
| say | said | said |
| see | saw | seen |
| sell | sold | sold |
| send | sent | sent |
| set | set | set |
| shake | shook | shaken |
| show | showed | shown/showed |
| shut | shut | shut |
| sing | sang | sung |
| sit | sat | sat |
| sleep | slept | slept |
| speak | spoke | spoken |
| spend | spent | spent |
| stand | stood | stood |
| steal | stole | stolen |
| swim | swam | swum |
| take | took | taken |
| teach | taught | taught |
| tear | tore | torn |
| tell | told | told |
| think | thought | thought |
| throw | threw | thrown |
| understand | understood | understood |
| wake | woke/waked | woken/waked |
| wear | wore | worn |
| win | won | won |
| write | wrote | written |
IMPORTANT RULES FOR VERBS
Rule 1: A verb must agree with its subject in number and person.
- He goes to school. (3rd person singular)
- They go to school. (3rd person plural)
Rule 2: With "have" - use "have" with I, you, we, they; "has" with he, she, it.
- I have a book.
- He has a book.
Rule 3: "Do/Does" - use "do" with I, you, we, they; "does" with he, she, it.
- I do my work.
- She does her work.
Rule 4: "Was" is used with I, he, she, it; "were" with you, we, they.
- I was there.
- They were there.
Rule 5: After "Let" (suggestion), use base form.
- Let us go.
- Let him come.
Rule 6: After modal verbs, use base form (V1).
- He can go. (not "goes")
- She will come. (not "comes")
Rule 7: After "to" (infinitive), use base form.
- I want to go.
- He likes to play.
Rule 8: Gerund (V1+ing) is used as noun.
- Swimming is good exercise.
- I enjoy reading.
Rule 9: Present participle (V1+ing) is used with auxiliaries.
- He is playing.
- They were running.
Rule 10: Past participle (V3) is used with has/have/had.
- He has finished his work.
- I have written a letter.
MCQ SECTION: VERBS
Q1. "She ___ a teacher." (linking verb)
- (a) play
- (b) is
- (c) runs
- (d) eat
Answer: (b) is (linking verb)
Q2. Past tense of "write":
- (a) writed
- (b) wrote
- (c) written
- (d) writing
Answer: (b) wrote
Q3. Past participle of "eat":
- (a) ate
- (b) eaten
- (c) eating
- (d) eats
Answer: (b) eaten
Q4. Identify the transitive verb: "He reads a book."
- (a) He
- (b) reads
- (c) a
- (d) book
Answer: (b) reads (takes object "book")
Q5. Choose the modal verb: "You ___ study hard."
- (a) will
- (b) shall
- (c) should
- (d) all of the above
Answer: (d) all of the above
Q6. "I ___ a letter now." (write - present continuous)
- (a) write
- (b) am writing
- (c) wrote
- (d) written
Answer: (b) am writing
Q7. "The child ___ in the park." (intransitive verb)
- (a) plays football
- (b) plays
- (c) played cricket
- (d) plays hockey
Answer: (b) plays (no object)
Q8. "He ___ go to school." (modal showing future)
- (a) may
- (b) can
- (c) will
- (d) should
Answer: (c) will (for future)
Q9. "She ___ to dance." (after 'to' use V1)
- (a) likes
- (b) like
- (c) liking
- (d) liked
Answer: (a) likes
Q10. Past of "begin":
- (a) begun
- (b) began
- (c) beginned
- (d) beginning
Answer: (b) began
1.6 ADVERBS
CONCEPT
An adverb is a word that modifies/qualifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. It tells us how, when, where, why, or how often an action is done.
TYPES OF ADVERBS
1. Adverbs of Manner (How?)
Definition: Describe how an action is performed.
Examples: quickly, slowly, carefully, gently, badly, well, fast, hard, fast
Sentence: She sings beautifully.
Note: Adverbs of manner are usually formed by adding "-ly" to adjectives:
- slow → slowly
- quick → quickly
- careful → carefully
- beautiful → beautifully
Adjectives that do NOT add "-ly":
- fast, hard, late, early, high, low, near, far, deep, wide, straight, long, little
- Example: He runs fast (not "fastly")
Adjectives that LOOK like adverbs but are adjectives:
- He is a hard worker. (adjective - modifies worker)
- He works hard. (adverb - modifies works)
2. Adverbs of Time (When?)
Definition: Show when an action takes place.
Examples: today, tomorrow, yesterday, now, then, soon, never, always, often, sometimes, already, yet, just, recently, lately, ago, before, after, early, late
Sentence: I will come tomorrow.
3. Adverbs of Place (Where?)
Definition: Show where an action takes place.
Examples: here, there, everywhere, nowhere, somewhere, anywhere, above, below, inside, outside, up, down, in, out
Sentence: He went outside.
4. Adverbs of Frequency (How often?)
Definition: Show how often an action happens.
Examples: always, usually, often, sometimes, rarely, seldom, never, occasionally, frequently, generally
Order: always > usually > often > sometimes > rarely > never
Sentence: I always get up early.
5. Adverbs of Degree/Quantity (How much?)
Definition: Show the degree or intensity of an action.
Examples: very, much, too, quite, almost, nearly, just, hardly, scarcely, only, merely, enough, extremely, fairly, rather, completely, totally
Sentence: She is very intelligent.
6. Adverbs of Reason/Purpose (Why?)
Definition: Show why an action takes place.
Examples: because, since, as, therefore, hence, for, so
Sentence: He is absent because he is sick.
7. Adverbs of Affirmation/Negation
Examples: yes, no, not, never, certainly, surely, definitely, perhaps, maybe, probably
Sentence: Certainly, I will come.
8. Interrogative Adverbs
Forms: when, where, why, how
Sentence: When will you come?
9. Relative Adverbs
Forms: when, where, why
Sentence: This is the place where I was born.
COMPARISON OF ADVERBS
Most adverbs ending in "-ly" form comparison with "more/most":
- quickly → more quickly → most quickly
- slowly → more slowly → most slowly
Some adverbs form comparison like adjectives:
- fast → faster → fastest
- hard → harder → hardest
- early → earlier → earliest
- late → later → latest
- near → nearer → nearest
- high → higher → highest
- low → lower → lowest
Irregular comparison:
- well → better → best
- badly → worse → worst
- little → less → least
- much → more → most
- far → farther/further → farthest/furthest
POSITION OF ADVERBS
Rule 1: Adverbs of manner usually come after the verb or object.
- He works hard.
- She sang the song beautifully.
Rule 2: Adverbs of time can come at the beginning or end.
- Tomorrow, I will come.
- I will come tomorrow.
Rule 3: Adverbs of frequency usually come BEFORE the main verb but AFTER auxiliary verbs.
- I always go to school. (before main verb)
- I am always busy. (after auxiliary, before main verb)
- He will never come. (after auxiliary)
Rule 4: Adverbs of degree usually come BEFORE the word they modify.
- She is very beautiful. (before adjective)
- He runs quite fast. (before adverb)
IMPORTANT RULES FOR ADVERBS
Rule 1: "Good" is an adjective; "Well" is an adverb.
- She is a good singer. (adjective)
- She sings well. (adverb)
- Exception: "I am well" (after linking verb, "well" means healthy)
Rule 2: "Latter" refers to the second of two; "Later" refers to time.
- the former...the latter (second of two)
- He came later (after)
Rule 3: "Ago" is used with past tense; "Since" is used with perfect tenses.
- He came two days ago. (past)
- I have been here since morning. (perfect)
Rule 4: "Hard" (adverb) and "Hardly" (almost not) are different.
- He works hard. (= with effort)
- He hardly works. (= almost never)
Rule 5: "Late" (adverb) and "Lately" (recently) are different.
- He came late.
- Lately, he has been busy.
Rule 6: "Near" (adverb) and "Nearly" (almost) are different.
- He lives near the school.
- He nearly died.
MCQ SECTION: ADVERBS
Q1. Identify the adverb: "She sings beautifully."
- (a) She
- (b) sings
- (c) beautifully
- (d) none
Answer: (c) beautifully
Q2. Choose the correct sentence:
- (a) He runs fastly.
- (b) He runs fast.
- (c) He runs fastly fast.
- (d) He fastly runs.
Answer: (b) He runs fast.
Q3. "She is a ___ singer." (good/well)
- (a) well
- (b) good
- (c) both
- (d) none
Answer: (b) good (adjective before noun)
Q4. "He works ___ ." (showing manner)
- (a) hard
- (b) hardly
- (c) harder
- (d) hardly
Answer: (a) hard (means with effort)
Q5. "I ___ go to the cinema." (adverb of frequency)
- (a) always
- (b) am always
- (c) always am
- (d) am
Answer: (a) always
Q6. Comparative of "fast":
- (a) faster
- (b) more fast
- (c) fastest
- (d) fastly
Answer: (a) faster
Q7. Identify the adverb of time: "I will come tomorrow."
- (a) will
- (b) come
- (c) tomorrow
- (d) I
Answer: (c) tomorrow
Q8. "He ___ comes here." (adverb of frequency)
- (a) always
- (b) often
- (c) sometimes
- (d) all of the above
Answer: (d) all of the above
Q9. "Too" is an adverb of:
- (a) manner
- (b) time
- (c) degree
- (d) place
Answer: (c) degree
Q10. "The train arrived ___." (adverb of place)
- (a) early
- (b) late
- (c) here
- (d) soon
Answer: (c) here
1.7 PREPOSITIONS
CONCEPT
A preposition is a word placed before a noun/pronoun to show its relation to other words in the sentence. Prepositions usually indicate relationships of time, place, direction, manner, reason, etc.
LIST OF COMMON PREPOSITIONS
Time: at, on, in, before, after, during, between, since, for, till/until, from...to, by, ago
Place: at, in, on, by, beside, between, among, under, below, over, above, beneath, near, behind, before, in front of, opposite, around, about, through, across, along, against
Direction/Movement: to, from, into, onto, off, out of, towards, through, across, along, up, down, around
Manner/Means: by, with, in, on, through
Reason/Purpose: for, because of, on account of, due to
Other: of, about, with, without, regarding, concerning, despite, except
IMPORTANT RULES FOR PREPOSITIONS
Rule 1: "AT, ON, IN" for Place
- at = specific point/small place: at home, at the door, at the station, at the bus stop
- on = surface: on the table, on the wall, on the floor, on a page
- in = enclosed area/larger place: in the room, in the box, in Nepal, in Kathmandu
Rule 2: "AT, ON, IN" for Time
- at = precise time: at 5 PM, at noon, at midnight, at dawn
- on = specific day/date: on Monday, on January 1, on my birthday
- in = months/years/seasons/centuries: in January, in 2024, in summer, in the morning
Rule 3: "SINCE vs FOR"
- since + point of time: since 2020, since Monday, since morning, since 5 PM
- I have lived here since 2020.
- for + period of time: for 5 years, for two hours, for a long time
- I have lived here for 5 years.
Rule 4: "IN, ON, AT" for Transport
- in a car/taxi/bus
- on a bicycle/train/ship/plane/horse
- by car/bus/train/ship/plane (means of transport)
Rule 5: "BETWEEN vs AMONG"
- between = two items: between you and me, between the two houses
- among = more than two: among the students, among the trees
Rule 6: "INTO vs IN"
- in = position (inside already)
- into = motion from outside to inside
- He is in the room. (already inside)
- He went into the room. (moved inside)
Rule 7: "WITH vs BY"
- with + instrument: write with a pen, cut with a knife
- by + agent: written by Shakespeare, made by him
Rule 8: "Above vs Over"
- above = higher than, not directly on top: above the clouds
- over = directly above or covering: over the table, jump over the wall
Rule 9: "Below vs Under"
- below = lower than, not directly beneath
- under = directly beneath: under the table
Rule 10: "On vs Upon"
- "Upon" is more formal than "on"
- "once upon a time"
Rule 11: Preposition + object (noun/pronoun/gerund)
- "I am fond of music" (noun)
- "I am fond of him" (pronoun - objective)
- "I am fond of reading" (gerund - V1+ing)
Rule 12: "Like" should be followed by a noun, not a verb. Use "as" or "as if" with verbs.
- She looks like her mother. (noun)
- She looks as her mother does. (verb)
- He looks as if he is sick. (verb)
Rule 13: The pronoun after a preposition is in the objective case.
- between you and me (not "I")
- for him (not "he")
- with her (not "she")
COMMON PREPOSITIONAL PAIRS (FIXED)
| Preposition | Used With |
|---|---|
| at | at home, at work, at school, at night |
| in | in bed, in danger, in trouble, in time |
| on | on fire, on duty, on holiday, on foot |
| for | for example, for instance, for ever |
| by | by chance, by mistake, by hand, by heart |
| with | with regard to, with respect to, with a view to |
| to | according to, owing to, due to, up to |
| of | because of, in spite of, in front of, in case of |
| under | under control, under construction, under discussion |
| on | on behalf of, on account of |
VERBS + APPROPRIATE PREPOSITIONS
| Verb | Preposition | Example |
|---|---|---|
| believe in | in | I believe in God. |
| consist of | of | Water consists of H and O. |
| depend on | on | It depends on you. |
| die of | of | He died of cancer. |
| good at | at | She is good at math. |
| interested in | in | I am interested in music. |
| married to | to | She is married to Ram. |
| proud of | of | He is proud of his son. |
| similar to | to | He is similar to his father. |
| succeed in | in | He succeeded in passing. |
| think of | of | Think of the poor. |
| tired of | of | I am tired of waiting. |
MCQ SECTION: PREPOSITIONS
Q1. "The book is ___ the table." (on/in/at)
- (a) on
- (b) in
- (c) at
- (d) by
Answer: (a) on (surface)
Q2. "I have lived here ___ 2015." (since/for)
- (a) for
- (b) since
- (c) from
- (d) at
Answer: (b) since (point of time)
Q3. "I have lived here ___ 10 years."
- (a) since
- (b) from
- (c) for
- (d) at
Answer: (c) for (period of time)
Q4. "He is good ___ mathematics."
- (a) in
- (b) at
- (c) on
- (d) with
Answer: (b) at
Q5. "The cat is hiding ___ the table."
- (a) under
- (b) on
- (c) at
- (d) in
Answer: (a) under
Q6. "I will come ___ Monday." (on/in/at)
- (a) in
- (b) on
- (c) at
- (d) by
Answer: (b) on (specific day)
Q7. "The meeting is ___ 10 AM."
- (a) in
- (b) on
- (c) at
- (d) by
Answer: (c) at (precise time)
Q8. "The train is ___ the platform."
- (a) in
- (b) on
- (c) at
- (d) by
Answer: (b) on (platform is a surface/line)
Q9. "He died ___ cancer."
- (a) from
- (b) of
- (c) with
- (d) by
Answer: (b) of (die of = cause of death)
Q10. "She arrived ___ the airport." (preposition of place)
- (a) at
- (b) in
- (c) on
- (d) to
Answer: (a) at (airport is specific point)
Q11. "I go to school ___ foot."
- (a) on
- (b) by
- (c) with
- (d) in
Answer: (a) on (on foot)
Q12. "I go to school ___ bus."
- (a) on
- (b) by
- (c) in
- (d) with
Answer: (b) by (by bus = means of transport)
1.8 CONJUNCTIONS
CONCEPT
A conjunction is a word that joins words, phrases, or clauses together.
TYPES OF CONJUNCTIONS
1. Coordinating Conjunctions
Definition: Join words, phrases, or clauses of equal rank.
Memory Trick: FANBOYS
- F = For (because)
- A = And (addition)
- N = Nor (negative addition)
- B = But (contrast)
- O = Or (choice)
- Y = Yet (contrast)
- S = So (result)
Examples:
- Ram and Shyam are friends. (joining words)
- He is poor but honest. (joining clauses)
- Do or die. (joining words)
- I was tired, so I went to bed.
Special Rule: When joining two independent clauses with a coordinating conjunction, use a comma BEFORE the conjunction.
- Correct: I was tired, so I went to bed.
- Incorrect: I was tired so I went to bed.
2. Subordinating Conjunctions
Definition: Join a dependent (subordinate) clause to an independent clause.
Common Subordinating Conjunctions:
- Time: when, while, before, after, since, until, as soon as, as long as, whenever
- Cause/Reason: because, since, as, for, as long as
- Purpose: so that, in order that, lest
- Condition: if, unless, provided that, in case, as long as
- Contrast: although, though, even though, while, whereas
- Result: so...that, such...that
- Place: where, wherever
- Manner: as, as if, as though, the way
Examples:
- Although he is rich, he is not happy. (subordinating)
- I will come when I am ready.
- Because it rained, we stayed home.
Special Rule: When the subordinate clause comes FIRST, use a comma after it.
- Correct: When I came, he was sleeping.
- Correct: He was sleeping when I came. (no comma needed)
3. Correlative Conjunctions
Definition: Work in pairs to join equal elements.
Pairs:
- either...or
- neither...nor
- both...and
- not only...but also
- whether...or
- no sooner...than
- rather...than
- such...that
Examples:
- Either you or I will go.
- Neither Ram nor Shyam came.
- Both Ram and Shyam are honest.
- He is not only intelligent but also hardworking.
Special Rule: The elements joined by correlative conjunctions should be parallel (same grammatical structure).
- Correct: He is both intelligent and hardworking. (adjective + adjective)
- Correct: She not only sings but also dances. (verb + verb)
4. Conjunctive Adverbs
Definition: Words that connect clauses but are not true conjunctions; they need a semicolon or period before them and a comma after.
Examples: however, therefore, moreover, furthermore, nevertheless, otherwise, consequently, meanwhile, besides, actually, indeed
Example: I was tired; however, I continued working.
MCQ SECTION: CONJUNCTIONS
Q1. "He is poor ___ honest." (joining two clauses)
- (a) and
- (b) but
- (c) or
- (d) so
Answer: (b) but (contrast)
Q2. "I was tired, ___ I went to bed."
- (a) and
- (b) but
- (c) so
- (d) or
Answer: (c) so (result)
Q3. "I will come ___ you call me."
- (a) when
- (b) but
- (c) and
- (d) or
Answer: (a) when (subordinating)
Q4. "He is ___ intelligent ___ hardworking." (correlative)
- (a) either...or
- (b) both...and
- (c) neither...nor
- (d) not only...but also
Answer: (b) both...and
Q5. "Neither he ___ I am responsible."
- (a) or
- (b) and
- (c) nor
- (d) but
Answer: (c) nor
Q6. "___ it rained, we stayed home." (subordinating)
- (a) But
- (b) And
- (c) Because
- (d) So
Answer: (c) Because
Q7. Identify the coordinating conjunction: "I like tea and coffee."
- (a) like
- (b) tea
- (c) and
- (d) coffee
Answer: (c) and
Q8. "Do ___ die." (joining words)
- (a) and
- (b) or
- (c) but
- (d) so
Answer: (b) or
Q9. "___ you work hard, you will fail." (condition)
- (a) If
- (b) Unless
- (c) Both If and Unless
- (d) Although
Answer: (c) Both If and Unless (both can show condition)
Q10. "Although he is rich, he is not happy." Here "Although" is:
- (a) Coordinating conjunction
- (b) Subordinating conjunction
- (c) Correlative conjunction
- (d) Conjunctive adverb
Answer: (b) Subordinating conjunction
1.9 INTERJECTIONS
CONCEPT
An interjection is a word or phrase that expresses a sudden emotion, feeling, or reaction. It is the most independent part of speech - it can stand alone or be part of a sentence.
TYPES OF INTERJECTIONS
1. Joy/Happiness
- Hurrah! Hurray! Yay! Yahoo! Wow! Great! Excellent! Wonderful! Fantastic! Bravo!
Example: Hurray! We won the match!
2. Sorrow/Pain/Grief
- Alas! Oh! Ouch! Ow! Woe!
Example: Alas! He is no more.
3. Surprise
- Oh! Ah! What! Really! Wow! Gosh!
Example: Oh! You are here!
4. Approval/Praise
- Bravo! Well done! Excellent! Good! Super!
Example: Bravo! That was a great performance.
5. Greeting
- Hello! Hi! Hey! Good morning! Howdy!
Example: Hello! How are you?
6. Attention/Calling
- Hey! Listen! Look! Hush! Shh! Ahem!
Example: Listen! The bell is ringing.
7. Disgust
- Ugh! Yuck! Eww! Phew!
Example: Yuck! This food smells terrible.
8. Discovery
- Aha! Eureka! Oh! I see!
Example: Eureka! I found it!
9. Doubt/Questioning
- Hmm? Eh? Really?
Example: Really? Is that true?
10. Warning
- Watch out! Look out! Beware! Careful!
Example: Beware! Of dogs.
IMPORTANT RULES FOR INTERJECTIONS
Rule 1: Interjections are usually followed by an exclamation mark (!).
Rule 2: Interjections can stand alone or be part of a sentence.
- Oh! What a beautiful day!
- Alas, he failed the exam.
Rule 3: When an interjection comes at the beginning of a sentence, it is followed by a comma or exclamation mark.
Rule 4: Mild interjections use comma; strong emotions use exclamation mark.
- Well, I think we should go. (comma)
- Wow! That was amazing! (exclamation)
COMMON INTERJECTIONS AND THEIR MEANINGS
| Interjection | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Hurrah/Hurray | Joy, celebration | Hurrah! We won! |
| Alas | Sorrow, regret | Alas! He is dead. |
| Bravo | Praise, applause | Bravo! Well done! |
| Eureka | Discovery | Eureka! I found it! |
| Ouch/Ow | Pain | Ouch! It hurts! |
| Wow | Surprise, admiration | Wow! Beautiful! |
| Shh/Hush | Request for silence | Shh! Be quiet. |
| Hmm | Doubt, thinking | Hmm, I'm not sure. |
| Ugh/Yuck | Disgust | Yuck! This is dirty. |
| Oops | Minor mistake | Oops! I dropped it. |
| Ah/Oh | Realization | Oh! Now I understand. |
| Phew | Relief | Phew! That was close. |
MCQ SECTION: INTERJECTIONS
Q1. "Alas! He is dead." "Alas" expresses:
- (a) Joy
- (b) Sorrow
- (c) Surprise
- (d) Anger
Answer: (b) Sorrow
Q2. "Bravo! Well played." "Bravo" expresses:
- (a) Sorrow
- (b) Joy
- (c) Approval/Praise
- (d) Disgust
Answer: (c) Approval/Praise
Q3. "___! I won the lottery."
- (a) Alas
- (b) Hurray
- (c) Ouch
- (d) Shh
Answer: (b) Hurray
Q4. Identify the interjection: "Ouch! That hurts."
- (a) That
- (b) hurts
- (c) Ouch
- (d) none
Answer: (c) Ouch
Q5. "Eureka! I have found it!" Here "Eureka" expresses:
- (a) Joy
- (b) Discovery
- (c) Surprise
- (d) Pain
Answer: (b) Discovery
Q6. "___! The baby is sleeping."
- (a) Hurrah
- (b) Wow
- (c) Shh
- (d) Bravo
Answer: (c) Shh (request for silence)
Q7. "___! This food smells terrible."
- (a) Wow
- (b) Bravo
- (c) Yuck
- (d) Hurray
Answer: (c) Yuck (disgust)
Q8. "___! I made a mistake." (minor mistake)
- (a) Alas
- (b) Hurray
- (c) Oops
- (d) Wow
Answer: (c) Oops
CHAPTER 2: SENTENCE STRUCTURE
2.1 CONCEPT
A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. It has a subject and a predicate.
Two basic parts:
- Subject: What the sentence is about
- Predicate: What is said about the subject
Example: Ram (subject) reads books (predicate).
2.2 TYPES OF SENTENCES BASED ON STRUCTURE
1. Simple Sentence
Definition: Contains one subject and one predicate (one independent clause).
Examples:
- Ram reads a book.
- She sings.
- The sun rises in the east.
- I like coffee.
Identification: Has one subject + one verb; expresses one complete thought.
2. Compound Sentence
Definition: Contains two or more independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS) or a semicolon.
Examples:
- Ram reads a book, and Shyam writes a letter.
- I was tired, but I continued working.
- She is rich, yet she is unhappy.
- I came; I saw; I conquered.
Identification: Has two or more independent clauses joined by a comma + coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so).
3. Complex Sentence
Definition: Contains one independent clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses.
Examples:
- When it rained, we stayed home. (when-clause is dependent)
- I know that he is honest.
- Although he is rich, he is unhappy.
- The boy who came here is my brother.
Identification: Contains a subordinating conjunction (because, when, if, although, that, who, which, etc.)
4. Compound-Complex Sentence
Definition: Contains two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.
Examples:
- When it rained, we stayed home, and we played games.
- He said that he was tired, and he went to bed.
2.3 SENTENCE PATTERNS
Common Sentence Patterns in English:
- Subject + Verb (S + V)
- Birds fly.
- He sleeps.
- Subject + Verb + Object (S + V + O)
- Ram reads a book.
- She eats rice.
- Subject + Verb + Complement (S + V + C)
- She is a teacher. (subject complement)
- The food tastes good. (subject complement)
- Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object (S + V + IO + DO)
- He gave me a book.
- She told him a story.
- Subject + Verb + Object + Object (S + V + O + O)
- They elected him president.
- They made her captain.
2.4 TYPES OF SENTENCES BASED ON FUNCTION
1. Declarative Sentence
Definition: Makes a statement.
- I am a student.
- The earth revolves around the sun.
- Ends with a period (.)
2. Interrogative Sentence
Definition: Asks a question.
- What is your name?
- Where do you live?
- Ends with a question mark (?)
3. Imperative Sentence
Definition: Gives a command, request, or advice.
- Close the door.
- Please sit down.
- Don't be late.
- Usually ends with a period (.), but can end with exclamation for strong commands.
4. Exclamatory Sentence
Definition: Expresses strong emotion.
- What a beautiful day!
- How nice of you!
- Ends with an exclamation mark (!)
5. Optative Sentence
Definition: Expresses a wish or prayer.
- May God bless you!
- Long live the king!
- Often begins with "May"
2.5 TRANSFORMATION OF SENTENCES
A. Simple ↔ Compound ↔ Complex
Simple: He is too weak to walk.
Compound: He is so weak that he cannot walk. / He is very weak and cannot walk.
Complex: He is so weak that he cannot walk.
Simple: In spite of his poverty, he is happy.
Compound: He is poor, but he is happy.
Complex: Although he is poor, he is happy.
B. Active ↔ Passive (covered in detail in Chapter 5)
C. Direct ↔ Indirect Speech
Direct: Ram said, "I am happy."
Indirect: Ram said that he was happy.
D. Affirmative ↔ Negative
Affirmative: He is honest.
Negative: He is not dishonest.
E. Assertive ↔ Interrogative
Assertive: You are a fool.
Interrogative: Aren't you a fool?
F. Assertive ↔ Exclamatory
Assertive: She is very beautiful.
Exclamatory: How beautiful she is!
2.6 MCQ SECTION: SENTENCE STRUCTURE
Q1. Identify the type: "Ram reads a book."
- (a) Simple sentence
- (b) Compound sentence
- (c) Complex sentence
- (d) Compound-complex
Answer: (a) Simple sentence
Q2. Identify: "I was tired, but I continued working."
- (a) Simple
- (b) Compound
- (c) Complex
- (d) Compound-complex
Answer: (b) Compound (joined by "but")
Q3. "Although he is poor, he is happy." Type:
- (a) Simple
- (b) Compound
- (c) Complex
- (d) Compound-complex
Answer: (c) Complex (subordinating "although")
Q4. "Close the door!" This is:
- (a) Declarative
- (b) Interrogative
- (c) Imperative
- (d) Exclamatory
Answer: (c) Imperative
Q5. "What a beautiful day!" Type:
- (a) Assertive
- (b) Exclamatory
- (c) Imperative
- (d) Interrogative
Answer: (b) Exclamatory
Q6. "May God bless you!" is a:
- (a) Optative sentence
- (b) Imperative
- (c) Exclamatory
- (d) Declarative
Answer: (a) Optative sentence
Q7. Subject and predicate: "Birds fly."
- (a) Subject: fly, Predicate: Birds
- (b) Subject: Birds, Predicate: fly
- (c) Subject: fly, Predicate: are
- (d) None
Answer: (b) Subject: Birds, Predicate: fly
Q8. "When it rains, I stay home." This is a:
- (a) Simple sentence
- (b) Compound sentence
- (c) Complex sentence
- (d) Phrase
Answer: (c) Complex sentence
CHAPTER 3: CLAUSES
3.1 CONCEPT
A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a predicate (verb).
Example:
- "She is singing" (subject: she, verb: is singing)
- "When she came" (subject: she, verb: came, but begins with subordinator)
3.2 TYPES OF CLAUSES
1. Independent/Main Clause
Definition: A clause that expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence.
Examples:
- She is singing.
- I went home.
- The sun rises in the east.
2. Dependent/Subordinate Clause
Definition: A clause that does NOT express a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence. It depends on an independent clause.
Examples:
- When she came (incomplete)
- Because it rained (incomplete)
- Although he is rich (incomplete)
- Who came here (incomplete)
3.3 TYPES OF DEPENDENT CLAUSES
1. Adverb Clause (Adverbial Clause)
Function: Modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb. Tells how, when, where, why, how much, under what condition.
Begins with: because, since, as, when, while, before, after, until, if, unless, although, though, even though, as soon as, as long as, whereas, so that, in order that
Examples:
- When it rained, we stayed home. (time)
- Because he was sick, he stayed home. (reason)
- If you work hard, you will pass. (condition)
- Although he is poor, he is happy. (contrast)
2. Adjective Clause (Relative Clause)
Function: Modifies a noun or pronoun. Tells which one, what kind, whose.
Begins with: who, whom, whose, which, that
Examples:
- The boy who came here is my brother. (modifies "boy")
- The book which I bought is new. (modifies "book")
- The man whose car was stolen is poor. (modifies "man")
- This is the place that I love. (modifies "place")
Special Rule:
- Use "who" for people (subject)
- Use "whom" for people (object)
- Use "which" for things
- Use "whose" for possession (people/things)
- Use "that" for people or things (in defining clauses)
3. Noun Clause
Function: Acts as a noun (subject, object, complement).
Begins with: that, what, who, whom, whose, which, whoever, whatever, whichever, whoever, where, when, why, how
Examples:
- What he said is true. (subject)
- I know that he is honest. (object of "know")
- Tell me where you live. (object)
- The question is whether he will come. (complement)
- Whoever comes is welcome. (subject)
3.4 IMPORTANT RULES
Rule 1: A subordinate clause must be connected to a main clause.
- Wrong: When it rains.
- Right: When it rains, I stay home.
Rule 2: Use "who" for subjects; "whom" for objects.
- The boy who came is Ram. (subject)
- The boy whom I met is Ram. (object)
Rule 3: "Whose" shows possession.
- The man whose son came here is rich.
Rule 4: "Which" refers to things, not people.
- The book which I bought.
Rule 5: A relative clause should be placed immediately after its antecedent.
- Correct: I met the boy who came from Delhi.
- Incorrect: I met the boy, who came from Delhi. (unless it's a non-defining clause)
Rule 6: Defining vs Non-defining Relative Clauses:
- Defining: No commas; essential to meaning. "The boy who came is Ram."
- Non-defining: With commas; just adds extra information. "My brother, who lives in Delhi, is a doctor."
Rule 7: The noun clause is used as:
- Subject: What you said is correct.
- Object: I know who he is.
- Complement: This is what I need.
3.5 MCQ SECTION: CLAUSES
Q1. "I know that he is honest." "that he is honest" is:
- (a) Independent clause
- (b) Noun clause
- (c) Adjective clause
- (d) Adverb clause
Answer: (b) Noun clause (object of "know")
Q2. "The boy who came here is my brother." "who came here" is:
- (a) Noun clause
- (b) Adjective clause
- (c) Adverb clause
- (d) Independent clause
Answer: (b) Adjective clause (modifies "boy")
Q3. "When it rains, I stay home." "When it rains" is:
- (a) Adjective clause
- (b) Adverb clause
- (c) Noun clause
- (d) Independent clause
Answer: (b) Adverb clause (modifies "stay")
Q4. "What you said is true." "What you said" is:
- (a) Adjective clause
- (b) Adverb clause
- (c) Noun clause
- (d) Independent clause
Answer: (c) Noun clause (subject of the sentence)
Q5. Choose the correct relative pronoun: "The man ___ car was stolen came to the police."
- (a) who
- (b) whom
- (c) whose
- (d) which
Answer: (c) whose (possession)
Q6. "The book ___ I bought is interesting."
- (a) who
- (b) whom
- (c) whose
- (d) which
Answer: (d) which (for things)
Q7. "The boy ___ I met is my brother."
- (a) who
- (b) whom
- (c) whose
- (d) which
Answer: (b) whom (object of met)
Q8. Identify the noun clause: "Tell me where you live."
- (a) Tell me
- (b) me
- (c) where you live
- (d) live
Answer: (c) where you live
CHAPTER 4: TENSE
4.1 CONCEPT
Tense shows the time of an action or state. There are three main tenses (Present, Past, Future) and each has four forms (Simple/Present Indefinite, Continuous/Progressive, Perfect, Perfect Continuous), making 12 tenses in total.
4.2 THE 12 TENSES
PRESENT TENSE
1. Simple Present (Present Indefinite)
Form: Subject + V1/V1+s/es
- I play. / He plays.
Uses:
- Daily habits/routines: I drink tea every morning.
- General truths: The sun rises in the east.
- Permanent situations: He lives in Kathmandu.
- Scheduled events: The train leaves at 5 PM.
Time markers: always, usually, often, sometimes, never, every day, every week, on Monday
Rules for Simple Present:
- Add "s/es" to verb with he/she/it: play → plays, go → goes, watch → watches
- Do not add "s/es" with I/you/we/they: I play, you play
2. Present Continuous (Present Progressive)
Form: Subject + am/is/are + V1+ing
- I am playing. / He is playing. / They are playing.
Uses:
- Action happening now: I am reading a book.
- Temporary action: She is working in Pokhara this month.
- Future plans (with time): I am meeting him tomorrow.
Time markers: now, at present, at the moment, currently, today, this week, still
Spelling rules for V+ing:
- Most verbs: add -ing (work → working)
- Verbs ending in -e: drop -e + ing (write → writing, make → making)
- Verbs ending in CVC (consonant-vowel-consonant): double the last letter + ing (sit → sitting, run → running, swim → swimming)
- Verbs ending in -ie: change -ie to -y + ing (lie → lying, die → dying)
3. Present Perfect
Form: Subject + have/has + V3 (past participle)
- I have finished. / He has finished.
Uses:
- Action completed at some time in the past (result matters now): I have eaten lunch.
- Action that started in past and continues to present: I have lived here for 5 years.
- Recently completed actions: He has just arrived.
Time markers: just, already, yet, ever, never, recently, so far, since, for, lately
4. Present Perfect Continuous
Form: Subject + have/has + been + V1+ing
- I have been waiting for two hours.
Uses:
- Action started in past, continuing in present, may continue: I have been studying since morning.
- Emphasis on duration: She has been working all day.
Time markers: for, since, all day, all morning, lately, recently
PAST TENSE
5. Simple Past (Past Indefinite)
Form: Subject + V2 (regular: V+ed; irregular: V2)
- I played. / He went.
Uses:
- Completed action in the past: I visited Pokhara last year.
- Sequence of past events: He came, saw, and conquered.
Time markers: yesterday, last week, last year, ago, in 2020, just now, then
6. Past Continuous (Past Progressive)
Form: Subject + was/were + V1+ing
- I was playing. / They were playing.
Uses:
- Continuous action in the past: I was reading at 8 PM yesterday.
- Background action in past: While I was cooking, he was watching TV.
- Two actions happening simultaneously: She was singing while I was dancing.
Time markers: while, when, at that time, all day yesterday
7. Past Perfect
Form: Subject + had + V3
- I had finished before he came.
Uses:
- Action completed before another past action: I had eaten before he came.
- Past of past: She had left when I arrived.
Time markers: before, after, when, by the time, already
8. Past Perfect Continuous
Form: Subject + had + been + V1+ing
- I had been waiting for an hour before the bus came.
Uses:
- Action continuing for some time before another past action: I had been studying for 3 hours when he called.
- Cause of something in the past: I was tired because I had been working all day.
Time markers: for, since, before, until, by the time
FUTURE TENSE
9. Simple Future
Form: Subject + will/shall + V1
- I will go. / We shall go.
Uses:
- Future action: I will come tomorrow.
- Spontaneous decisions: I'll help you.
- Predictions: It will rain tomorrow.
Note: "Shall" is used with I/we in formal English; "will" is used with all persons in modern English. "Will" is more common in American English.
Time markers: tomorrow, next week, next year, soon, later, in the future, in 2050
10. Future Continuous
Form: Subject + will be + V1+ing
- I will be reading at 9 PM.
Uses:
- Action that will be in progress at a future time: At 10 PM tonight, I will be sleeping.
- Future action happening in the normal course: I will be seeing him tomorrow.
Time markers: at this time tomorrow, at 10 PM, when, while
11. Future Perfect
Form: Subject + will have + V3
- I will have finished by 5 PM.
Uses:
- Action that will be completed before a specific future time: I will have completed the project by tomorrow.
- By the time + future: By the time you come, I will have cooked dinner.
Time markers: by, by the time, before, by tomorrow, by next week
12. Future Perfect Continuous
Form: Subject + will have been + V1+ing
- By next year, I will have been working here for 10 years.
Uses:
- Action that will continue up to a specific future time: By December, I will have been living here for 5 years.
Time markers: by, for, by the time
4.3 TENSE CHART SUMMARY
| Tense | Present | Past | Future |
|---|---|---|---|
| Simple | I eat | I ate | I will eat |
| Continuous | I am eating | I was eating | I will be eating |
| Perfect | I have eaten | I had eaten | I will have eaten |
| Perfect Continuous | I have been eating | I had been eating | I will have been eating |
4.4 IMPORTANT RULES FOR TENSE
Rule 1: "Since" is followed by a point of time; "For" is followed by a period.
- I have lived here since 2015.
- I have lived here for 5 years.
Rule 2: "Yet" is used in negative and interrogative sentences; "Already" in affirmative.
- Have you finished yet?
- I have already finished.
- I have not finished yet.
Rule 3: "Just" means "very recently" and is used with present perfect.
- He has just arrived.
Rule 4: When two past actions are mentioned, the earlier action takes past perfect; later action takes simple past.
- I had eaten (past perfect) before he came (simple past).
Rule 5: "When" + simple past + simple past (in same tense for simultaneous past actions)
- When I went to his house, he was reading (one continuous, one simple).
Rule 6: Avoid mixing tenses in the same sentence unnecessarily.
- Wrong: He went home and eats dinner.
- Right: He went home and ate dinner.
Rule 7: Future Continuous and Future Perfect Continuous are less commonly tested in competitive exams.
Rule 8: "Will" is used for all persons in modern English.
- I will go, you will go, he will go, we will go, they will go.
Rule 9: Use present tense for permanent truths.
- The earth revolves around the sun.
Rule 10: Sequence of tenses: If the main clause is in past tense, the subordinate clause should also be in past tense.
- He said (past) that he was (past) happy.
4.5 MCQ SECTION: TENSE
Q1. "She ___ to school every day." (simple present)
- (a) go
- (b) goes
- (c) going
- (d) went
Answer: (b) goes (3rd person singular)
Q2. "I ___ TV right now." (present continuous)
- (a) watch
- (b) watches
- (c) am watching
- (d) watched
Answer: (c) am watching
Q3. "He ___ just ___ lunch." (present perfect)
- (a) has, eaten
- (b) have, eaten
- (c) is, eating
- (d) was, eating
Answer: (a) has, eaten (3rd person singular)
Q4. "I ___ in this city since 2010." (present perfect continuous)
- (a) am living
- (b) live
- (c) have been living
- (d) lived
Answer: (c) have been living (since + point of time)
Q5. "She ___ to Delhi last week." (simple past)
- (a) goes
- (b) went
- (c) has gone
- (d) will go
Answer: (b) went
Q6. "I ___ when the phone rang." (past continuous)
- (a) sleep
- (b) slept
- (c) was sleeping
- (d) had slept
Answer: (c) was sleeping (continuous action in past)
Q7. "He ___ before I reached home." (past perfect)
- (a) left
- (b) has left
- (c) had left
- (d) was leaving
Answer: (c) had left (earlier past action)
Q8. "I ___ you tomorrow." (simple future)
- (a) see
- (b) saw
- (c) will see
- (d) have seen
Answer: (c) will see
Q9. "By next year, I ___ my degree." (future perfect)
- (a) will complete
- (b) will have completed
- (c) complete
- (d) completed
Answer: (b) will have completed (will be completed by then)
Q10. "I ___ English for 5 years." (present perfect)
- (a) am studying
- (b) study
- (c) have been studying
- (d) studied
Answer: (c) have been studying (duration + present relevance)
CHAPTER 5: VOICE (ACTIVE AND PASSIVE)
5.1 CONCEPT
Voice shows the relationship between the verb and the subject in a sentence.
- Active voice: Subject performs the action.
- Passive voice: Subject receives the action.
5.2 ACTIVE VOICE
In active voice, the subject does the action.
Examples:
- Ram writes a letter. (Ram = subject, performs action)
- The teacher teaches the students.
- The cat caught the mouse.
5.3 PASSIVE VOICE
In passive voice, the subject is acted upon.
Examples:
- A letter is written by Ram.
- The students are taught by the teacher.
- The mouse was caught by the cat.
5.4 BASIC STRUCTURE
Active: Subject + Verb + Object
Passive: Object + be + Past Participle (V3) + by + Subject
5.5 RULES FOR CONVERSION (ALL TENSES)
Present Tense
Simple Present (Active): Subject + V1/V1+s/es + Object
- Active: He writes a letter.
- Passive: A letter is written by him.
Present Continuous (Active): Subject + am/is/are + V1+ing + Object
- Active: He is writing a letter.
- Passive: A letter is being written by him.
Present Perfect (Active): Subject + have/has + V3 + Object
- Active: He has written a letter.
- Passive: A letter has been written by him.
Past Tense
Simple Past (Active): Subject + V2 + Object
- Active: He wrote a letter.
- Passive: A letter was written by him.
Past Continuous (Active): Subject + was/were + V1+ing + Object
- Active: He was writing a letter.
- Passive: A letter was being written by him.
Past Perfect (Active): Subject + had + V3 + Object
- Active: He had written a letter.
- Passive: A letter had been written by him.
Future Tense
Simple Future (Active): Subject + will + V1 + Object
- Active: He will write a letter.
- Passive: A letter will be written by him.
Future Perfect (Active): Subject + will have + V3 + Object
- Active: He will have written a letter.
- Passive: A letter will have been written by him.
Modal Verbs
Modal (Active): Subject + modal + V1 + Object
- Active: He can write a letter.
- Passive: A letter can be written by him.
Active: He should write a letter.
Passive: A letter should be written by him.
Imperative Sentences
Active: Open the door.
Passive: Let the door be opened. / You are requested to open the door.
Active: Do it.
Passive: Let it be done.
Active: Please help me.
Passive: You are requested to help me.
5.6 IMPORTANT RULES FOR VOICE
Rule 1: Only transitive verbs (verbs that take objects) can be changed into passive voice.
- Intransitive verbs (run, sleep, die, come) have no passive.
- Correct: He runs. (no passive)
- Wrong: Was run by him.
Rule 2: When the subject of active voice is unclear, unimportant, or unknown, "by + subject" is omitted in passive.
- Active: People speak English here.
- Passive: English is spoken here. (no "by people")
Rule 3: In passive voice, the agent (doer) is introduced by "by."
- Active: Ram kicked the ball.
- Passive: The ball was kicked by Ram.
Rule 4: Sometimes "with" is used in place of "by" (especially with instruments).
- The room was filled with smoke.
- The cake was decorated with cream.
Rule 5: Some verbs take two objects (direct + indirect). Both can become subjects of passive.
- Active: He gave me a book. (Direct: book, Indirect: me)
- Passive 1: I was given a book.
- Passive 2: A book was given to me.
Rule 6: Sentences with "that" clauses can be converted:
- Active: I know that he is honest.
- Passive: That he is honest is known to me. (rare; better: It is known to me that he is honest.)
Rule 7: Interrogative sentences:
- Active: Did he write a letter?
- Passive: Was a letter written by him?
- Active: Who wrote this?
- Passive: By whom was this written? / Who was this written by?
Rule 8: Imperatives:
- Active: Help the poor.
- Passive: The poor should be helped.
- Active: Open the door.
- Passive: Let the door be opened.
Rule 9: Sentences with modal verbs:
- Active: He can do it.
- Passive: It can be done by him.
- Active: You must finish the work.
- Passive: The work must be finished by you.
Rule 10: Reporting verbs in passive:
- Active: People say he is rich.
- Passive: He is said to be rich.
- Active: People believe that she is honest.
- Passive: She is believed to be honest.
5.7 MCQ SECTION: VOICE
Q1. Change to passive: "The teacher teaches the students."
- (a) The students are taught by the teacher.
- (b) The students is taught by the teacher.
- (c) The teacher is taught by the students.
- (d) The students were taught by the teacher.
Answer: (a) The students are taught by the teacher.
Q2. Active → Passive: "He wrote a letter."
- (a) A letter was written by him.
- (b) A letter is written by him.
- (c) A letter has been written by him.
- (d) A letter will be written by him.
Answer: (a) A letter was written by him. (Simple Past → was + V3)
Q3. Active → Passive: "She is singing a song."
- (a) A song is being sung by her.
- (b) A song is sung by her.
- (c) A song was being sung by her.
- (d) A song has been sung by her.
Answer: (a) A song is being sung by her. (Present Continuous → is being + V3)
Q4. Active → Passive: "They have completed the work."
- (a) The work is completed by them.
- (b) The work has been completed by them.
- (c) The work was completed by them.
- (d) The work had been completed by them.
Answer: (b) The work has been completed by them. (Present Perfect → has/have been + V3)
Q5. Active → Passive: "I will help him."
- (a) He will be helped by me.
- (b) He is helped by me.
- (c) He was helped by me.
- (d) He will have been helped by me.
Answer: (a) He will be helped by me. (Simple Future → will be + V3)
Q6. Active → Passive: "He can do it."
- (a) It can be done by him.
- (b) It can do by him.
- (c) It is done by him.
- (d) It can done by him.
Answer: (a) It can be done by him. (Modal + be + V3)
Q7. Active → Passive: "Open the door."
- (a) Let the door be opened.
- (b) The door is opened.
- (c) The door should opened.
- (d) The door is being opened.
Answer: (a) Let the door be opened. (Imperative)
Q8. Which sentence cannot be changed to passive?
- (a) He runs fast.
- (b) He wrote a letter.
- (c) He eats rice.
- (d) He kicked the ball.
Answer: (a) He runs fast. (Intransitive verb "runs")
Q9. Change to active: "The ball was kicked by Ram."
- (a) Ram kicked the ball.
- (b) Ram has kicked the ball.
- (c) The ball kicked Ram.
- (d) Ram is kicked the ball.
Answer: (a) Ram kicked the ball.
Q10. Active → Passive: "Who wrote this book?"
- (a) By whom was this book written?
- (b) Who is this book written by?
- (c) By whom this book is written?
- (d) Both (a) and (b)
Answer: (d) Both (a) and (b) are correct.
CHAPTER 6: SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
6.1 CONCEPT
Subject-Verb Agreement means that the verb in a sentence must match the subject in number and person. If the subject is singular, the verb must be singular; if plural, the verb must be plural.
6.2 BASIC RULES
Rule 1: Singular subjects take singular verbs.
- The boy runs fast. (singular subject + singular verb)
- He is a teacher.
Rule 2: Plural subjects take plural verbs.
- The boys run fast.
- They are teachers.
Rule 3: With "I" and "you," use "am" / "are."
- I am a student.
- You are a student.
Rule 4: With he, she, it, use "is" / "has."
- He is a doctor.
- She has a book.
Rule 5: With I, you, we, they, use "have."
- I have a pen.
- They have cars.
Rule 6: "Do" with I, you, we, they; "Does" with he, she, it.
- I do my work.
- She does her work.
6.3 SPECIAL RULES
Rule 1: Two or more subjects joined by "and" take a plural verb.
- Ram and Shyam are friends.
- The teacher and the students are in the classroom.
Exception: If two subjects joined by "and" refer to the same person or a single idea, take singular verb.
- The prime minister and chief guest is arriving. (one person)
- Bread and butter is my breakfast. (one item)
- Slow and steady wins the race.
Rule 2: When two subjects are joined by "or" or "nor," the verb agrees with the nearest subject.
- Either Ram or Shyam is coming. (Shyam is singular)
- Neither the teacher nor the students are present. (students is plural)
- Either he or I am wrong. (I is 1st person)
- Either I or he is wrong. (he is 3rd person singular)
Rule 3: Indefinite pronouns (each, every, either, neither, one, anyone, everybody, somebody, nobody, someone, anything, something, nothing) take singular verbs.
- Each of the students is present.
- Every boy has a book.
- Either of the options is correct.
- Neither of them is correct.
- Somebody is calling.
- Everyone wants to be happy.
Rule 4: Indefinite pronouns (both, few, many, several) take plural verbs.
- Many students are absent.
- Both the boys were late.
- Several people were injured.
- Few know the truth.
Rule 5: "Some, all, most, any, none" can take singular or plural verb depending on the noun they refer to.
- Some of the water is clean. (uncountable - singular)
- Some of the books are new. (countable - plural)
- All of the cake is gone. (uncountable)
- All of the students are present. (countable)
- None of the money is left. (singular)
- None of the students are present. (plural)
Rule 6: Collective nouns (team, class, family, group, committee) take singular verbs when the group acts as a unit.
- The team is playing well.
- The class is large.
- The family is rich.
- The committee has decided. (as a whole)
But when members act individually, use plural.
- The team are divided among themselves. (individually)
- The family are fighting among themselves.
Rule 7: Words joined to a subject by "with, along with, together with, as well as, including, in addition to" do not affect the verb.
- Ram, along with his friends, is coming. (subject is Ram)
- The teacher, with the students, was present. (subject is teacher)
- The book, including its cover, is damaged. (subject is book)
Rule 8: Phrases/clauses between subject and verb do not change the verb.
- The book on the table is mine. (subject: book)
- The students who are present are smart. (subject: students)
Rule 9: Words ending in "-s" but singular in meaning take singular verbs.
- Mathematics is difficult.
- Physics is interesting.
- News is good.
- Politics is a dirty game.
- Economics is a social science.
- The United States is a powerful country.
Rule 10: Titles of books, movies, and works take singular verbs.
- "Hamlet" is a famous play.
- "Harry Potter" is a popular book.
Rule 11: "The number" (specific) is singular; "A number" (some) is plural.
- The number of students is small.
- A number of students are absent.
Rule 12: "Each" and "every" before a noun take singular verb.
- Each boy and each girl is present.
- Every student and every teacher is invited.
Rule 13: "A/An" + singular noun is treated as singular.
- A book is useful.
- A man and a woman are needed. (but here, "a man and a woman" is plural because two persons)
Rule 14: Words like "each, every, either, neither" + "of" + plural noun still take singular verb.
- Each of the students is brilliant.
- Either of the two boys is good.
Rule 15: Units of measurement, time, money, distance take singular verb when referring to a single amount.
- Twenty kilometers is a long distance.
- Five years is a long time.
- Two hundred rupees is the price.
Rule 16: "Many a" + singular noun takes singular verb.
- Many a student is absent.
- Many a man has tried.
Rule 17: "A pair of" + plural noun takes singular verb.
- A pair of shoes is on the table.
- A pair of trousers is new.
Rule 18: When sentence starts with "There" or "Here," the verb agrees with the subject that follows.
- There is a book on the table. (book is singular)
- There are many students in the class. (students is plural)
- Here comes the bus. (bus is singular)
- Here come the boys. (boys is plural)
Rule 19: In subjunctive mood (contrary to fact), use "were" for all persons.
- I wish I were a bird.
- If he were here, he would help. (even though "he" is singular)
Rule 20: "One of the + plural noun + who/that" usually takes plural verb.
- He is one of those boys who play cricket. (who refers to boys - plural)
- She is one of the students who are absent.
Exception: When "the only one" is used, take singular.
- He is the only one of the boys who plays cricket.
6.4 MCQ SECTION: SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
Q1. "Neither the teacher nor the students ___ present." (is/are)
- (a) is
- (b) are
- (c) was
- (d) has
Answer: (b) are (verb agrees with nearest subject "students")
Q2. "Each of the students ___ a book." (has/have)
- (a) has
- (b) have
- (c) are having
- (d) were having
Answer: (a) has (each takes singular)
Q3. "Mathematics ___ my favorite subject." (is/are)
- (a) is
- (b) are
- (c) were
- (d) have been
Answer: (a) is (Mathematics is singular)
Q4. "Ram, along with his friends, ___ coming." (is/are)
- (a) is
- (b) are
- (c) were
- (d) have been
Answer: (a) is (Ram is the main subject)
Q5. "The team ___ playing well." (collective noun - unit)
- (a) is
- (b) are
- (c) were
- (d) have been
Answer: (a) is (when team is a unit)
Q6. "Many a student ___ absent." (is/are)
- (a) is
- (b) are
- (c) were
- (d) have
Answer: (a) is (Many a + singular takes singular)
Q7. "Either Ram or Shyam ___ to blame." (is/are)
- (a) is
- (b) are
- (c) were
- (d) have
Answer: (a) is (Shyam is singular and nearest)
Q8. "A pair of shoes ___ on the table." (is/are)
- (a) is
- (b) are
- (c) were
- (d) have been
Answer: (a) is (a pair is singular)
Q9. "The news ___ true." (is/are)
- (a) is
- (b) are
- (c) were
- (d) have been
Answer: (a) is (news is singular)
Q10. "Twenty kilometers ___ a long distance." (is/are)
- (a) is
- (b) are
- (c) were
- (d) have been
Answer: (a) is (unit of distance is singular)
CHAPTER 7: VOCABULARY
7.1 WORD MEANINGS (IMPORTANT WORDS)
| Word | Meaning | Synonym | Antonym |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abundant | More than enough | Plentiful, ample | Scarce, rare |
| Benevolent | Well-wishing, kind | Kind, generous | Malevolent, cruel |
| Candid | Truthful, frank | Frank, honest | Deceitful, evasive |
| Diligent | Hardworking | Industrious, hardworking | Lazy, idle |
| Ephemeral | Lasting for short time | Brief, transient | Permanent, eternal |
| Frugal | Thrifty, saving | Thrifty, economical | Wasteful, extravagant |
| Gregarious | Sociable | Sociable, friendly | Antisocial, shy |
| Humble | Modest | Modest, unpretentious | Arrogant, proud |
| Integrity | Honesty, morality | Honesty, uprightness | Dishonesty, corruption |
| Jovial | Cheerful, happy | Cheerful, jolly | Gloomy, sad |
| Keen | Eager, sharp | Eager, sharp | Dull, indifferent |
| Luminous | Bright, shining | Bright, radiant | Dim, dark |
| Magnanimous | Generous, big-hearted | Generous, noble | Selfish, petty |
| Nostalgic | Longing for past | Wistful, longing | Unconcerned, indifferent |
| Opaque | Not transparent | Cloudy, dark | Transparent, clear |
| Prudent | Wise, careful | Wise, careful | Reckless, foolish |
| Quaint | Attractively unusual | Charming, picturesque | Ordinary, common |
| Resilient | Recovering quickly | Tough, hardy | Weak, fragile |
| Sincere | Genuine, honest | Genuine, honest | Insincere, false |
| Terse | Brief, concise | Brief, concise | Lengthy, wordy |
| Ultimate | Final, last | Final, supreme | Initial, first |
| Vague | Unclear | Unclear, ambiguous | Clear, definite |
| Wary | Cautious | Cautious, careful | Trusting, careless |
| Xenial | Hospitable | Hospitable, friendly | Hostile, unfriendly |
| Yield | To give way, produce | Surrender, produce | Resist, fight |
| Zealous | Eager, passionate | Eager, passionate | Apathetic, indifferent |
7.2 SYNONYMS (WORDS WITH SIMILAR MEANINGS)
Important Synonym MCQs
Q1. Synonym of "ABUNDANT":
- (a) Scarce
- (b) Plentiful
- (c) Rare
- (d) Insufficient
Answer: (b) Plentiful
Q2. Synonym of "BENEVOLENT":
- (a) Cruel
- (b) Kind
- (c) Selfish
- (d) Angry
Answer: (b) Kind
Q3. Synonym of "CANDID":
- (a) Deceitful
- (b) Honest
- (c) Shy
- (d) Angry
Answer: (b) Honest
Q4. Synonym of "DILIGENT":
- (a) Lazy
- (b) Hardworking
- (c) Stupid
- (d) Rude
Answer: (b) Hardworking
Q5. Synonym of "EPHEMERAL":
- (a) Permanent
- (b) Brief
- (c) Long
- (d) Beautiful
Answer: (b) Brief (lasting for a short time)
Q6. Synonym of "FRUGAL":
- (a) Wasteful
- (b) Generous
- (c) Thrifty
- (d) Rich
Answer: (c) Thrifty
Q7. Synonym of "GREGARIOUS":
- (a) Shy
- (b) Sociable
- (c) Angry
- (d) Sad
Answer: (b) Sociable
Q8. Synonym of "HUMBLE":
- (a) Proud
- (b) Modest
- (c) Rich
- (d) Cruel
Answer: (b) Modest
Q9. Synonym of "INTEGRITY":
- (a) Dishonesty
- (b) Honesty
- (c) Cruelty
- (d) Foolishness
Answer: (b) Honesty
Q10. Synonym of "KEEN":
- (a) Dull
- (b) Eager
- (c) Slow
- (d) Bored
Answer: (b) Eager
Q11. Synonym of "LUMINOUS":
- (a) Dark
- (b) Bright
- (c) Heavy
- (d) Light (not heavy)
Answer: (b) Bright
Q12. Synonym of "MAGNANIMOUS":
- (a) Selfish
- (b) Generous
- (c) Cruel
- (d) Small
Answer: (b) Generous
Q13. Synonym of "NOSTALGIC":
- (a) Future
- (b) Wistful
- (c) Happy
- (d) Modern
Answer: (b) Wistful (longing for the past)
Q14. Synonym of "OPAQUE":
- (a) Transparent
- (b) Cloudy
- (c) Bright
- (d) Clear
Answer: (b) Cloudy
Q15. Synonym of "PRUDENT":
- (a) Reckless
- (b) Wise
- (c) Foolish
- (d) Crazy
Answer: (b) Wise
Q16. Synonym of "RESILIENT":
- (a) Weak
- (b) Tough
- (c) Soft
- (d) Hard
Answer: (b) Tough (able to recover)
Q17. Synonym of "SINCERE":
- (a) Insincere
- (b) Genuine
- (c) False
- (d) Cruel
Answer: (b) Genuine
Q18. Synonym of "TERSE":
- (a) Lengthy
- (b) Brief
- (c) Beautiful
- (d) Wise
Answer: (b) Brief
Q19. Synonym of "ULTIMATE":
- (a) First
- (b) Final
- (c) Middle
- (d) Beginning
Answer: (b) Final
Q20. Synonym of "VAGUE":
- (a) Clear
- (b) Unclear
- (c) Bright
- (d) Sharp
Answer: (b) Unclear
7.3 ANTONYMS (WORDS WITH OPPOSITE MEANINGS)
Important Antonym MCQs
Q1. Antonym of "ABUNDANT":
- (a) Plentiful
- (b) Scarce
- (c) Many
- (d) Full
Answer: (b) Scarce
Q2. Antonym of "BENEVOLENT":
- (a) Kind
- (b) Generous
- (c) Malevolent
- (d) Nice
Answer: (c) Malevolent (kind → cruel/evil)
Q3. Antonym of "CANDID":
- (a) Frank
- (b) Honest
- (c) Deceitful
- (d) Direct
Answer: (c) Deceitful
Q4. Antonym of "DILIGENT":
- (a) Hardworking
- (b) Industrious
- (c) Lazy
- (d) Smart
Answer: (c) Lazy
Q5. Antonym of "EPHEMERAL":
- (a) Brief
- (b) Short
- (c) Permanent
- (d) Temporary
Answer: (c) Permanent
Q6. Antonym of "FRUGAL":
- (a) Thrifty
- (b) Wasteful
- (c) Saving
- (d) Careful
Answer: (b) Wasteful
Q7. Antonym of "GREGARIOUS":
- (a) Friendly
- (b) Sociable
- (c) Antisocial
- (d) Happy
Answer: (c) Antisocial
Q8. Antonym of "HUMBLE":
- (a) Modest
- (b) Arrogant
- (c) Shy
- (d) Simple
Answer: (b) Arrogant
Q9. Antonym of "INTEGRITY":
- (a) Honesty
- (b) Sincerity
- (c) Dishonesty
- (d) Purity
Answer: (c) Dishonesty
Q10. Antonym of "JOVIAL":
- (a) Cheerful
- (b) Happy
- (c) Gloomy
- (d) Friendly
Answer: (c) Gloomy
Q11. Antonym of "KEEN":
- (a) Sharp
- (b) Eager
- (c) Dull
- (d) Smart
Answer: (c) Dull
Q12. Antonym of "LUMINOUS":
- (a) Bright
- (b) Shining
- (c) Dim
- (d) Light
Answer: (c) Dim
Q13. Antonym of "MAGNANIMOUS":
- (a) Generous
- (b) Selfish
- (c) Big
- (d) Kind
Answer: (b) Selfish
Q14. Antonym of "NOSTALGIC":
- (a) Wistful
- (b) Forward-looking
- (c) Past
- (d) Sad
Answer: (b) Forward-looking (not looking back)
Q15. Antonym of "OPAQUE":
- (a) Cloudy
- (b) Dark
- (c) Transparent
- (d) Black
Answer: (c) Transparent
Q16. Antonym of "PRUDENT":
- (a) Wise
- (b) Careful
- (c) Reckless
- (d) Cautious
Answer: (c) Reckless
Q17. Antonym of "RESILIENT":
- (a) Tough
- (b) Strong
- (c) Fragile
- (d) Hard
Answer: (c) Fragile (easily broken)
Q18. Antonym of "SINCERE":
- (a) Honest
- (b) Genuine
- (c) Insincere
- (d) True
Answer: (c) Insincere
Q19. Antonym of "TERSE":
- (a) Brief
- (b) Concise
- (c) Lengthy
- (d) Short
Answer: (c) Lengthy
Q20. Antonym of "ULTIMATE":
- (a) Final
- (b) Last
- (c) Initial
- (d) Supreme
Answer: (c) Initial
7.4 DERIVATIVES (WORD FORMATION)
CONCEPT
Derivatives are words formed from a base word by adding prefixes (at the beginning) or suffixes (at the end). They often change the part of speech.
COMMON PREFIXES
| Prefix | Meaning | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| un- | not | happy → unhappy |
| dis- | opposite | agree → disagree |
| in-/im-/il-/ir- | not | active → inactive, possible → impossible |
| re- | again | write → rewrite, build → rebuild |
| pre- | before | pay → prepay, view → preview |
| post- | after | war → postwar, graduate → postgraduate |
| mis- | wrongly | understand → misunderstand |
| anti- | against | social → antisocial |
| sub- | under | way → subway, marine → submarine |
| super- | above | market → supermarket, man → superman |
| inter- | between | national → international |
| trans- | across | form → transform, port → transport |
| non- | not | sense → nonsense |
| over- | too much | cook → overcook, work → overwork |
| under- | below | develop → underdeveloped |
| co- | together | operate → cooperate, exist → coexist |
| de- | opposite | code → decode, value → devalue |
| fore- | before | see → foresee, tell → foretell |
| en-/em- | put into | large → enlarge, power → empower |
| ex- | former | president → expresident |
COMMON SUFFIXES
Noun-forming Suffixes
| Suffix | Example |
|---|---|
| -tion / -sion | act → action, decide → decision |
| -ment | move → movement, agree → agreement |
| -ness | happy → happiness, kind → kindness |
| -ity | pure → purity, equal → equality |
| -ty | safe → safety, certain → certainty |
| -er / -or | teach → teacher, act → actor |
| -ist | art → artist, cycle → cyclist |
| -ism | hero → heroism, social → socialism |
| -ance / -ence | appear → appearance, depend → dependence |
| -hood | child → childhood, brother → brotherhood |
| -ship | friend → friendship, leader → leadership |
| -dom | free → freedom, king → kingdom |
| -age | pass → passage, store → storage |
| -th | true → truth, grow → growth |
| -ure | fail → failure, please → pleasure |
| -ence | differ → difference, prefer → preference |
| -al | arrive → arrival, refuse → refusal |
Adjective-forming Suffixes
| Suffix | Example |
|---|---|
| -ful | beauty → beautiful, care → careful |
| -less | hope → hopeless, care → careless |
| -ous | danger → dangerous, fame → famous |
| -al | nature → natural, music → musical |
| -able / -ible | read → readable, divide → divisible |
| -y | cloud → cloudy, rain → rainy |
| -ic | hero → heroic, base → basic |
| -ish | child → childish, fool → foolish |
| -ive | act → active, create → creative |
| -ent / -ant | differ → different, please → pleasant |
| -ous | courage → courageous |
| -an / -ian | India → Indian, music → musician |
| -ern | east → eastern, west → western |
Adverb-forming Suffixes
| Suffix | Example |
|---|---|
| -ly | slow → slowly, quick → quickly |
| -ward(s) | up → upward(s), back → backward(s) |
| -wise | clock → clockwise, street → streetwise |
Verb-forming Suffixes
| Suffix | Example |
|---|---|
| -ize / -ise | modern → modernize, critic → criticize |
| -en | deep → deepen, strength → strengthen |
| -ify | class → classify, simple → simplify |
| -ate | active → activate, origin → originate |
IMPORTANT RULES FOR DERIVATIVES
Rule 1: Adding a prefix usually does not change the part of speech.
- happy (adj) → unhappy (adj)
- write (verb) → rewrite (verb)
- agree (verb) → disagree (verb)
Rule 2: Adding a suffix often changes the part of speech.
- happy (adj) → happiness (noun)
- teach (verb) → teacher (noun)
- modern (adj) → modernize (verb)
Rule 3: Some words can be both adjective and adverb:
- fast (adj/adv) - "He is a fast runner" / "He runs fast"
- hard (adj/adv) - "hard work" / "work hard"
- early (adj/adv) - "an early morning" / "come early"
- late (adj/adv) - "a late reply" / "come late"
Rule 4: Some words can be both noun and verb (Zero Derivation):
- work (noun/verb)
- play (noun/verb)
- run (noun/verb)
- book (noun/verb) - "a book" / "to book a ticket"
- water (noun/verb)
- name (noun/verb)
Rule 5: Common Suffix for verbs: -ate, -en, -ize, -fy
- domin + ate → dominate
- strength + en → strengthen
- modern + ize → modernize
- class + ify → classify
Rule 6: Common Suffix for nouns: -tion, -ment, -ness, -ity, -er
- educate + ion → education
- move + ment → movement
- kind + ness → kindness
- pure + ity → purity
- teach + er → teacher
MCQ SECTION: DERIVATIVES
Q1. Find the derivative: "happy" (noun)
- (a) happily
- (b) happiness
- (c) unhappy
- (d) happier
Answer: (b) happiness (happy + ness)
Q2. "teach" + ___ = "teacher"
- (a) -ing
- (b) -er
- (c) -ed
- (d) -en
Answer: (b) -er (forms noun meaning "one who teaches")
Q3. "modern" + ___ = "modernize"
- (a) -ize
- (b) -ation
- (c) -ity
- (d) -ly
Answer: (a) -ize (forms verb)
Q4. "child" + ___ = "childhood"
- (a) -hood
- (b) -ish
- (c) -like
- (d) -ness
Answer: (a) -hood (forms noun)
Q5. "deep" + ___ = "deepen"
- (a) -en
- (b) -ly
- (c) -er
- (d) -ing
Answer: (a) -en (forms verb)
Q6. "kind" + ___ = "kindness"
- (a) -ful
- (b) -less
- (c) -ness
- (d) -ly
Answer: (c) -ness (forms noun)
Q7. "agree" → opposite meaning prefix:
- (a) re-
- (b) dis-
- (c) un-
- (d) mis-
Answer: (b) dis- (disagree = opposite of agree)
Q8. "possible" → "impossible" (prefix)
- (a) un-
- (b) dis-
- (c) im-
- (d) in-
Answer: (c) im- (im- before words starting with p)
Q9. "write" + prefix = "rewrite"
- (a) re-
- (b) un-
- (c) dis-
- (d) mis-
Answer: (a) re- (rewrite = write again)
Q10. "decide" + ___ = "decision"
- (a) -ing
- (b) -er
- (c) -sion
- (d) -ed
Answer: (c) -sion (decide + sion = decision)
Q11. "free" + ___ = "freedom"
- (a) -ment
- (b) -dom
- (c) -ness
- (d) -hood
Answer: (b) -dom (forms noun)
Q12. "act" + ___ = "active"
- (a) -ive
- (b) -ion
- (c) -or
- (d) -er
Answer: (a) -ive (forms adjective)
Q13. "beauty" → adjective
- (a) beautyful
- (b) beautiful
- (c) beautify
- (d) beautiness
Answer: (b) beautiful (beauty + ful)
Q14. "friend" + ___ = "friendship"
- (a) -ship
- (b) -hood
- (c) -ly
- (d) -ness
Answer: (a) -ship (forms noun meaning state of being friend)
Q15. "move" + ___ = "movement"
- (a) -ment
- (b) -ing
- (c) -er
- (d) -ed
Answer: (a) -ment (forms noun)
CHAPTER 8: PAST LOKSEWA QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
8.1 ACTUAL PAST QUESTIONS (COLLECTED FROM LOKSEWA EXAMS)
Set 1: Pre-Qualifying Exam (2082) - English Section
Q1. With third person singular (he/she/it), we use:
- (a) "do" followed by the base form of the verb
- (b) "doesn't" followed by the base form of the verb
- (c) "doesn't" followed by "knows"
- (d) "don't" followed by the base form of the verb
Answer: (b) "doesn't" followed by the base form of the verb
Q2. The synonym of "ABUNDANT" is:
- (a) Scarce
- (b) Plentiful
- (c) Rare
- (d) Insufficient
Answer: (b) Plentiful
Q3. The antonym of "Benevolent" is:
- (a) Generous
- (b) Kind
- (c) Malevolent
- (d) Charitable
Answer: (c) Malevolent
Q4. Choose the correct passive voice of: "The teacher teaches the students."
- (a) The students are taught by the teacher
- (b) The students is taught by the teacher
- (c) The students were taught by the teacher
- (d) The students was taught by the teacher
Answer: (a) The students are taught by the teacher
Q5. Identify the correctly spelled word:
- (a) Occurence
- (b) Occurrence
- (c) Ocurrence
- (d) Occurrrence
Answer: (b) Occurrence
Q6. "Burning the midnight oil" means:
- (a) To waste electricity
- (b) To work or study late into the night
- (c) To wake up early
- (d) To cook food late at night
Answer: (b) To work or study late into the night
Q7. Choose the correct form: "Neither the teacher nor the students ___ present."
- (a) is
- (b) were
- (c) was
- (d) are
Answer: (b) were (verb agrees with nearest subject "students" which is plural)
Q8. The synonym of "EPHEMERAL" is:
- (a) Permanent
- (b) Eternal
- (c) Transient
- (d) Lasting
Answer: (c) Transient (lasting for a very short time)
Q9. Choose the correct indirect speech: She said, "I am going to the market."
- (a) She said that she is going to the market
- (b) She said that she was going to the market
- (c) She told that she was going to the market
- (d) She said she goes to the market
Answer: (b) She said that she was going to the market
Q10. Choose the correct sentence:
- (a) He don't know the answer
- (b) He doesn't knows the answer
- (c) He doesn't know the answer
- (d) He not know the answer
Answer: (c) He doesn't know the answer
Set 2: Kharidar / Nayab Subba Past Questions
Q1. Synonym of "Benevolent":
- (a) Cruel
- (b) Kind
- (c) Selfish
- (d) Angry
Answer: (b) Kind
Q2. "He is good ___ Mathematics."
- (a) in
- (b) at
- (c) on
- (d) with
Answer: (b) at
Q3. Choose correct sentence:
- (a) I have went there
- (b) I have gone there
- (c) I has gone there
- (d) I had went there
Answer: (b) I have gone there (present perfect needs V3 "gone")
Q4. "Three Idiots ___ really a watchable movie." (is/are)
- (a) is
- (b) are
Answer: (a) is (titles are singular)
Q5. Choose the right tag: "Chirag hardly ever cooks, ___?"
- (a) isn't he
- (b) he doesn't
- (c) doesn't he
- (d) does he
Answer: (d) does he (hardly = negative, so positive tag)
Q6. "I don't know the city ___ he lives."
- (a) where
- (b) what
- (c) when
- (d) which
Answer: (a) where (relative adverb of place)
Q7. "Superior ___ any other country." (preposition)
- (a) than
- (b) to
- (c) from
- (d) of
Answer: (b) to (superior is followed by "to", not "than")
Q8. "I am in boys' hostel now" → hostel is:
- (a) Noun
- (b) Verb
- (c) Adjective
- (d) Pronoun
Answer: (a) Noun
Q9. "I had to walk 5 km yesterday as I had ___ rupees for fare." (few/a few/little/a little)
- (a) few
- (b) a few
- (c) little
- (d) a little
Answer: (c) little (rupees is uncountable, "little" = not enough)
Q10. Passive of "They drew a circle in the morning":
- (a) A circle was drawn by them in the morning
- (b) A circle is drawn by them in the morning
- (c) A circle were drawn by them in the morning
- (d) A circle has been drawn by them in the morning
Answer: (a) A circle was drawn by them in the morning
Set 3: Common Loksewa English Questions
Q1. Past participle of "break":
- (a) broke
- (b) broken
- (c) breaking
- (d) breaks
Answer: (b) broken
Q2. "She ___ since morning." (continuous action from past to now)
- (a) is working
- (b) was working
- (c) has been working
- (d) had been working
Answer: (c) has been working (since + present perfect continuous)
Q3. Choose correct: "I look forward ___ you."
- (a) to see
- (b) to seeing
- (c) for see
- (d) see
Answer: (b) to seeing (look forward to + gerund)
Q4. "If I ___ you, I would help him." (subjunctive)
- (a) am
- (b) was
- (c) were
- (d) be
Answer: (c) were (subjunctive mood - use "were" for all persons)
Q5. "The teacher along with the students ___ going on a trip." (is/are)
- (a) is
- (b) are
Answer: (a) is (main subject is "teacher")
Q6. Antonym of "Ample":
- (a) Plenty
- (b) Abundant
- (c) Scarce
- (d) Sufficient
Answer: (c) Scarce
Q7. "If he ___ harder, he would have passed." (third conditional)
- (a) studied
- (b) had studied
- (c) has studied
- (d) study
Answer: (b) had studied (past perfect in if-clause)
Q8. Choose correct sentence:
- (a) She is more smarter than him
- (b) She is smarter than him
- (c) She is most smarter than him
- (d) She is smart than him
Answer: (b) She is smarter than him (no "more" with comparative -er)
Q9. Identify the part of speech: "Wow, that is beautiful!"
- (a) Noun
- (b) Verb
- (c) Interjection
- (d) Adjective
Answer: (c) Interjection
Q10. Active voice: "Someone has cut the telegraph wires."
- (a) The telegraph wires has been cut by someone
- (b) The telegraph wires have been cut by someone
- (c) The telegraph wires is cut by someone
- (d) The telegraph wires was cut by someone
Answer: (b) The telegraph wires have been cut by someone
Set 4: Pre-Qualifying Exam 2081 Questions
Q1. "Many a student ___ present today."
- (a) is
- (b) are
- (c) were
- (d) have been
Answer: (a) is (Many a + singular = singular)
Q2. Synonym of "Diligent":
- (a) Lazy
- (b) Hardworking
- (c) Stupid
- (d) Rude
Answer: (b) Hardworking
Q3. Change to indirect: He said, "I am going home."
- (a) He said that he is going home
- (b) He said that he was going home
- (c) He said that he went home
- (d) He told that he was going home
Answer: (b) He said that he was going home
Q4. Find the correctly spelled word:
- (a) Recieve
- (b) Receive
- (c) Receeve
- (d) Receeve
Answer: (b) Receive (i before e except after c)
Q5. "The cake was divided ___ the children." (preposition)
- (a) between
- (b) among
- (c) by
- (d) with
Answer: (b) among (more than two children)
Q6. "The room is ___ than the hall." (comparative)
- (a) bigger
- (b) big
- (c) biggest
- (d) more big
Answer: (a) bigger
Q7. Identify the conjunction: "I will go if you come."
- (a) Coordinating
- (b) Subordinating
- (c) Correlative
- (d) Conjunctive adverb
Answer: (b) Subordinating (if)
Q8. Passive of "Who wrote this poem?":
- (a) By whom was this poem written?
- (b) Who is this poem written by?
- (c) Both (a) and (b)
- (d) This poem is written by who?
Answer: (c) Both (a) and (b)
Q9. "He is junior ___ me." (preposition)
- (a) than
- (b) to
- (c) from
- (d) of
Answer: (b) to (junior is followed by "to", like "senior to")
Q10. Choose correct: "He is one of those boys who ___ hard."
- (a) works
- (b) work
- (c) working
- (d) worked
Answer: (b) work (who refers to "boys" - plural)
Set 5: Additional Common Loksewa Questions
Q1. "Neither of the two candidates ___ qualified." (has/have)
- (a) has
- (b) have
- (c) are
- (d) were
Answer: (a) has (neither is singular)
Q2. Past tense of "swim":
- (a) swimmed
- (b) swam
- (c) swum
- (d) swimming
Answer: (b) swam
Q3. "She is good ___ singing."
- (a) at
- (b) in
- (c) on
- (d) with
Answer: (a) at (good at + activity)
Q4. "He died ___ over-eating."
- (a) of
- (b) from
- (c) with
- (d) for
Answer: (a) of (die of = cause of death; die from = external cause)
Note: Both "of" and "from" can be used, but "of" is preferred for disease.
Q5. Identify the adverb: "He runs very fast."
- (a) He
- (b) runs
- (c) very
- (d) fast
Answer: (c) very (modifies "fast" - both are adverbs; "very" is adverb of degree)
Note: Some sources say (d) fast, but technically "very" is the adverb modifying the adverb "fast."
Q6. "I prefer tea ___ coffee." (to/than)
- (a) to
- (b) than
- (c) over
- (d) from
Answer: (a) to (prefer takes "to", not "than")
Q7. Synonym of "Ancient":
- (a) Modern
- (b) Old
- (c) New
- (d) Recent
Answer: (b) Old
Q8. "Each of the players ___ a trophy."
- (a) receive
- (b) receives
- (c) receiving
- (d) received
Answer: (b) receives (Each is singular)
Q9. Change to passive: "We expect him tomorrow."
- (a) He is expected tomorrow
- (b) He was expected tomorrow
- (c) He will be expected tomorrow
- (d) He has been expected tomorrow
Answer: (a) He is expected tomorrow
Q10. "The teacher is strict ___ his students." (preposition)
- (a) to
- (b) with
- (c) for
- (d) of
Answer: (b) with (strict with someone)
Set 6: Vocabulary-Focused Past Questions
Q1. Synonym of "Brief":
- (a) Long
- (b) Short
- (c) Wide
- (d) Big
Answer: (b) Short
Q2. Antonym of "Generous":
- (a) Kind
- (b) Selfish
- (c) Giving
- (d) Big
Answer: (b) Selfish
Q3. "Fortitude" means:
- (a) Weakness
- (b) Courage in facing difficulties
- (c) Laziness
- (d) Happiness
Answer: (b) Courage in facing difficulties
Q4. "Vivid" means:
- (a) Dull
- (b) Clear and detailed
- (c) Sad
- (d) Long
Answer: (b) Clear and detailed
Q5. Synonym of "Obsolete":
- (a) Modern
- (b) Outdated
- (c) New
- (d) Recent
Answer: (b) Outdated
Q6. Antonym of "Genuine":
- (a) Real
- (b) True
- (c) Fake
- (d) Honest
Answer: (c) Fake
Q7. "Mitigate" means:
- (a) To make worse
- (b) To make less severe
- (c) To destroy
- (d) To create
Answer: (b) To make less severe
Q8. "Lucid" means:
- (a) Confusing
- (b) Clear, easy to understand
- (c) Dark
- (d) Sad
Answer: (b) Clear, easy to understand
Q9. Synonym of "Candid":
- (a) Deceitful
- (b) Frank
- (c) Shy
- (d) Closed
Answer: (b) Frank
Q10. "To beat about the bush" means:
- (a) To be direct
- (b) To avoid the main topic
- (c) To work hard
- (d) To fight
Answer: (b) To avoid the main topic
CHAPTER 9: ADDITIONAL PRACTICE QUESTIONS (50 MCQs)
Comprehensive Practice Set
Q1. "She has been working here ___ 2010." (since/for)
- (a) since
- (b) for
- (c) from
- (d) at
Answer: (a) since (point of time)
Q2. Identify the noun: "Honesty is the best policy."
- (a) is
- (b) the
- (c) best
- (d) Honesty
Answer: (d) Honesty
Q3. "I ___ my homework before dinner." (past perfect)
- (a) finished
- (b) have finished
- (c) had finished
- (d) finish
Answer: (c) had finished
Q4. Comparative of "good":
- (a) gooder
- (b) more good
- (c) better
- (d) best
Answer: (c) better
Q5. "Each student ___ to bring a book." (has/have)
- (a) has
- (b) have
- (c) are
- (d) were
Answer: (a) has
Q6. "The cat is ___ the table." (under/below)
- (a) under
- (b) below
- (c) both
- (d) neither
Answer: (c) both (both can be used)
Q7. Identify the pronoun: "She is my sister."
- (a) sister
- (b) my
- (c) She
- (d) is
Answer: (c) She
Q8. "He ___ be a doctor." (modal showing possibility)
- (a) must
- (b) can
- (c) may
- (d) should
Answer: (c) may (possibility)
Q9. "Alas! She is dead." "Alas" expresses:
- (a) Joy
- (b) Sorrow
- (c) Surprise
- (d) Anger
Answer: (b) Sorrow
Q10. "I ___ a book now." (present continuous)
- (a) read
- (b) reads
- (c) am reading
- (d) have read
Answer: (c) am reading
Q11. Passive of "He will write a letter":
- (a) A letter will be written by him
- (b) A letter will written by him
- (c) A letter will have written by him
- (d) A letter is written by him
Answer: (a) A letter will be written by him
Q12. Synonym of "Happy":
- (a) Sad
- (b) Joyful
- (c) Angry
- (d) Bored
Answer: (b) Joyful
Q13. Antonym of "Beautiful":
- (a) Pretty
- (b) Ugly
- (c) Lovely
- (d) Nice
Answer: (b) Ugly
Q14. "He is fond ___ music."
- (a) of
- (b) in
- (c) at
- (d) on
Answer: (a) of
Q15. "Beautiful" → "beauty" (word formation)
- (a) Adding -ful
- (b) Removing -ful
- (c) Adding -ly
- (d) Adding -ness
Answer: (b) Removing -ful (base form beauty + ful = beautiful)
Q16. "The child is afraid ___ the dog."
- (a) from
- (b) of
- (c) with
- (d) at
Answer: (b) of (afraid of)
Q17. "I ___ tea than coffee." (prefer/prefers)
- (a) prefer
- (b) prefers
- (c) preferring
- (d) preferred
Answer: (a) prefer (I is the subject)
Q18. Identify the type: "He works hard so that he can pass."
- (a) Simple
- (b) Compound
- (c) Complex
- (d) Compound-complex
Answer: (c) Complex (so that = subordinating conjunction)
Q19. "If I were a bird, I would fly." Mood:
- (a) Indicative
- (b) Imperative
- (c) Subjunctive
- (d) Interrogative
Answer: (c) Subjunctive (contrary to fact)
Q20. "The rich should help the poor." Here "the rich" is:
- (a) Common noun
- (b) Proper noun
- (c) Adjective used as noun
- (d) Abstract noun
Answer: (c) Adjective used as noun
Q21. Choose correct: "I have ___ finished my work."
- (a) yet
- (b) already
- (c) ever
- (d) never
Answer: (b) already (used in affirmative)
Q22. Past of "go":
- (a) go
- (b) went
- (c) gone
- (d) going
Answer: (b) went
Q23. "I am responsible ___ my work."
- (a) to
- (b) for
- (c) of
- (d) with
Answer: (b) for (responsible for work)
Q24. "He behaves ___ his father." (like/as)
- (a) like
- (b) as
- (c) both (a) and (b)
- (d) similar
Answer: (c) both (a) and (b) (depending on context)
Q25. Identify the relative pronoun: "The man whom I saw is my uncle."
- (a) The
- (b) man
- (c) whom
- (d) my
Answer: (c) whom
Q26. "He has been here ___ two hours."
- (a) since
- (b) for
- (c) from
- (d) at
Answer: (b) for
Q27. Change to indirect: "She said, 'I am happy.'"
- (a) She said that she is happy
- (b) She said that she was happy
- (c) She told that she was happy
- (d) She says that she is happy
Answer: (b) She said that she was happy
Q28. "He is blind ___ one eye." (preposition)
- (a) in
- (b) of
- (c) with
- (d) on
Answer: (b) of (blind of = lacks in)
Q29. "I am good ___ English." (at/in)
- (a) at
- (b) in
- (c) both
- (d) with
Answer: (b) in (good in English = subject) but "at" can be used for specific skills (good at English grammar). For subjects, "in" is preferred.
Q30. "Bread and butter ___ my breakfast." (is/are)
- (a) is
- (b) are
Answer: (a) is (one item/dish)
Q31. Identify the verb: "He runs fast."
- (a) He
- (b) runs
- (c) fast
- (d) none
Answer: (b) runs
Q32. "The patient ___ since morning." (has been dying/has been dead)
- (a) has been dying
- (b) has been dead
- (c) is dead
- (d) died
Answer: (b) has been dead
Q33. "He is ___ honest man."
- (a) a
- (b) an
- (c) the
- (d) no article
Answer: (b) an (vowel sound 'o')
Q34. Synonym of "Enormous":
- (a) Tiny
- (b) Huge
- (c) Small
- (d) Short
Answer: (b) Huge
Q35. Antonym of "Victory":
- (a) Success
- (b) Defeat
- (c) Win
- (d) Triumph
Answer: (b) Defeat
Q36. "She is angry ___ him." (with/at)
- (a) with
- (b) at
- (c) both
- (d) on
Answer: (c) both (angry with a person, angry at a thing/action)
Q37. "Slowly" is the adverb of:
- (a) "slow" (adjective)
- (b) "slowly" (no change)
- (c) both
- (d) none
Answer: (a) "slow" (adjective) + ly = "slowly" (adverb)
Q38. "I haven't seen him ___ Monday."
- (a) for
- (b) since
- (c) from
- (d) until
Answer: (b) since (point of time)
Q39. "He made ___ before the teacher came." (past perfect)
- (a) his work
- (b) he finished
- (c) he had finished
- (d) finishes
Answer: (c) he had finished
Q40. Identify the conjunction: "I was tired, yet I continued."
- (a) Coordinating
- (b) Subordinating
- (c) Correlative
- (d) Conjunctive adverb
Answer: (a) Coordinating (yet is in FANBOYS)
Q41. "He is good ___ singing songs."
- (a) at
- (b) in
- (c) on
- (d) with
Answer: (a) at (good at + activity)
Q42. "It is ___ important to study." (degree adverb)
- (a) very
- (b) much
- (c) too
- (d) all
Answer: (a) very (very before adjective "important")
Q43. "Either Ram or his friends ___ coming." (is/are)
- (a) is
- (b) are
Answer: (b) are (verb agrees with nearest "friends" - plural)
Q44. Past of "give":
- (a) gived
- (b) gave
- (c) given
- (d) giving
Answer: (b) gave
Q45. "She is ___ than her sister." (tall)
- (a) tall
- (b) taller
- (c) tallest
- (d) more tall
Answer: (b) taller
Q46. "I prefer coffee ___ tea."
- (a) than
- (b) to
- (c) over
- (d) from
Answer: (b) to (prefer takes "to")
Q47. "Brave" → noun:
- (a) bravery
- (b) braveness
- (c) bravement
- (d) bravehood
Answer: (a) bravery
Q48. Identify the type: "Shut the door."
- (a) Declarative
- (b) Interrogative
- (c) Imperative
- (d) Exclamatory
Answer: (c) Imperative (command)
Q49. "Few students ___ present." (was/were)
- (a) was
- (b) were
Answer: (b) were (few + plural)
Q50. "He is interested ___ music."
- (a) in
- (b) on
- (c) at
- (d) with
Answer: (a) in
CHAPTER 10: IMPORTANT GRAMMAR NOTES & QUICK REFERENCE
10.1 SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT QUICK REFERENCE
| Subject Type | Verb Form | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Singular subject (he/she/it/Ram) | Singular verb (s/es) | He goes |
| Plural subject (they/we/you/Ram and Shyam) | Plural verb (V1) | They go |
| Each, every, everyone, neither, either | Singular | Each boy is |
| Both, few, many, several | Plural | Both boys are |
| One of the + plural noun | Singular | One of the boys is |
| One of those who/that + plural | Plural | One of those who are |
| A/An + singular noun | Singular | A book is |
| Collective noun (as unit) | Singular | The team is |
| Math, news, physics | Singular | Math is |
| Either...or / Neither...nor | Agrees with nearest | Either he or I am |
| With, along with, as well as | Doesn't affect main subject | Ram with friends is |
| "Many a" + singular | Singular | Many a boy is |
10.2 TENSE IDENTIFICATION TRICKS
| Time Words | Likely Tense |
|---|---|
| yesterday, ago, last week | Simple Past |
| now, at present, currently | Present Continuous |
| since, for, just, already, yet, so far | Present Perfect |
| since + point, for + period, all day | Present Perfect Continuous |
| by + future time, by the time | Future Perfect |
| when, while + past | Past Continuous or Simple Past |
| before, after, by the time + past | Past Perfect |
| tomorrow, next, soon, in future | Simple Future |
| while, when (future) | Future Continuous |
| always, usually, often, every day | Simple Present |
10.3 PREPOSITION RULES QUICK REFERENCE
| Situation | Preposition |
|---|---|
| Specific day/date | on |
| Months/years/centuries | in |
| Precise time | at |
| Large area (country, city) | in |
| Specific point (door, station) | at |
| Surface | on |
| Period of time | for |
| Point of time (since) | since |
| Between two | between |
| Among more than two | among |
| Inside (motion) | into |
| Inside (position) | in |
| Means of transport (car/bus) | by |
| On foot/bicycle | on |
| Die of disease | of |
| Die from injury | from |
| Good at skill | at |
| Good in subject | in |
| Afraid of | of |
| Angry with person | with |
| Angry at action | at |
| Married to | to |
| Junior/Senior/Inferior/Superior/Prior/Posterior | to (not than) |
10.4 COMMON IDIOMS (Frequently Asked)
| Idiom | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Beat around the bush | Avoid the main topic |
| Burn the midnight oil | Work late at night |
| Break the ice | Start a conversation |
| A blessing in disguise | Good thing that seemed bad |
| Cry over spilled milk | Regret something unchangeable |
| Once in a blue moon | Very rarely |
| Piece of cake | Very easy |
| Bite the bullet | Face a difficult situation |
| Cost an arm and a leg | Very expensive |
| Hit the nail on the head | Exactly right |
| Kill two birds with one stone | Achieve two things with one action |
| Let the cat out of the bag | Reveal a secret |
| Under the weather | Feeling ill |
| The ball is in your court | Your turn to act |
| A dime a dozen | Very common |
| Add fuel to the fire | Make a bad situation worse |
| Barking up the wrong tree | Looking in the wrong place |
| Bite off more than you can chew | Take on more than you can handle |
| Don't judge a book by its cover | Don't judge by appearance |
| Get out of hand | Become uncontrollable |
| Go the extra mile | Do more than expected |
| Hang in there | Don't give up |
| It's not rocket science | It's not difficult |
| Jump on the bandwagon | Join a popular trend |
| Keep your chin up | Stay positive |
| Miss the boat | Miss an opportunity |
| No pain, no gain | Hard work brings results |
| On the same page | In agreement |
| Pull someone's leg | Joke with someone |
| See eye to eye | Agree |
| Speak of the devil | When the person you just talked about appears |
| The best of both worlds | All advantages |
| Time flies | Time passes quickly |
| To get bent out of shape | To get upset |
| When pigs fly | Never |
| Your guess is as good as mine | I don't know either |
10.5 COMMON CONFUSING WORDS
| Words | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Its (possessive) vs. It's (it is) | Dog wagged its tail / It's raining | |
| Their (possessive) vs. There (place) vs. They're (they are) | Their book / There it is / They're coming | |
| Your (possessive) vs. You're (you are) | Your book / You're welcome | |
| Affect (verb) vs. Effect (noun) | Rain affects crops / Cause and effect | |
| Accept (receive) vs. Except (exclude) | Accept the gift / All except one | |
| Loose (not tight) vs. Lose (misplace) | Loose shirt / Lose a game | |
| Principal (main) vs. Principle (rule) | Principal reason / Moral principle | |
| Quiet (silent) vs. Quite (very) | Stay quiet / Quite good | |
| Than (comparison) vs. Then (time) | Better than me / Then I left | |
| Who (subject) vs. Whom (object) | Who came? / To whom | |
| Farther (distance) vs. Further (degree) | Farther away / Further discussion | |
| Fewer (countable) vs. Less (uncountable) | Fewer books / Less water |
10.6 ARTICLES RULES
A/An Rules
Use "A":
- Before consonant sound: a book, a pen, a university (sounds like "you"), a European (sounds like "you")
- Before one of many: a doctor (= some doctor)
- With professions: He is a teacher.
Use "An":
- Before vowel sound: an apple, an egg, an hour (silent h), an honest man
- Before "M" words: an MLA, an MP
"The" Rules
Use "THE":
- For specific/particular things: The book I bought.
- For unique things: The sun, the moon, the earth
- For superlatives: The best, the tallest
- For ordinals: The first, the second
- For musical instruments: Play the piano
- For whole groups: The rich, the poor
- For geographical features: The Himalayas, the Pacific Ocean
- For newspapers: The Kathmandu Post
- When both speaker and listener know the noun: The door is open.
No article:
- With proper nouns: Ram, Nepal
- With meals: Have breakfast
- With languages: He speaks English
- With sports: Play football
- With "go to + home/work/bed/school/church"
- With "by + transport": By car, by bus
- With "at + night": At night
- With "at + home/work": At home
10.7 IRREGULAR VERBS - COMPLETE LIST (MOST COMMON)
| V1 (Base) | V2 (Past) | V3 (Past Participle) |
|---|---|---|
| arise | arose | arisen |
| awake | awoke | awoken |
| be | was/were | been |
| bear | bore | borne |
| beat | beat | beaten |
| become | became | become |
| begin | began | begun |
| bend | bent | bent |
| bet | bet | bet |
| bind | bound | bound |
| bite | bit | bitten |
| bleed | bled | bled |
| blow | blew | blown |
| break | broke | broken |
| breed | bred | bred |
| bring | brought | brought |
| build | built | built |
| burn | burnt/burned | burnt/burned |
| burst | burst | burst |
| buy | bought | bought |
| cast | cast | cast |
| catch | caught | caught |
| choose | chose | chosen |
| cling | clung | clung |
| come | came | come |
| cost | cost | cost |
| creep | crept | crept |
| cut | cut | cut |
| deal | dealt | dealt |
| dig | dug | dug |
| dive | dived/dove | dived |
| do | did | done |
| draw | drew | drawn |
| dream | dreamt/dreamed | dreamt/dreamed |
| drink | drank | drunk |
| drive | drove | driven |
| eat | ate | eaten |
| fall | fell | fallen |
| feed | fed | fed |
| feel | felt | felt |
| fight | fought | fought |
| find | found | found |
| flee | fled | fled |
| fling | flung | flung |
| fly | flew | flown |
| forbid | forbade | forbidden |
| forget | forgot | forgotten |
| forgive | forgave | forgiven |
| freeze | froze | frozen |
| get | got | got/gotten |
| give | gave | given |
| go | went | gone |
| grind | ground | ground |
| grow | grew | grown |
| hang | hung | hung |
| have | had | had |
| hear | heard | heard |
| hide | hid | hidden |
| hit | hit | hit |
| hold | held | held |
| hurt | hurt | hurt |
| keep | kept | kept |
| kneel | knelt | knelt |
| know | knew | known |
| lay | laid | laid |
| lead | led | led |
| lean | leant/leaned | leant/leaned |
| leap | leapt/leaped | leapt/leaped |
| leave | left | left |
| lend | lent | lent |
| let | let | let |
| lie | lay | lain |
| light | lit/lighted | lit/lighted |
| lose | lost | lost |
| make | made | made |
| mean | meant | meant |
| meet | met | met |
| pay | paid | paid |
| put | put | put |
| quit | quit | quit |
| read | read | read |
| ride | rode | ridden |
| ring | rang | rung |
| rise | rose | risen |
| run | ran | run |
| say | said | said |
| see | saw | seen |
| seek | sought | sought |
| sell | sold | sold |
| send | sent | sent |
| set | set | set |
| shake | shook | shaken |
| shed | shed | shed |
| shine | shone | shone |
| shoot | shot | shot |
| show | showed | shown/showed |
| shrink | shrank | shrunk |
| shut | shut | shut |
| sing | sang | sung |
| sink | sank | sunk |
| sit | sat | sat |
| sleep | slept | slept |
| slide | slid | slid |
| sling | slung | slung |
| smell | smelt | smelt |
| sow | sowed | sown |
| speak | spoke | spoken |
| speed | sped | sped |
| spell | spelt | spelt |
| spend | spent | spent |
| spill | spilt | spilt |
| spin | spun | spun |
| spit | spat | spat |
| split | split | split |
| spread | spread | spread |
| spring | sprang | sprung |
| stand | stood | stood |
| steal | stole | stolen |
| stick | stuck | stuck |
| sting | stung | stung |
| stink | stank | stunk |
| stride | strode | stridden |
| strike | struck | struck/stricken |
| string | strung | strung |
| strive | strove | striven |
| swear | swore | sworn |
| sweep | swept | swept |
| swell | swelled | swollen/swelled |
| swim | swam | swum |
| swing | swung | swung |
| take | took | taken |
| teach | taught | taught |
| tear | tore | torn |
| tell | told | told |
| think | thought | thought |
| throw | threw | thrown |
| thrust | thrust | thrust |
| tread | trod | trodden |
| understand | understood | understood |
| wake | woke | woken |
| wear | wore | worn |
| weave | wove | woven |
| weep | wept | wept |
| wet | wet | wet |
| win | won | won |
| wind | wound | wound |
| withdraw | withdrew | withdrawn |
| wring | wrung | wrung |
| write | wrote | written |
CHAPTER 11: ANSWER KEY
11.1 ANSWERS TO ALL MCQs
Nouns (1.2)
Q1: c | Q2: b | Q3: b | Q4: b | Q5: a | Q6: b | Q7: b | Q8: c | Q9: d | Q10: d
Pronouns (1.3)
Q1: b | Q2: b | Q3: b | Q4: a | Q5: b | Q6: b | Q7: c | Q8: a | Q9: b | Q10: c
Adjectives (1.4)
Q1: b | Q2: b | Q3: d | Q4: c | Q5: b | Q6: b | Q7: c | Q8: b | Q9: b | Q10: b
Verbs (1.5)
Q1: b | Q2: b | Q3: b | Q4: b | Q5: d | Q6: b | Q7: b | Q8: c | Q9: a | Q10: b
Adverbs (1.6)
Q1: c | Q2: b | Q3: b | Q4: a | Q5: a | Q6: a | Q7: c | Q8: d | Q9: c | Q10: c
Prepositions (1.7)
Q1: a | Q2: b | Q3: c | Q4: b | Q5: a | Q6: b | Q7: c | Q8: b | Q9: b | Q10: a | Q11: a | Q12: b
Conjunctions (1.8)
Q1: b | Q2: c | Q3: a | Q4: b | Q5: c | Q6: c | Q7: c | Q8: b | Q9: c | Q10: b
Interjections (1.9)
Q1: b | Q2: c | Q3: b | Q4: c | Q5: b | Q6: c | Q7: c | Q8: c
Sentence Structure (Chapter 2)
Q1: a | Q2: b | Q3: c | Q4: c | Q5: b | Q6: a | Q7: b | Q8: c
Clauses (Chapter 3)
Q1: b | Q2: b | Q3: b | Q4: c | Q5: c | Q6: d | Q7: b | Q8: c
Tense (Chapter 4)
Q1: b | Q2: c | Q3: a | Q4: c | Q5: b | Q6: c | Q7: c | Q8: c | Q9: b | Q10: c
Voice (Chapter 5)
Q1: a | Q2: a | Q3: a | Q4: b | Q5: a | Q6: a | Q7: a | Q8: a | Q9: a | Q10: d
Subject-Verb Agreement (Chapter 6)
Q1: b | Q2: a | Q3: a | Q4: a | Q5: a | Q6: a | Q7: a | Q8: a | Q9: a | Q10: a
Synonyms (7.2)
Q1: b | Q2: b | Q3: b | Q4: b | Q5: b | Q6: c | Q7: b | Q8: b | Q9: b | Q10: b
Q11: b | Q12: b | Q13: b | Q14: b | Q15: b | Q16: b | Q17: b | Q18: b | Q19: b | Q20: b
Antonyms (7.3)
Q1: b | Q2: c | Q3: c | Q4: c | Q5: c | Q6: b | Q7: c | Q8: b | Q9: c | Q10: c
Q11: c | Q12: c | Q13: b | Q14: b | Q15: c | Q16: c | Q17: c | Q18: c | Q19: c | Q20: c
Derivatives (7.4)
Q1: b | Q2: b | Q3: a | Q4: a | Q5: a | Q6: c | Q7: b | Q8: c | Q9: a | Q10: c
Q11: b | Q12: a | Q13: b | Q14: a | Q15: a
Past Loksewa Questions (Chapter 8)
Set 1: Q1: b | Q2: b | Q3: c | Q4: a | Q5: b | Q6: b | Q7: b | Q8: c | Q9: b | Q10: c
Set 2: Q1: b | Q2: b | Q3: b | Q4: a | Q5: d | Q6: a | Q7: b | Q8: a | Q9: c | Q10: a
Set 3: Q1: b | Q2: c | Q3: b | Q4: c | Q5: a | Q6: c | Q7: b | Q8: b | Q9: c | Q10: b
Set 4: Q1: a | Q2: b | Q3: b | Q4: b | Q5: b | Q6: a | Q7: b | Q8: c | Q9: b | Q10: b
Set 5: Q1: a | Q2: b | Q3: a | Q4: a | Q5: c | Q6: a | Q7: b | Q8: b | Q9: a | Q10: b
Set 6: Q1: b | Q2: b | Q3: b | Q4: b | Q5: b | Q6: c | Q7: b | Q8: b | Q9: b | Q10: b
Additional Practice (Chapter 9)
Q1: a | Q2: d | Q3: c | Q4: c | Q5: a | Q6: c | Q7: c | Q8: c | Q9: b | Q10: c
Q11: a | Q12: b | Q13: b | Q14: a | Q15: b | Q16: b | Q17: a | Q18: c | Q19: c | Q20: c
Q21: b | Q22: b | Q23: b | Q24: c | Q25: c | Q26: b | Q27: b | Q28: b | Q29: b | Q30: a
Q31: b | Q32: b | Q33: b | Q34: b | Q35: b | Q36: c | Q37: a | Q38: b | Q39: c | Q40: a
Q41: a | Q42: a | Q43: b | Q44: b | Q45: b | Q46: b | Q47: a | Q48: c | Q49: b | Q50: a
CHAPTER 12: FINAL EXAM TIPS
12.1 GENERAL TIPS
- Read the question carefully - Look for key words like "NOT," "EXCEPT," "BEST," "INCORRECT."
- Identify the part of speech asked - Quickly recognize if it's noun, verb, adjective, etc.
- For tense questions - Look for time markers (yesterday, since, for, tomorrow).
- For voice questions - Check the tense of the original sentence first.
- For vocabulary - Eliminate options that have unrelated meanings.
- For prepositions - Memorize fixed prepositional phrases.
- For subject-verb agreement - Find the actual subject (ignore phrases between subject and verb).
12.2 TIME MANAGEMENT FOR 5-MARK SECTION
- You have 10 MCQs in 5 marks (typical 1 question per topic)
- Spend about 30-45 seconds per question
- Don't spend too much time on one question
- Mark for review if uncertain
12.3 SCORING STRATEGY
Focus on high-frequency topics:
- Tense (10% of questions)
- Voice (10%)
- Subject-Verb Agreement (10%)
- Vocabulary (Synonyms/Antonyms) (20%)
- Prepositions (10%)
- Parts of Speech (10%)
- Tense consistency (10%)
- Sentence transformation (10%)
- Word formation (10%)
12.4 COMMON MISTAKES TO AVOID
- Confusing "few" and "little" (few = countable, little = uncountable)
- Confusing "since" and "for"
- Confusing "who" and "whom"
- Adding "s" to plural subjects
- Forgetting to change "me" to "I" when needed (subject position)
- Confusing "its" and "it's"
- Using "than" with "superior," "junior," "senior" (should be "to")
- Confusing "good" and "well"
CHAPTER 13: EXPANDED MCQ PRACTICE SECTIONS
13.1 ADDITIONAL PRONOUN PRACTICE (20 MCQs)
Q1. "The dog wagged ___ tail." (its/it's)
- (a) it's
- (b) its
- (c) it
- (d) itself
Answer: (b) its (possessive)
Q2. "This is Ram. ___ is my friend."
- (a) He
- (b) She
- (c) It
- (d) They
Answer: (a) He
Q3. "___ is the time?" (interrogative)
- (a) Who
- (b) What
- (c) When
- (d) Whose
Answer: (b) What
Q4. "I, ___ and ___ went to the market." (subject form)
- (a) me, him
- (b) he, she
- (c) they, them
- (d) him, her
Answer: (b) he, she (subject pronouns)
Q5. "The book is ___. I bought it yesterday." (possessive)
- (a) me
- (b) my
- (c) mine
- (d) I
Answer: (c) mine (possessive pronoun alone)
Q6. "Everyone must bring ___ own book." (reflexive)
- (a) his
- (b) their
- (c) its
- (d) our
Answer: (b) their (singular they/their for everyone)
Q7. "This is the boy ___ won the race." (relative)
- (a) which
- (b) who
- (c) whom
- (d) whose
Answer: (b) who (subject of won)
Q8. "She hurt ___." (reflexive)
- (a) her
- (b) hers
- (c) herself
- (d) she
Answer: (c) herself
Q9. "___ of you can come?" (interrogative - subject)
- (a) Who
- (b) Whom
- (c) Whose
- (d) Which
Answer: (a) Who (subject form)
Q10. "___ car is this?" (interrogative - possession)
- (a) Who
- (b) Whom
- (c) Whose
- (d) Which
Answer: (c) Whose
Q11. "The teacher gave ___ a book." (object pronoun)
- (a) I
- (b) me
- (c) my
- (d) mine
Answer: (b) me (object form)
Q12. "Ram and Shyam are brothers. ___ are very close."
- (a) He
- (b) She
- (c) They
- (d) Them
Answer: (c) They (subject pronoun for two or more)
Q13. "___ knows the answer?" (interrogative)
- (a) Who
- (b) Whom
- (c) Whose
- (d) What
Answer: (a) Who
Q14. "To ___ did you give the book?" (object)
- (a) who
- (b) whom
- (c) whose
- (d) which
Answer: (b) whom
Q15. "I have a car. The car is ___."
- (a) me
- (b) my
- (c) mine
- (d) I
Answer: (c) mine
Q16. "She is taller than ___. " (object pronoun)
- (a) I
- (b) me
- (c) my
- (d) mine
Answer: (b) me (object of "than")
Q17. "___ is your name?" (asking for information)
- (a) Who
- (b) Whom
- (c) What
- (d) Which
Answer: (c) What
Q18. "This is the pen ___ I bought." (relative - object)
- (a) who
- (b) whom
- (c) which
- (d) whose
Answer: (c) which (for things)
Q19. "Each of the students ___ their own way." (has/have)
- (a) has
- (b) have
- (c) are having
- (d) were having
Answer: (a) has (each is singular)
Q20. "We enjoyed ___ at the party." (reflexive)
- (a) us
- (b) our
- (c) ourselves
- (d) we
Answer: (c) ourselves
13.2 ADDITIONAL ADJECTIVE PRACTICE (20 MCQs)
Q1. "She is ___ than her brother." (comparative of 'tall')
- (a) tall
- (b) taller
- (c) tallest
- (d) more tall
Answer: (b) taller
Q2. "Mt. Everest is the ___ mountain in the world." (superlative of 'high')
- (a) higher
- (b) highest
- (c) high
- (d) more high
Answer: (b) highest
Q3. "He is ___ than I expected." (comparative of 'intelligent')
- (a) more intelligent
- (b) intelligent
- (c) most intelligent
- (d) intelligenter
Answer: (a) more intelligent (more than 2 syllables)
Q4. "This is the ___ book I have ever read." (superlative of 'interesting')
- (a) interesting
- (b) more interesting
- (c) most interesting
- (d) interestingest
Answer: (c) most interesting
Q5. "He is ___ to lift the box." (adjective)
- (a) strong
- (b) stronger
- (c) strongest
- (d) strong enough
Answer: (d) strong enough (adjective + enough)
Q6. "She is the ___ girl in the class." (superlative of 'clever')
- (a) clever
- (b) cleverer
- (c) cleverest
- (d) more clever
Answer: (c) cleverest (single syllable)
Q7. "He is ___ than his brother." (comparative of 'lazy')
- (a) lazy
- (b) lazier
- (c) laziest
- (d) more lazy
Answer: (b) lazier (y→i+er)
Q8. "This is a ___ dress." (describing)
- (a) red beautiful
- (b) beautiful red
- (c) red and beautiful
- (d) both
Answer: (b) beautiful red (opinion before color)
Q9. "The ___ students were punished." (which students specifically)
- (a) some
- (b) any
- (c) the
- (d) an
Answer: (c) the (specific)
Q10. "There are ___ books on the table." (countable)
- (a) few
- (b) little
- (c) less
- (d) a little
Answer: (a) few (countable - books)
Q11. "I have ___ money." (uncountable)
- (a) few
- (b) little
- (c) many
- (d) several
Answer: (b) little (uncountable - money)
Q12. "He is ___ honest than Ram." (comparative)
- (a) more
- (b) most
- (c) much
- (d) very
Answer: (a) more (adjective has 2+ syllables)
Q13. "This is the ___ building in the city." (superlative of 'tall')
- (a) tall
- (b) taller
- (c) tallest
- (d) most tall
Answer: (c) tallest
Q14. "The movie was ___ boring." (intensifier)
- (a) too
- (b) very
- (c) much
- (d) quite
Answer: (b) very (before adjective)
Q15. "He is ___ in his class." (comparative of 'old')
- (a) older
- (b) elder
- (c) oldest
- (d) eldest
Answer: (b) elder (for family/age in class context)
Q16. "I am feeling ___ today." (describing state)
- (a) good
- (b) well
- (c) both
- (d) better
Answer: (b) well (after linking verb feel)
Q17. "There is ___ milk in the bottle." (uncountable)
- (a) few
- (b) little
- (c) many
- (d) several
Answer: (b) little
Q18. "She is the ___ of the two sisters." (comparative for two)
- (a) elder
- (b) older
- (c) oldest
- (d) eldest
Answer: (a) elder (for two - family members)
Q19. "He is the ___ person I know." (superlative of 'kind')
- (a) kinder
- (b) kindest
- (c) most kind
- (d) kind
Answer: (b) kindest (single syllable)
Q20. "She has ___ hair." (adjective of color)
- (a) a black long
- (b) long black
- (c) black long
- (d) a long black
Answer: (b) long black (size before color)
13.3 ADDITIONAL VERB PRACTICE (20 MCQs)
Q1. "He ___ a car." (simple present)
- (a) drive
- (b) drives
- (c) driving
- (d) drove
Answer: (b) drives (3rd person singular)
Q2. "I ___ a letter yesterday." (simple past)
- (a) write
- (b) writes
- (c) wrote
- (d) written
Answer: (c) wrote
Q3. "She ___ TV at the moment." (present continuous)
- (a) watch
- (b) watches
- (c) is watching
- (d) watched
Answer: (c) is watching
Q4. "I ___ this book before." (present perfect)
- (a) read
- (b) reads
- (c) have read
- (d) am reading
Answer: (c) have read
Q5. "By next year, I ___ my studies." (future perfect)
- (a) complete
- (b) will complete
- (c) will have completed
- (d) completed
Answer: (c) will have completed
Q6. "I ___ when the phone rang." (past continuous)
- (a) sleep
- (b) slept
- (c) was sleeping
- (d) had slept
Answer: (c) was sleeping
Q7. "He ___ before I reached." (past perfect)
- (a) left
- (b) has left
- (c) had left
- (d) was leaving
Answer: (c) had left
Q8. "She ___ singing." (gerund as object)
- (a) enjoy
- (b) enjoys
- (c) enjoyed
- (d) enjoying
Answer: (b) enjoys (3rd person)
Q9. "Let us ___." (suggestion)
- (a) go
- (b) goes
- (c) going
- (d) gone
Answer: (a) go (after "let" use V1)
Q10. "He ___ play football when he was young." (modal past)
- (a) can
- (b) could
- (c) may
- (d) might
Answer: (b) could (past ability)
Q11. Past participle of "see":
- (a) saw
- (b) seen
- (c) seeing
- (d) sees
Answer: (b) seen
Q12. "I would ___ you if I had money." (conditional)
- (a) help
- (b) helped
- (c) helps
- (d) helping
Answer: (a) help (after modal "would")
Q13. "He ___ to school every day." (simple present)
- (a) go
- (b) goes
- (c) going
- (d) gone
Answer: (b) goes
Q14. "She ___ a song now." (present continuous)
- (a) sings
- (b) is singing
- (c) sang
- (d) has sung
Answer: (b) is singing
Q15. "I ___ never ___ to Paris." (present perfect)
- (a) am, been
- (b) have, been
- (c) had, been
- (d) was, been
Answer: (b) have, been
Q16. "By tomorrow, I ___ the work." (future perfect)
- (a) will finish
- (b) will have finished
- (c) finish
- (d) have finished
Answer: (b) will have finished
Q17. "He ___ while reading." (past continuous)
- (a) sleeps
- (b) is sleeping
- (c) was sleeping
- (d) has slept
Answer: (c) was sleeping
Q18. "If I ___ a bird, I would fly." (subjunctive)
- (a) am
- (b) was
- (c) were
- (d) be
Answer: (c) were (subjunctive mood)
Q19. "She ___ here since 2015." (present perfect continuous)
- (a) lives
- (b) is living
- (c) has been living
- (d) lived
Answer: (c) has been living (since + point of time)
Q20. "I ___ go now." (intention)
- (a) can
- (b) may
- (c) must
- (d) should
Answer: (c) must (strong obligation/decision)
13.4 ADDITIONAL TENSE PRACTICE (25 MCQs)
Q1. "I ___ in this city for ten years." (live - present perfect)
- (a) live
- (b) am living
- (c) have lived
- (d) lived
Answer: (c) have lived (for + period, present perfect)
Q2. "She ___ to music when I called." (listen - past continuous)
- (a) listened
- (b) was listening
- (c) is listening
- (d) listens
Answer: (b) was listening
Q3. "We ___ dinner before they arrived." (eat - past perfect)
- (a) ate
- (b) have eaten
- (c) had eaten
- (d) were eating
Answer: (c) had eaten (action before another past action)
Q4. "I ___ you tomorrow." (see - simple future)
- (a) see
- (b) saw
- (c) will see
- (d) have seen
Answer: (c) will see
Q5. "By 5 PM, I ___ my work." (finish - future perfect)
- (a) finish
- (b) will finish
- (c) will have finished
- (d) have finished
Answer: (c) will have finished
Q6. "He ___ for 2 hours when I reached." (sleep - past perfect continuous)
- (a) slept
- (b) was sleeping
- (c) had been sleeping
- (d) has slept
Answer: (c) had been sleeping
Q7. "We ___ since 9 AM." (work - present perfect continuous)
- (a) work
- (b) are working
- (c) have been working
- (d) had worked
Answer: (c) have been working (since + point)
Q8. "The sun ___ in the east." (rise - simple present)
- (a) rise
- (b) rises
- (c) is rising
- (d) has risen
Answer: (b) rises (general truth)
Q9. "She ___ when I phoned." (read - past continuous)
- (a) read
- (b) is reading
- (c) was reading
- (d) has read
Answer: (c) was reading
Q10. "I ___ him for ten years." (know - present perfect)
- (a) know
- (b) am knowing
- (c) have known
- (d) knew
Answer: (c) have known (for + period, still true)
Q11. "By next month, I ___ my degree." (complete - future perfect)
- (a) will complete
- (b) will have completed
- (c) complete
- (d) completed
Answer: (b) will have completed
Q12. "He ___ a car last year." (buy - simple past)
- (a) buy
- (b) buys
- (c) bought
- (d) has bought
Answer: (c) bought
Q13. "I ___ here since morning." (wait - present perfect continuous)
- (a) wait
- (b) am waiting
- (c) have been waiting
- (d) waited
Answer: (c) have been waiting
Q14. "When I came, he ___." (sleep - past continuous)
- (a) slept
- (b) was sleeping
- (c) had slept
- (d) has slept
Answer: (b) was sleeping
Q15. "If I study hard, I ___ pass." (will/shall)
- (a) pass
- (b) will
- (c) would
- (d) shall
Answer: (b) will (first conditional)
Q16. "If I had studied, I ___ have passed." (would)
- (a) will
- (b) would
- (c) would have
- (d) had
Answer: (b) would (third conditional simplified)
Note: Full third conditional: "If I had studied, I would have passed." → Answer is (b) would for first part.
Q17. "She ___ a novel when I visited her." (write - past continuous)
- (a) wrote
- (b) was writing
- (c) had written
- (d) is writing
Answer: (b) was writing
Q18. "I ___ never ___ such a beautiful place." (see - present perfect)
- (a) am, seen
- (b) have, seen
- (c) had, seen
- (d) was, seen
Answer: (b) have, seen
Q19. "We ___ for India next Monday." (leave - present continuous for future)
- (a) leave
- (b) are leaving
- (c) will leave
- (d) have left
Answer: (b) are leaving (fixed plan)
Q20. "By the time you arrive, I ___." (finish - future perfect)
- (a) finish
- (b) will finish
- (c) will have finished
- (d) have finished
Answer: (c) will have finished
Q21. "He ___ TV every evening." (watch - simple present)
- (a) watch
- (b) watches
- (c) is watching
- (d) watched
Answer: (b) watches (3rd person singular)
Q22. "I ___ to the cinema tomorrow." (go - simple future)
- (a) go
- (b) goes
- (c) will go
- (d) am going
Answer: (c) will go
Q23. "She ___ for two hours." (read - present perfect continuous)
- (a) reads
- (b) is reading
- (c) has been reading
- (d) read
Answer: (c) has been reading
Q24. "He ___ before the train arrived." (reach - past perfect)
- (a) reached
- (b) has reached
- (c) had reached
- (d) was reaching
Answer: (c) had reached
Q25. "I ___ this novel for two weeks." (read - present perfect continuous)
- (a) read
- (b) am reading
- (c) have been reading
- (d) had read
Answer: (c) have been reading (for + period)
13.5 ADDITIONAL VOICE PRACTICE (20 MCQs)
Q1. Active: "He opens the door." → Passive:
- (a) The door is opened by him
- (b) The door was opened by him
- (c) The door is being opened by him
- (d) The door has been opened by him
Answer: (a) The door is opened by him
Q2. Active: "She wrote a letter." → Passive:
- (a) A letter is written by her
- (b) A letter was written by her
- (c) A letter has been written by her
- (d) A letter is being written by her
Answer: (b) A letter was written by her (Simple Past → was/were + V3)
Q3. Active: "They are building a house." → Passive:
- (a) A house is built by them
- (b) A house is being built by them
- (c) A house was being built by them
- (d) A house has been built by them
Answer: (b) A house is being built by them (Present Continuous → is/are being + V3)
Q4. Active: "He has finished the work." → Passive:
- (a) The work is finished by him
- (b) The work was finished by him
- (c) The work has been finished by him
- (d) The work had been finished by him
Answer: (c) The work has been finished by him (Present Perfect → has/have been + V3)
Q5. Active: "I will help him." → Passive:
- (a) He will be helped by me
- (b) He is helped by me
- (c) He was helped by me
- (d) He has been helped by me
Answer: (a) He will be helped by me (Simple Future → will be + V3)
Q6. Active: "He gave me a book." → Passive:
- (a) I was given a book by him
- (b) A book was given to me by him
- (c) Both (a) and (b)
- (d) None of the above
Answer: (c) Both (a) and (b)
Q7. Active: "Open the window." → Passive:
- (a) The window is opened
- (b) The window should be opened
- (c) Let the window be opened
- (d) The window was opened
Answer: (c) Let the window be opened
Q8. Active: "He can solve this problem." → Passive:
- (a) This problem can be solved by him
- (b) This problem can solve by him
- (c) This problem is solved by him
- (d) This problem was solved by him
Answer: (a) This problem can be solved by him (Modal + be + V3)
Q9. Active: "The teacher praised the boy." → Passive:
- (a) The boy praised the teacher
- (b) The boy was praised by the teacher
- (c) The boy is praised by the teacher
- (d) The boy has been praised by the teacher
Answer: (b) The boy was praised by the teacher
Q10. Active: "We expect him today." → Passive:
- (a) He is expected today
- (b) He was expected today
- (c) He will be expected today
- (d) He has been expected today
Answer: (a) He is expected today
Q11. Active: "Do it." → Passive:
- (a) It is done
- (b) It was done
- (c) Let it be done
- (d) It has been done
Answer: (c) Let it be done
Q12. Active: "Someone stole my wallet." → Passive:
- (a) My wallet is stolen
- (b) My wallet was stolen
- (c) My wallet has been stolen
- (d) My wallet is being stolen
Answer: (b) My wallet was stolen
Q13. Active: "They are playing cricket." → Passive:
- (a) Cricket is played by them
- (b) Cricket is being played by them
- (c) Cricket was being played by them
- (d) Cricket has been played by them
Answer: (b) Cricket is being played by them
Q14. Active: "He had completed the work." → Passive:
- (a) The work is completed by him
- (b) The work was completed by him
- (c) The work had been completed by him
- (d) The work has been completed by him
Answer: (c) The work had been completed by him (Past Perfect → had been + V3)
Q15. Active: "I must do it." → Passive:
- (a) It must be done by me
- (b) It must do by me
- (c) It is done by me
- (d) It was done by me
Answer: (a) It must be done by me
Q16. Active: "The cat killed the mouse." → Passive:
- (a) The cat was killed by the mouse
- (b) The mouse was killed by the cat
- (c) The mouse is killed by the cat
- (d) The mouse has been killed by the cat
Answer: (b) The mouse was killed by the cat
Q17. Active: "We elect him captain." → Passive:
- (a) He is elected captain
- (b) He was elected captain
- (c) Captain elects him
- (d) He elects captain
Answer: (a) He is elected captain (with object complement)
Q18. Active: "The news surprised me." → Passive:
- (a) I was surprised by the news
- (b) I am surprised by the news
- (c) I have been surprised by the news
- (d) I had been surprised by the news
Answer: (a) I was surprised by the news (Simple Past → was/were + V3)
Q19. Active: "She is writing a poem." → Passive:
- (a) A poem is being written by her
- (b) A poem is written by her
- (c) A poem was being written by her
- (d) A poem has been written by her
Answer: (a) A poem is being written by her
Q20. Active: "Who taught you?" → Passive:
- (a) By whom were you taught?
- (b) By whom you were taught?
- (c) You were taught by who?
- (d) Who was you taught by?
Answer: (a) By whom were you taught?
13.6 ADDITIONAL SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT PRACTICE (20 MCQs)
Q1. "The news ___ true." (is/are)
- (a) is
- (b) are
- (c) were
- (d) have been
Answer: (a) is (news is singular)
Q2. "Bread and butter ___ my breakfast." (is/are)
- (a) is
- (b) are
- (c) were
- (d) have been
Answer: (a) is (one item/dish)
Q3. "Many students ___ absent." (was/were)
- (a) was
- (b) were
- (c) is
- (d) has been
Answer: (b) were (many + plural)
Q4. "Each of the girls ___ a doll." (has/have)
- (a) has
- (b) have
- (c) are
- (d) were
Answer: (a) has (each is singular)
Q5. "The committee ___ divided on the issue." (is/are)
- (a) is
- (b) are
- (c) was
- (d) has been
Answer: (b) are (members acting individually)
Q6. "Mathematics ___ a difficult subject." (is/are)
- (a) is
- (b) are
- (c) were
- (d) have been
Answer: (a) is
Q7. "The teacher with the students ___ here." (is/are)
- (a) is
- (b) are
- (c) were
- (d) have been
Answer: (a) is (with doesn't affect subject)
Q8. "Neither he nor I ___ wrong." (am/is/are)
- (a) am
- (b) is
- (c) are
- (d) were
Answer: (a) am (verb agrees with nearest "I")
Q9. "The United States ___ a powerful country." (is/are)
- (a) is
- (b) are
- (c) were
- (d) have been
Answer: (a) is (country with plural name is singular)
Q10. "A number of students ___ absent." (is/are)
- (a) is
- (b) are
- (c) was
- (d) has been
Answer: (b) are (a number of = some - plural)
Q11. "The number of students ___ small." (is/are)
- (a) is
- (b) are
- (c) were
- (d) have been
Answer: (a) is (the number of = specific - singular)
Q12. "Either Ram or his brothers ___ to blame." (is/are)
- (a) is
- (b) are
- (c) was
- (d) has been
Answer: (b) are (brothers is plural and nearest)
Q13. "Everyone ___ to be happy." (want/wants)
- (a) want
- (b) wants
- (c) are wanting
- (d) were wanting
Answer: (b) wants
Q14. "A pair of shoes ___ on the table." (is/are)
- (a) is
- (b) are
- (c) were
- (d) have been
Answer: (a) is (a pair is singular)
Q15. "Two-thirds of the work ___ completed." (is/are)
- (a) is
- (b) are
- (c) was
- (d) has been
Answer: (a) is (referring to the whole work)
Q16. "The class ___ not large." (is/are)
- (a) is
- (b) are
- (c) were
- (d) have been
Answer: (a) is (class as a unit)
Q17. "I, who ___ your friend, will help you." (am/is)
- (a) am
- (b) is
- (c) are
- (d) was
Answer: (a) am (who refers to I)
Q18. "Some of the water ___ clean." (is/are)
- (a) is
- (b) are
- (c) were
- (d) have been
Answer: (a) is (uncountable)
Q19. "Some of the students ___ absent." (is/are)
- (a) is
- (b) are
- (c) was
- (d) has been
Answer: (b) are (countable - students)
Q20. "Politics ___ a dirty game." (is/are)
- (a) is
- (b) are
- (c) were
- (d) have been
Answer: (a) is (politics as a subject is singular)
13.7 ADDITIONAL PREPOSITION PRACTICE (20 MCQs)
Q1. "I am fond ___ music." (of/in/at)
- (a) of
- (b) in
- (c) at
- (d) on
Answer: (a) of (fond of)
Q2. "He is good ___ English." (at/in)
- (a) at
- (b) in
- (c) on
- (d) with
Answer: (b) in (good in subject)
Q3. "She is married ___ a doctor." (to/with)
- (a) to
- (b) with
- (c) for
- (d) of
Answer: (a) to (married to)
Q4. "He died ___ cancer." (of/from)
- (a) of
- (b) from
- (c) with
- (d) for
Answer: (a) of (die of disease)
Q5. "I am interested ___ history." (in/on/at)
- (a) in
- (b) on
- (c) at
- (d) with
Answer: (a) in (interested in)
Q6. "The book is divided ___ three parts." (in/into)
- (a) in
- (b) into
- (c) among
- (d) between
Answer: (b) into (motion/change of state)
Q7. "She is afraid ___ dogs." (of/from)
- (a) of
- (b) from
- (c) with
- (d) at
Answer: (a) of (afraid of)
Q8. "I prefer tea ___ coffee." (to/than)
- (a) to
- (b) than
- (c) over
- (d) from
Answer: (a) to (prefer takes "to")
Q9. "He is senior ___ me." (to/than)
- (a) to
- (b) than
- (c) from
- (d) of
Answer: (a) to (senior is followed by "to")
Q10. "I am proud ___ my son." (of/for)
- (a) of
- (b) for
- (c) with
- (d) on
Answer: (a) of (proud of)
Q11. "He succeeded ___ the exam." (in/at)
- (a) in
- (b) at
- (c) on
- (d) with
Answer: (a) in (succeed in)
Q12. "She is good ___ dancing." (at/in)
- (a) at
- (b) in
- (c) on
- (d) with
Answer: (a) at (good at activity)
Q13. "I believe ___ God." (in/on)
- (a) in
- (b) on
- (c) at
- (d) with
Answer: (a) in (believe in)
Q14. "The train arrived ___ the station." (at/in/to)
- (a) at
- (b) in
- (c) to
- (d) on
Answer: (a) at (specific point)
Q15. "He is famous ___ his honesty." (for/of)
- (a) for
- (b) of
- (c) with
- (d) in
Answer: (a) for (famous for)
Q16. "I am angry ___ him." (with/at/on)
- (a) with
- (b) at
- (c) on
- (d) for
Answer: (a) with (angry with person)
Q17. "We reached ___ the airport." (at/to/in)
- (a) at
- (b) to
- (c) in
- (d) on
Answer: (a) at (reached at a specific point)
Q18. "He is different ___ his brother." (from/than)
- (a) from
- (b) than
- (c) to
- (d) of
Answer: (a) from (different from)
Q19. "She is good ___ English." (at/in)
- (a) at
- (b) in
Answer: (b) in (good in subject)
Note: "Good at" is used for specific skills, while "good in" is used for academic subjects. Both can be correct depending on context.
Q20. "I am tired ___ waiting." (of/from/with)
- (a) of
- (b) from
- (c) with
- (d) at
Answer: (a) of (tired of)
13.8 ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY PRACTICE (40 MCQs)
Synonyms (20 MCQs)
Q1. Synonym of "AMUSE":
- (a) Bore
- (b) Entertain
- (c) Sad
- (d) Angry
Answer: (b) Entertain
Q2. Synonym of "ANCIENT":
- (a) Modern
- (b) Old
- (c) New
- (d) Recent
Answer: (b) Old
Q3. Synonym of "ADVERSITY":
- (a) Happiness
- (b) Difficulty
- (c) Joy
- (d) Comfort
Answer: (b) Difficulty
Q4. Synonym of "AMIABLE":
- (a) Rude
- (b) Friendly
- (c) Angry
- (d) Sad
Answer: (b) Friendly
Q5. Synonym of "ATTRACTIVE":
- (a) Ugly
- (b) Pretty
- (c) Boring
- (d) Dull
Answer: (b) Pretty
Q6. Synonym of "BLUNT":
- (a) Sharp
- (b) Frank
- (c) Sharp
- (d) Curved
Answer: (b) Frank (blunt = frank/direct)
Q7. Synonym of "CONCEAL":
- (a) Reveal
- (b) Hide
- (c) Show
- (d) Expose
Answer: (b) Hide
Q8. Synonym of "COURAGEOUS":
- (a) Cowardly
- (b) Brave
- (c) Afraid
- (d) Timid
Answer: (b) Brave
Q9. Synonym of "DESPAIR":
- (a) Hope
- (b) Hopelessness
- (c) Joy
- (d) Happiness
Answer: (b) Hopelessness
Q10. Synonym of "ELOQUENT":
- (a) Speechless
- (b) Articulate
- (c) Stupid
- (d) Dumb
Answer: (b) Articulate
Q11. Synonym of "ENORMOUS":
- (a) Tiny
- (b) Huge
- (c) Small
- (d) Short
Answer: (b) Huge
Q12. Synonym of "FAMINE":
- (a) Plenty
- (b) Hunger
- (c) Food
- (d) Wealth
Answer: (b) Hunger
Q13. Synonym of "GLOOMY":
- (a) Bright
- (b) Dark
- (c) Cheerful
- (d) Happy
Answer: (b) Dark (gloomy = dark/sad)
Q14. Synonym of "HINDER":
- (a) Help
- (b) Obstruct
- (c) Encourage
- (d) Support
Answer: (b) Obstruct
Q15. Synonym of "INFINITE":
- (a) Limited
- (b) Endless
- (c) Small
- (d) Few
Answer: (b) Endless
Q16. Synonym of "JUBILANT":
- (a) Sad
- (b) Joyful
- (c) Angry
- (d) Bored
Answer: (b) Joyful
Q17. Synonym of "LIBERAL":
- (a) Narrow
- (b) Generous
- (c) Mean
- (d) Selfish
Answer: (b) Generous
Q18. Synonym of "OBSCURE":
- (a) Clear
- (b) Unclear
- (c) Bright
- (d) Famous
Answer: (b) Unclear
Q19. Synonym of "PROMINENT":
- (a) Unknown
- (b) Famous
- (c) Ordinary
- (d) Common
Answer: (b) Famous
Q20. Synonym of "RIGOROUS":
- (a) Easy
- (b) Strict
- (c) Lenient
- (d) Soft
Answer: (b) Strict
Antonyms (20 MCQs)
Q1. Antonym of "AMUSE":
- (a) Bore
- (b) Entertain
- (c) Joy
- (d) Play
Answer: (a) Bore
Q2. Antonym of "ANCIENT":
- (a) Old
- (b) Modern
- (c) Aged
- (d) Old-fashioned
Answer: (b) Modern
Q3. Antonym of "ADVERSITY":
- (a) Difficulty
- (b) Prosperity
- (c) Trouble
- (d) Hardship
Answer: (b) Prosperity
Q4. Antonym of "AMIABLE":
- (a) Friendly
- (b) Hostile
- (c) Kind
- (d) Pleasant
Answer: (b) Hostile
Q5. Antonym of "ATTRACTIVE":
- (a) Pretty
- (b) Repulsive
- (c) Beautiful
- (d) Lovely
Answer: (b) Repulsive
Q6. Antonym of "BLUNT":
- (a) Frank
- (b) Subtle
- (c) Direct
- (d) Open
Answer: (b) Subtle
Q7. Antonym of "CONCEAL":
- (a) Hide
- (b) Reveal
- (c) Cover
- (d) Mask
Answer: (b) Reveal
Q8. Antonym of "COURAGEOUS":
- (a) Brave
- (b) Cowardly
- (c) Bold
- (d) Fearless
Answer: (b) Cowardly
Q9. Antonym of "DESPAIR":
- (a) Hopelessness
- (b) Hope
- (c) Sadness
- (d) Misery
Answer: (b) Hope
Q10. Antonym of "ELOQUENT":
- (a) Articulate
- (b) Inarticulate
- (c) Fluent
- (d) Expressive
Answer: (b) Inarticulate
Q11. Antonym of "ENORMOUS":
- (a) Huge
- (b) Tiny
- (c) Massive
- (d) Vast
Answer: (b) Tiny
Q12. Antonym of "FAMINE":
- (a) Hunger
- (b) Plenty
- (c) Starvation
- (d) Scarcity
Answer: (b) Plenty
Q13. Antonym of "GLOOMY":
- (a) Sad
- (b) Cheerful
- (c) Dark
- (d) Dull
Answer: (b) Cheerful
Q14. Antonym of "HINDER":
- (a) Help
- (b) Obstruct
- (c) Block
- (d) Stop
Answer: (a) Help
Q15. Antonym of "INFINITE":
- (a) Endless
- (b) Limited
- (c) Boundless
- (d) Vast
Answer: (b) Limited
Q16. Antonym of "JUBILANT":
- (a) Joyful
- (b) Mournful
- (c) Happy
- (d) Glad
Answer: (b) Mournful
Q17. Antonym of "LIBERAL":
- (a) Generous
- (b) Stingy
- (c) Open
- (d) Free
Answer: (b) Stingy
Q18. Antonym of "OBSCURE":
- (a) Unclear
- (b) Clear
- (c) Vague
- (d) Hidden
Answer: (b) Clear
Q19. Antonym of "PROMINENT":
- (a) Famous
- (b) Obscure
- (c) Known
- (d) Visible
Answer: (b) Obscure
Q20. Antonym of "RIGOROUS":
- (a) Strict
- (b) Lenient
- (c) Tough
- (d) Hard
Answer: (b) Lenient
CHAPTER 14: ADDITIONAL IMPORTANT VOCABULARY
14.1 MORE WORDS WITH MEANINGS, SYNONYMS & ANTONYMS
| Word | Meaning | Synonym | Antonym |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ameliorate | To improve | Improve | Worsen |
| Antagonist | Opponent | Opponent | Supporter |
| Apathy | Lack of interest | Indifference | Interest |
| Arbitrary | Based on random choice | Random | Reasonable |
| Belligerent | Aggressive, warlike | Hostile | Peaceful |
| Benign | Kind, harmless | Kind | Harmful |
| Caprice | Sudden change | Whim | Steadiness |
| Carnivorous | Meat-eating | Meat-eating | Herbivorous |
| Consternation | Anxiety, shock | Dismay | Calm |
| Contrite | Sorry, remorseful | Sorry | Unrepentant |
| Decorum | Proper behavior | Propriety | Impropriety |
| Deliberate | Intentional | Intentional | Accidental |
| Deride | To mock | Mock | Praise |
| Dexterity | Skill | Skill | Clumsiness |
| Diffident | Shy, timid | Shy | Confident |
| Disconsolate | Sad, unhappy | Sad | Happy |
| Efface | To erase | Erase | Insert |
| Elucidate | To clarify | Clarify | Confuse |
| Enervate | To weaken | Weaken | Strengthen |
| Ephemeral | Short-lived | Brief | Eternal |
| Equivocate | To be ambiguous | Hedge | Be clear |
| Erudite | Learned, scholarly | Learned | Ignorant |
| Fastidious | Hard to please | Fussy | Easy-going |
| Garrulous | Talkative | Talkative | Taciturn |
| Hackneyed | Overused, clichéd | Clichéd | Original |
| Hedonist | Pleasure-seeker | Pleasure-seeker | Ascetic |
| Homogenous | Of the same kind | Uniform | Diverse |
| Imbroglio | Complicated situation | Confusion | Order |
| Inimical | Hostile | Hostile | Friendly |
| Insipid | Bland, dull | Dull | Exciting |
| Intransigent | Uncompromising | Stubborn | Flexible |
| Intrepid | Fearless | Brave | Cowardly |
| Inveterate | Habitual | Habitual | Occasional |
| Lament | To mourn | Mourn | Celebrate |
| Lethargic | Sluggish, lazy | Sluggish | Energetic |
| Magnate | Powerful business person | Tycoon | Nobody |
| Malleable | Easily shaped | Pliable | Rigid |
| Melancholy | Sadness | Sadness | Joy |
| Nascent | Just beginning | New | Mature |
| Nefarious | Wicked, evil | Wicked | Virtuous |
| Nonchalant | Casual, indifferent | Casual | Concerned |
| Nostalgia | Longing for past | Longing | Forward-looking |
| Obdurate | Stubborn | Stubborn | Flexible |
| Obstinate | Stubborn | Stubborn | Yielding |
| Oscillate | To swing back and forth | Fluctuate | Stabilize |
| Panacea | Cure-all | Cure-all | Poison |
| Pecuniary | Related to money | Financial | Non-monetary |
| Perfidious | Treacherous | Treacherous | Loyal |
| Pernicious | Destructive | Harmful | Beneficial |
| Placid | Calm | Calm | Excitable |
| Plethora | Excess | Excess | Scarcity |
| Precarious | Uncertain, dangerous | Unstable | Safe |
| Quiescent | Inactive, dormant | Inactive | Active |
| Quixotic | Idealistic, impractical | Idealistic | Realistic |
| Rant | Speak wildly | Rave | Speak calmly |
| Recalcitrant | Uncooperative | Stubborn | Cooperative |
| Repudiate | To reject | Reject | Accept |
| Scintillating | Brilliant, sparkling | Brilliant | Dull |
| Sedentary | Inactive | Inactive | Active |
| Sophomoric | Immature, juvenile | Immature | Mature |
| Specious | Seemingly true but false | Misleading | Genuine |
| Sporadic | Occasional | Occasional | Regular |
| Stagnant | Not flowing, not growing | Stale | Active |
| Tacit | Implied, unspoken | Implied | Explicit |
| Taciturn | Reserved, quiet | Quiet | Talkative |
| Tangential | Slightly related | Peripheral | Central |
| Tenuous | Thin, weak | Weak | Strong |
| Truculent | Aggressive, hostile | Hostile | Gentle |
| Ubiquitous | Present everywhere | Omnipresent | Rare |
| Umbrage | Offense, annoyance | Offense | Pleasure |
| Vacillate | To waver | Waver | Decide |
| Venerable | Respected | Respected | Disreputable |
| Verbose | Wordy | Wordy | Concise |
| Vicissitude | Change of fortune | Change | Stability |
| Vindicate | To clear from blame | Exonerate | Blame |
| Virulent | Extremely hostile | Hostile | Mild |
| Vituperate | To blame abusively | Criticize | Praise |
| Voracious | Very hungry/eager | Hungry | Sated |
| Zealous | Eager, enthusiastic | Eager | Indifferent |
| Acerbic | Sharp, biting | Sharp | Mild |
| Aesthete | Lover of beauty | Connoisseur | Philistine |
| Affluent | Wealthy | Wealthy | Poor |
| Alacrity | Eagerness | Eagerness | Slowness |
| Ameliorate | To improve | Improve | Worsen |
| Arduous | Difficult | Hard | Easy |
| Assiduous | Diligent | Hardworking | Lazy |
| Audacious | Bold, daring | Bold | Timid |
| Austere | Strict, simple | Strict | Lenient |
| Bellicose | Warlike, aggressive | Aggressive | Peaceful |
| Brusque | Abrupt, blunt | Blunt | Polite |
| Cacophony | Harsh sound | Discord | Harmony |
| Capricious | Unpredictable | Fickle | Steady |
| Castigate | To punish | Punish | Reward |
| Censure | To criticize | Criticize | Praise |
| Chauvinist | Prejudiced person | Bigot | Liberal |
| Chicanery | Trickery, deception | Trickery | Honesty |
| Cogent | Convincing | Convincing | Weak |
| Complaisant | Eager to please | Obliging | Uncooperative |
| Conciliatory | Peace-making | Appeasing | Hostile |
| Conundrum | Puzzle, dilemma | Puzzle | Solution |
| Craven | Cowardly | Cowardly | Brave |
| Decadent | Decaying, declining | Decaying | Flourishing |
| Decorum | Proper behavior | Propriety | Impropriety |
| Defenestration | Throwing out of window | (rare word) | (rare word) |
| Demur | To object | Object | Agree |
| Denigrate | To belittle | Belittle | Praise |
| Despot | Tyrant | Tyrant | Democrat |
| Diatribe | Bitter criticism | Tirade | Praise |
| Didactic | Intended to teach | Instructive | Uninformative |
| Disingenuous | Not sincere | Insincere | Sincere |
| Dogmatic | Opinionated | Dogmatic | Open-minded |
| Duplicity | Deception | Deception | Honesty |
| Ebullient | Cheerful, enthusiastic | Cheerful | Depressed |
| Eclectic | Diverse, wide-ranging | Diverse | Narrow |
| Effrontery | Boldness, audacity | Audacity | Timidity |
| Enervating | Tiring, weakening | Tiring | Energizing |
| Egregious | Shocking, bad | Outrageous | Outstanding |
| Ennui | Boredom | Boredom | Interest |
| Equanimity | Calmness | Calmness | Agitation |
| Ersatz | Artificial substitute | Imitation | Genuine |
| Esoteric | Mysterious, obscure | Obscure | Familiar |
| Evince | To show clearly | Show | Hide |
| Exacerbate | To make worse | Worsen | Improve |
| Exculpate | To clear from blame | Exonerate | Blame |
| Execrable | Terrible | Terrible | Wonderful |
| Exigent | Urgent | Urgent | Unimportant |
| Expunge | To erase | Erase | Insert |
| Extol | To praise highly | Praise | Criticize |
| Facetious | Humorous, witty | Humorous | Serious |
| Fatuous | Foolish, silly | Foolish | Wise |
| Garrulous | Talkative | Talkative | Quiet |
| Hackneyed | Overused, clichéd | Clichéd | Original |
| Halcyon | Peaceful, calm | Peaceful | Stormy |
| Hedonist | Pleasure-seeker | Sensualist | Ascetic |
| Heterodox | Unorthodox | Unorthodox | Orthodox |
| Hubris | Excessive pride | Arrogance | Humility |
| Iconoclast | Person who attacks traditions | Rebel | Conformist |
| Idiosyncrasy | Peculiarity | Peculiarity | Normality |
| Ignominious | Shameful | Shameful | Honorable |
| Imbroglio | Confused situation | Confusion | Order |
| Impecunious | Poor | Poor | Wealthy |
| Imperious | Domineering | Domineering | Humble |
| Imperturbable | Calm, not easily disturbed | Calm | Excitable |
| Impunity | Freedom from punishment | Exemption | Punishment |
| Ineffable | Unspeakable, indescribable | Unspeakable | Expressible |
| Inimical | Hostile, harmful | Hostile | Friendly |
| Innate | Inborn, natural | Inborn | Acquired |
| Insouciant | Carefree | Carefree | Worried |
| Inured | Accustomed | Accustomed | Unaccustomed |
| Inveigle | To persuade by flattery | Coax | Demand |
| Inveterate | Habitual, long-standing | Habitual | Occasional |
| Irresolute | Indecisive | Indecisive | Resolute |
| Itinerant | Traveling from place to place | Traveling | Settled |
| Jettison | To discard | Discard | Keep |
| Jingoism | Extreme patriotism | Patriotism | Pacifism |
| Juxtapose | To place side by side | Compare | Separate |
| Knell | Sound of a bell (especially for death) | Death knell | Celebration |
| Lackadaisical | Lazy, lacking interest | Languid | Energetic |
| Lament | To mourn | Mourn | Celebrate |
| Languid | Lacking energy | Weak | Energetic |
| Largesse | Generosity | Generosity | Stinginess |
| Legerdemain | Sleight of hand | Magic | Honest dealing |
| Licentious | Immoral | Immoral | Moral |
| Lugubrious | Sad, mournful | Sad | Cheerful |
| Machiavellian | Cunning, scheming | Cunning | Honest |
| Malapropism | Misuse of words | Verbal error | Correct usage |
| Malcontent | Discontented person | Rebel | Satisfier |
| Maudlin | Tearfully sentimental | Sentimental | Unsentimental |
| Maudlin | Self-pitying | Mawkish | Unsentimental |
| Maunder | To talk aimlessly | Ramble | Speak concisely |
| Mellifluous | Sweet-sounding | Sweet | Harsh |
| Mendacious | Lying, false | Lying | Truthful |
| Meretricious | Attractive but false | Showy | Genuine |
| Misanthrope | Person who hates humanity | Misanthrope | Philanthropist |
| Mitigate | To make less severe | Lessen | Worsen |
| Munificent | Generous, lavish | Generous | Stingy |
| Nadir | Lowest point | Bottom | Zenith |
| Neologism | New word/meaning | New word | Established word |
| Nonpareil | Unrivaled | Unmatched | Ordinary |
| Nostalgia | Longing for past | Longing | Forward-looking |
| Obfuscate | To confuse, obscure | Confuse | Clarify |
| Obsequious | Excessively compliant | Sycophantic | Independent |
| Odious | Hateful, repulsive | Hateful | Lovable |
| Omniscient | All-knowing | All-knowing | Ignorant |
| Oneiric | Dream-like | Dreamy | Realistic |
| Onus | Burden, responsibility | Burden | Freedom |
| Opaque | Not transparent | Cloudy | Transparent |
| Opprobrium | Disgrace, shame | Disgrace | Honor |
| Oscitate | To yawn | Yawn | (action) |
| Ossify | To become bone-like | Harden | Soften |
| Ostentatious | Showy, pretentious | Showy | Modest |
| Panacea | Cure-all | Cure-all | Poison |
| Paradigm | Example, model | Model | Anomaly |
| Paramour | Lover, illicit partner | Lover | Spouse |
| Pariah | Outcast | Outcast | Insider |
| Paroxysm | Sudden attack/outburst | Outburst | Calm |
| Pecuniary | Related to money | Financial | Non-monetary |
| Pejorative | Negative, disparaging | Negative | Positive |
| Penchant | Strong liking | Liking | Aversion |
| Penury | Extreme poverty | Poverty | Wealth |
| Perfidious | Treacherous | Treacherous | Loyal |
| Perfunctory | Done without care | Careless | Thorough |
| Pernicious | Destructive, harmful | Harmful | Beneficial |
| Perspicacious | Having keen insight | Insightful | Obtuse |
| Phlegmatic | Calm, unemotional | Calm | Excitable |
| Pietistic | Excessively pious | Sanctimonious | Sincere |
| Pithy | Concise, meaningful | Concise | Verbose |
| Plaintive | Sorrowful, mournful | Mournful | Joyful |
| Plethora | Excess, overabundance | Excess | Scarcity |
| Plucky | Brave, courageous | Brave | Cowardly |
| Polemical | Argumentative, controversial | Argumentative | Agreeable |
| Pompous | Self-important, arrogant | Arrogant | Humble |
| Portent | Omen, sign | Omen | Coincidence |
| Potentate | Powerful ruler | Ruler | Subject |
| Pragma | Practical matter-of-fact | Practical | Impractical |
| Precipitate | To cause to happen | Hasten | Delay |
| Precursor | Forerunner | Forerunner | Successor |
| Predilection | Preference, liking | Preference | Aversion |
| Prescient | Knowing future | Prophetic | Ignorant |
| Prevaricate | To lie, evade truth | Lie | Be honest |
| Pristine | Clean, pure, untouched | Pure | Dirty |
| Proboscis | Long nose/snout | Snout | (body part) |
| Prodigal | Wasteful, extravagant | Wasteful | Frugal |
| Prodigious | Huge, amazing | Amazing | Ordinary |
| Profligate | Wasteful, dissolute | Wasteful | Thrifty |
| Profundity | Deep insight | Depth | Shallow |
| Progenitor | Ancestor | Ancestor | Descendant |
| Propensity | Tendency | Tendency | Aversion |
| Propitious | Favorable | Favorable | Unfavorable |
| Prosaic | Dull, ordinary | Dull | Exciting |
| Proselytize | To convert | Convert | Deconvert |
| Protean | Versatile, changeable | Versatile | Unchanging |
| Protégé | Person guided by mentor | Student | Mentor |
| Protocol | Official procedure | Procedure | Impropriety |
| Provident | Farseeing, prudent | Prudent | Improvident |
| Pugnacious | Eager to fight | Aggressive | Peaceful |
| Pulchritude | Beauty | Beauty | Ugliness |
| Punctilious | Careful, attentive to details | Meticulous | Careless |
| Pusillanimous | Cowardly, timid | Cowardly | Brave |
| Quagmire | Difficult situation | Mire | Solid ground |
| Quaint | Attractively unusual | Charming | Ordinary |
| Qualm | Doubt, uneasy feeling | Doubt | Certainty |
| Quandary | Dilemma, uncertain state | Dilemma | Certainty |
| Quarantine | Isolation | Isolation | Integration |
| Quell | To suppress | Suppress | Incite |
| Quench | To satisfy thirst | Satisfy | (action) |
| Querulous | Complaining | Complaining | Content |
| Quibble | Minor objection | Cavil | Agree |
| Quiescent | Quiet, inactive | Inactive | Active |
| Quixotic | Idealistic, impractical | Idealistic | Realistic |
| Quotidian | Daily, ordinary | Daily | Extraordinary |
| Raconteur | Skilled storyteller | Storyteller | Listener |
| Rambunctious | Unruly, wild | Wild | Calm |
| Rancorous | Bitter, hateful | Hateful | Friendly |
| Rarefied | Exclusive, lofty | Elite | Common |
| Rash | Hasty, reckless | Reckless | Cautious |
| Ratiocinate | To think logically | Reason | Feel |
| Raucous | Loud, harsh | Harsh | Soft |
| Ravage | To destroy | Destroy | Preserve |
| Raze | To tear down completely | Demolish | Build |
| Recalcitrant | Stubborn, uncooperative | Stubborn | Cooperative |
| Recant | To withdraw statement | Retract | Maintain |
| Recidivism | Tendency to relapse | Relapse | Improvement |
| Recondite | Difficult to understand | Obscure | Obvious |
| Recrimination | Counter-accusation | Retaliation | Forgiveness |
| Recrudescence | Recurrence of something | Recurrence | Cessation |
| Redolent | Fragrant, suggestive | Fragrant | Odorless |
| Redoubtable | Formidable, impressive | Formidable | Weak |
| Refractory | Stubborn, resistant | Stubborn | Yielding |
| Refulgent | Shining brightly | Bright | Dim |
| Relegate | To demote, assign | Demote | Promote |
| Remedial | Intended to correct | Corrective | Harmful |
| Remonstrate | To protest | Protest | Accept |
| Reticent | Reserved, quiet | Quiet | Talkative |
| Recondite | Hidden, obscure | Obscure | Obvious |
| Reprobate | Unprincipled person | Wicked | Virtuous |
| Repudiate | To reject, disavow | Reject | Accept |
| Rescind | To cancel, revoke | Cancel | Enforce |
| Resilient | Recovering quickly | Tough | Fragile |
| Resplendent | Shining, splendid | Splendid | Dull |
| Restive | Restless, impatient | Restless | Calm |
| Retinue | Group of attendants | Entourage | Solitude |
| Reticent | Reserved, not talkative | Reserved | Talkative |
| Risible | Laughable | Funny | Serious |
| Rueful | Regretful, sorrowful | Regretful | Cheerful |
| Sagacious | Wise, shrewd | Wise | Foolish |
| Salient | Prominent, noticeable | Prominent | Inconspicuous |
| Salubrious | Healthful | Healthful | Unhealthy |
| Sanction | To authorize, approve | Approve | Forbid |
| Sardonic | Mocking, cynical | Mocking | Sincere |
| Saturnine | Gloomy, dark | Gloomy | Cheerful |
| Scintilla | Tiny amount | Spark | Abundance |
| Scintillating | Brilliant, sparkling | Brilliant | Dull |
| Sedentary | Inactive | Inactive | Active |
| Semaphore | Signaling system | Signal | (system) |
| Sententious | Self-righteous, terse | Pompous | Modest |
| Serendipity | Lucky accident | Lucky find | Misfortune |
| Servile | Submissive, slavish | Submissive | Independent |
| Shard | Sharp fragment | Fragment | Whole |
| Sinecure | Easy job | Easy job | Hard work |
| Skeptical | Doubting | Doubting | Trusting |
| Solicitous | Anxious, concerned | Concerned | Indifferent |
| Soliloquy | Speaking to oneself | Monologue | Dialogue |
| Soporific | Sleep-inducing | Sleepy | Awakening |
| Specious | Seemingly true but false | Misleading | Genuine |
| Splenetic | Bad-tempered, irritable | Irritable | Good-natured |
| Stentorian | Loud, booming | Loud | Quiet |
| Stigma | Mark of disgrace | Disgrace | Honor |
| Stoic | Unemotional, calm | Calm | Emotional |
| Stolid | Not easily moved | Unemotional | Excitable |
| Strident | Loud, harsh | Harsh | Soft |
| Strut | To walk proudly | Swagger | Walk humbly |
| Subjugate | To bring under control | Conquer | Liberate |
| Sublime | Majestic, exalted | Majestic | Ordinary |
| Subterfuge | Deception, trick | Trick | Honesty |
| Subversive | Tending to overthrow | Destructive | Supportive |
| Succinct | Brief, concise | Brief | Verbose |
| Supercilious | Proud, contemptuous | Arrogant | Humble |
| Supersede | To replace | Replace | Precede |
| Supine | Lying face up, lazy | Lazy | Active |
| Surfeit | Excess | Excess | Scarcity |
| Susurrus | Whispering sound | Whisper | (sound) |
| Sycophant | Self-seeker, flatterer | Flatterer | Critic |
| Tacit | Implied, unspoken | Implied | Explicit |
| Tendentious | Promoting a particular view | Biased | Objective |
| Tenuous | Thin, weak, flimsy | Weak | Strong |
| Tergiversation | Evasion, changing sides | Evasion | Commitment |
| Threnody | Song of mourning | Dirge | Celebration |
| Timorous | Timid, fearful | Timid | Bold |
| Torpid | Sluggish, lethargic | Sluggish | Active |
| Tortuous | Winding, complicated | Complicated | Straight |
| Tractable | Easy to control | Manageable | Stubborn |
| Transcend | To go beyond | Exceed | Fall short |
| Truculent | Fierce, harsh | Fierce | Gentle |
| Tumid | Swollen, pompous | Pompous | Modest |
| Turgid | Swollen, overblown | Pompous | Simple |
| Ubiquitous | Present everywhere | Omnipresent | Rare |
| Ulterior | Beyond what is seen | Hidden | Obvious |
| Unctuous | Excessively flattering | Oily | Sincere |
| Usurp | To seize illegally | Seize | Surrender |
| Vacillate | To waver | Waver | Decide |
| Valedictory | Saying farewell | Farewell | Welcoming |
| Vapid | Dull, uninteresting | Dull | Interesting |
| Variegated | Varied, diverse | Varied | Uniform |
| Vehement | Forceful, passionate | Passionate | Mild |
| Venal | Corrupt, bribable | Corrupt | Honest |
| Venerable | Respected, honored | Respected | Disreputable |
| Veracity | Truthfulness | Truth | Falsehood |
| Verdant | Green, lush | Green | Barren |
| Verisimilitude | Appearance of truth | Realism | Falseness |
| Vernacular | Native language | Local language | Standard language |
| Versatile | Adaptable, many-sided | Adaptable | Limited |
| Verve | Enthusiasm, vigor | Enthusiasm | Apathy |
| Vicarious | Felt through another | Indirect | Direct |
| Vindicate | To clear from blame | Exonerate | Blame |
| Virulent | Extremely hostile | Hostile | Mild |
| Vituperative | Bitter, abusive | Abusive | Praising |
| Volatile | Unstable, changeable | Unstable | Stable |
| Voracious | Very hungry/eager | Hungry | Sated |
| Waggish | Humorous, playful | Humorous | Serious |
| Winsome | Charming, attractive | Charming | Unattractive |
| Xenial | Hospitable to guests | Hospitable | Hostile |
| Yoke | To join together | Join | Separate |
| Zaftig | Plump, full-figured | Plump | Thin |
| Zany | Crazy, comical | Crazy | Serious |
| Zealous | Eager, passionate | Eager | Indifferent |
14.2 COMMON PHRASAL VERBS (Frequently Asked)
| Phrasal Verb | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Ask for | To request | He asked for help. |
| Ask out | To invite on a date | He asked her out. |
| Break down | To stop functioning; to lose composure | The car broke down. / She broke down crying. |
| Break in | To enter by force | Thieves broke in last night. |
| Break into | To enter forcibly | They broke into the house. |
| Break out | To start suddenly | War broke out. |
| Break up | To end a relationship | They broke up. |
| Bring about | To cause | He brought about a change. |
| Bring up | To raise a child; to mention | She brought up three children. |
| Call off | To cancel | The match was called off. |
| Call on | To visit; to ask to speak | I'll call on you tomorrow. |
| Carry on | To continue | Carry on with your work. |
| Catch up | To come level with | I'll catch up with you. |
| Check in | To register at hotel | We checked in at the hotel. |
| Check out | To leave hotel; to investigate | We checked out early. |
| Come across | To find by chance | I came across an old photo. |
| Come up with | To suggest | He came up with an idea. |
| Count on | To rely on | You can count on me. |
| Cut down | To reduce | Cut down on sugar. |
| Cut off | To disconnect | The power was cut off. |
| Do away with | To eliminate | Let's do away with this rule. |
| Draw up | To prepare (a document) | He drew up a contract. |
| Drop off | To deliver; to fall asleep | I'll drop off the package. / He dropped off to sleep. |
| Figure out | To understand | I can't figure out this puzzle. |
| Fill in | To complete | Please fill in this form. |
| Fill out | To complete (a form) | Fill out the application. |
| Find out | To discover | I found out the truth. |
| Get along | To have good relationship | They get along well. |
| Get away | To escape | The thief got away. |
| Get by | To manage | I can get by with this. |
| Get over | To recover from | She got over the illness. |
| Get through | To finish; to contact | I got through the book. / I can't get through to him. |
| Get up | To rise from bed | He gets up at 6 AM. |
| Give in | To surrender | He gave in to my request. |
| Give up | To quit | Don't give up. |
| Go ahead | To proceed | Go ahead with your plan. |
| Go on | To continue | Go on with your story. |
| Go over | To review | Let's go over the lesson. |
| Hand in | To submit | Hand in your homework. |
| Hang up | To end a phone call | He hung up on me. |
| Hold on | To wait | Hold on a moment. |
| Hold up | To delay; to rob | The traffic held me up. / They held up the bank. |
| Keep on | To continue | Keep on trying. |
| Keep up | To maintain | Keep up the good work. |
| Knock down | To hit and cause to fall | He was knocked down by a car. |
| Look after | To take care of | She looks after the children. |
| Look at | To examine | Look at this picture. |
| Look for | To search | I'm looking for my keys. |
| Look forward to | To anticipate | I look forward to seeing you. |
| Look into | To investigate | The police looked into the matter. |
| Look over | To examine | Look over the document. |
| Look up | To search for information | Look up the word in a dictionary. |
| Make out | To understand | I can't make out what he says. |
| Make up | To invent; to reconcile | He made up a story. / They made up after the fight. |
| Make up for | To compensate | Nothing can make up for the loss. |
| Pass away | To die | His father passed away last year. |
| Pass out | To faint | She passed out from heat. |
| Pick up | To lift; to collect | Pick up the book. / I'll pick you up at 5. |
| Point out | To indicate | He pointed out the mistake. |
| Pull off | To succeed in doing | They pulled off a victory. |
| Put off | To postpone | The meeting was put off. |
| Put on | To wear; to stage | She put on a dress. / They put on a play. |
| Put out | To extinguish | Put out the fire. |
| Put up with | To tolerate | I can't put up with this noise. |
| Run out of | To exhaust supply | We ran out of milk. |
| Set off | To start a journey | We set off early. |
| Set up | To establish | He set up a new company. |
| Show up | To appear | He showed up late. |
| Stand for | To represent; to tolerate | UN stands for United Nations. |
| Take after | To resemble | She takes after her mother. |
| Take off | To remove; to depart | He took off his hat. / The plane took off. |
| Take on | To hire | The company took on new workers. |
| Take over | To assume control | He took over the business. |
| Take up | To begin a hobby/activity | He took up painting. |
| Talk over | To discuss | Let's talk over the issue. |
| Think over | To consider | Think over the offer. |
| Throw away | To discard | Throw away the trash. |
| Try on | To test clothing | She tried on the dress. |
| Try out | To test | Try out the new car. |
| Turn down | To reject | He turned down the offer. |
| Turn in | To submit; to go to bed | Turn in your papers. / It's time to turn in. |
| Turn off | To switch off | Turn off the lights. |
| Turn on | To switch on | Turn on the TV. |
| Turn out | To result | It turned out well. |
| Turn up | To arrive; to increase in volume | He turned up late. / Turn up the music. |
| Use up | To exhaust | We used up all the fuel. |
| Wake up | To stop sleeping | Wake up early. |
| Wear out | To become unusable | My shoes are worn out. |
| Work out | To exercise; to solve | I work out daily. / The problem worked out well. |
14.3 COMMON IDIOMS (Expanded)
| Idiom | Meaning |
|---|---|
| A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush | A sure thing is better than a possibility |
| A blessing in disguise | Something good that seemed bad at first |
| A dime a dozen | Very common, easily found |
| A drop in the bucket | A small amount compared to what's needed |
| A fish out of water | Someone uncomfortable in a situation |
| A leopard cannot change its spots | People cannot change their nature |
| A penny for your thoughts | Asking what someone is thinking |
| A picture is worth a thousand words | A visual is more descriptive than words |
| A piece of cake | Very easy |
| A slip of the tongue | A small mistake in speaking |
| A stitch in time saves nine | Fixing something early prevents bigger problems |
| Actions speak louder than words | What you do is more important than what you say |
| All ears | Eager to listen |
| All in the same boat | In the same difficult situation |
| All thumbs | Clumsy |
| An arm and a leg | Very expensive |
| An axe to grind | Personal motive |
| Apple of one's eye | Someone cherished |
| As high as a kite | Intoxicated; very excited |
| As the crow flies | In a straight line |
| At a loss | Confused, uncertain |
| At the drop of a hat | Without hesitation |
| Back to square one | Starting over from the beginning |
| Bad blood | Hostile feeling |
| Ball is in your court | It's your turn to make a decision |
| Bark up the wrong tree | Pursue a mistaken line of thought |
| Beat a dead horse | Waste effort on something already decided |
| Beat around the bush | Avoid the main topic |
| Bite off more than you can chew | Take on more than you can handle |
| Bite the bullet | Face a difficult situation bravely |
| Bite the dust | To fail or die |
| Blood is thicker than water | Family relationships are stronger |
| Blow off steam | Release pent-up energy/emotion |
| Born with a silver spoon | Born into wealth |
| Break a leg | Good luck |
| Break the ice | Start a conversation |
| Bring home the bacon | Earn a living |
| Burn the midnight oil | Work late at night |
| By and large | Generally |
| By the skin of one's teeth | Narrowly, barely |
| Call it a day | Stop working |
| Calm before the storm | Peace before trouble |
| Cat got your tongue | Why are you silent? |
| Chew the fat | Chat casually |
| Chip on one's shoulder | Holding a grudge |
| Cry over spilled milk | Regret something irreversible |
| Cut to the chase | Get to the point |
| Devil's advocate | Person who argues contrary position |
| Don't count your chickens before they hatch | Don't assume success before it happens |
| Don't judge a book by its cover | Don't judge by appearance |
| Don't put all your eggs in one basket | Don't risk everything in one place |
| Down to earth | Practical, realistic |
| Drop in the bucket | A small amount |
| Every cloud has a silver lining | Every bad situation has something good |
| Feeling under the weather | Feeling ill |
| Fight fire with fire | Fight using the same methods |
| Fish out of water | Out of place |
| Fit as a fiddle | In good health |
| Flash in the pan | Brief success |
| Flea market | Outdoor market selling used goods |
| Foam at the mouth | Be very angry |
| Get a taste of your own medicine | Get treated as you treated others |
| Get cold feet | Become nervous, lose courage |
| Get out of hand | Become uncontrollable |
| Get your act together | Get organized |
| Give the green light | Give permission |
| Go against the grain | Do the opposite of what's expected |
| Go the extra mile | Do more than required |
| Go with the flow | Accept things as they are |
| Grab the bull by the horns | Face a problem directly |
| Haste makes waste | Hurrying causes mistakes |
| Head over heels | Deeply in love |
| Hit the books | Study hard |
| Hit the nail on the head | Get something exactly right |
| Hold your horses | Be patient |
| Hot under the collar | Angry |
| In hot water | In trouble |
| In the dark | Uninformed |
| In the same boat | In the same situation |
| It's a piece of cake | It's very easy |
| It's not rocket science | It's not difficult |
| Jack of all trades | Person with many skills |
| Jump on the bandwagon | Join a popular trend |
| Keep your chin up | Stay positive |
| Keep your fingers crossed | Hope for good luck |
| Kill two birds with one stone | Achieve two things with one action |
| Last straw | Final problem that causes failure |
| Let sleeping dogs lie | Don't disturb a settled situation |
| Let the cat out of the bag | Reveal a secret |
| Like a bull in a china shop | Clumsy in delicate situation |
| Look before you leap | Think before acting |
| Miss the boat | Miss an opportunity |
| More than meets the eye | More complex than appears |
| Necessity is the mother of invention | Need drives invention |
| No pain, no gain | Hard work brings results |
| Once in a blue moon | Very rarely |
| On the ball | Alert, efficient |
| On the same page | In agreement |
| Out of the blue | Unexpectedly |
| Over the moon | Extremely happy |
| Piece of cake | Very easy |
| Pull someone's leg | Joke with someone |
| Pull yourself together | Calm down |
| Put all your eggs in one basket | Risk everything in one place |
| Rain on someone's parade | Spoil someone's pleasure |
| Read between the lines | Understand hidden meaning |
| Rome was not built in a day | Major tasks take time |
| See eye to eye | Agree |
| Sit on the fence | Not take sides |
| Speak of the devil | When the person you just talked about appears |
| Spill the beans | Reveal a secret |
| Stab someone in the back | Betray someone |
| Take it with a grain of salt | Be skeptical |
| Take the bull by the horns | Face difficulty directly |
| Taste of your own medicine | Treated as you treated others |
| The ball is in your court | Your turn to act |
| The best of both worlds | All advantages |
| The early bird catches the worm | Early risers succeed |
| The whole nine yards | Everything, completely |
| Through thick and thin | In good and bad times |
| Tie the knot | Get married |
| Time flies | Time passes quickly |
| To err is human | Making mistakes is natural |
| To get bent out of shape | To get upset |
| Tongue in cheek | Humorous, ironic |
| Tongue-tied | Unable to speak |
| Tooth and nail | With all one's effort |
| Under the weather | Feeling ill |
| Up in the air | Uncertain |
| Up to scratch | Meeting standards |
| When in Rome, do as the Romans do | Follow local customs |
| When pigs fly | Never |
| You can't have your cake and eat it too | You can't have everything |
| Your guess is as good as mine | I don't know either |
| Zero in on | Focus on |
CHAPTER 15: PAST LOKSEWA QUESTIONS EXPANDED
15.1 ADDITIONAL PAST LOKSEWA QUESTIONS (50 MCQs)
Section Officer 5th Level Past Questions
Q1. Choose the correct sentence:
- (a) He is senior than me
- (b) He is senior to me
- (c) He is more senior than me
- (d) He is seniorer than me
Answer: (b) He is senior to me (senior takes "to", not "than")
Q2. Synonym of "OBSCURE":
- (a) Clear
- (b) Vague
- (c) Bright
- (d) Famous
Answer: (b) Vague
Q3. "Either he or I ___ wrong." (am/is/are)
- (a) am
- (b) is
- (c) are
- (d) were
Answer: (a) am (nearest subject is I)
Q4. Change voice: "Who taught you English?"
- (a) By whom were you taught English?
- (b) By whom you were taught English?
- (c) You were taught by who?
- (d) Who taught English to you?
Answer: (a) By whom were you taught English?
Q5. "The boy is afraid ___ the dark." (of/from)
- (a) of
- (b) from
- (c) with
- (d) at
Answer: (a) of (afraid of)
Q6. Past of "lead":
- (a) lead
- (b) led
- (c) leaded
- (d) led
Answer: (b) led
Q7. Identify the type: "I have finished the work." (tense)
- (a) Simple Past
- (b) Present Perfect
- (c) Past Perfect
- (d) Present Continuous
Answer: (b) Present Perfect
Q8. "He is good ___ mathematics." (at/in)
- (a) at
- (b) in
Answer: (a) at (good at specific subject/skill)
Q9. Antonym of "STINGY":
- (a) Mean
- (b) Generous
- (c) Tight
- (d) Cheap
Answer: (b) Generous
Q10. "I have been here ___ Monday." (since/for)
- (a) for
- (b) since
- (c) from
- (d) at
Answer: (b) since (point of time)
Kharidar 5th Level Past Questions
Q1. Choose correct: "Each of the boys ___ a prize."
- (a) get
- (b) gets
- (c) getting
- (d) got
Answer: (b) gets
Q2. "She is good ___ singing." (at/in)
- (a) at
- (b) in
- (c) with
- (d) on
Answer: (a) at
Q3. Synonym of "AMUSE":
- (a) Bore
- (b) Entertain
- (c) Sad
- (d) Angry
Answer: (b) Entertain
Q4. "Slow and steady ___ the race." (wins/win)
- (a) win
- (b) wins
- (c) winning
- (d) won
Answer: (b) wins (Slow and steady = one thing)
Q5. Active: "Someone killed the snake." → Passive:
- (a) The snake was killed by someone
- (b) The snake is killed by someone
- (c) The snake has been killed by someone
- (d) The snake was being killed
Answer: (a) The snake was killed by someone
Q6. "He behaves ___ his father." (like/as)
- (a) like
- (b) as
- (c) both
- (d) neither
Answer: (c) both (depending on verb following)
Q7. Past participle of "give":
- (a) gave
- (b) given
- (c) giving
- (d) gived
Answer: (b) given
Q8. "Bread and butter ___ my breakfast." (is/are)
- (a) is
- (b) are
- (c) were
- (d) have been
Answer: (a) is (one dish)
Q9. Antonym of "BRAVE":
- (a) Cowardly
- (b) Strong
- (c) Bold
- (d) Clever
Answer: (a) Cowardly
Q10. "He is interested ___ music." (in/on/at)
- (a) in
- (b) on
- (c) at
- (d) with
Answer: (a) in
Nayab Subba 5th Level Past Questions
Q1. Comparative of "BAD":
- (a) badder
- (b) worse
- (c) more bad
- (d) worst
Answer: (b) worse
Q2. "She ___ since morning." (wait - present perfect continuous)
- (a) waits
- (b) is waiting
- (c) has been waiting
- (d) had waited
Answer: (c) has been waiting
Q3. Identify the conjunction: "Because it rained, we stayed home."
- (a) Coordinating
- (b) Subordinating
- (c) Correlative
- (d) Conjunctive
Answer: (b) Subordinating (because)
Q4. Change to indirect: "He said, 'I am going home.'"
- (a) He said that he is going home
- (b) He said that he was going home
- (c) He told that he was going home
- (d) He said he goes home
Answer: (b) He said that he was going home
Q5. "He is proud ___ his son." (of/for)
- (a) of
- (b) for
- (c) with
- (d) on
Answer: (a) of
Q6. Synonym of "STUBBORN":
- (a) Yielding
- (b) Obstinate
- (c) Flexible
- (d) Soft
Answer: (b) Obstinate
Q7. "Mathematics ___ difficult." (is/are)
- (a) is
- (b) are
Answer: (a) is
Q8. Past of "BREAK":
- (a) breaked
- (b) broke
- (c) broken
- (d) breaking
Answer: (b) broke
Q9. Choose correct: "He is one of those boys who ___ hard."
- (a) works
- (b) work
- (c) working
- (d) worked
Answer: (b) work (who refers to boys - plural)
Q10. "I ___ English for five years." (teach)
- (a) teach
- (b) am teaching
- (c) have been teaching
- (d) taught
Answer: (c) have been teaching (for + period, still teaching)
Pre-Qualifying Exam 2081 - 2082 Past Questions
Q1. "Burning the midnight oil" means:
- (a) Studying during the day
- (b) Working or studying late at night
- (c) Cooking food
- (d) Reading books
Answer: (b) Working or studying late at night
Q2. Synonym of "EXUBERANT":
- (a) Sad
- (b) Enthusiastic
- (c) Bored
- (d) Tired
Answer: (b) Enthusiastic
Q3. "He is good ___ mathematics." (at/in)
- (a) at
- (b) in
- (c) on
- (d) with
Answer: (a) at (good at specific subject)
Q4. Identify the type of sentence: "Close the door!"
- (a) Declarative
- (b) Interrogative
- (c) Imperative
- (d) Exclamatory
Answer: (c) Imperative
Q5. "I have lived here ___ 2010." (since/for)
- (a) for
- (b) since
- (c) from
- (d) at
Answer: (b) since
Q6. Passive of "He wrote a poem":
- (a) A poem was written by him
- (b) A poem is written by him
- (c) A poem has been written by him
- (d) A poem was being written by him
Answer: (a) A poem was written by him
Q7. Antonym of "VIRTUOUS":
- (a) Honest
- (b) Wicked
- (c) Good
- (d) Kind
Answer: (b) Wicked
Q8. "He is fond ___ music." (of/in)
- (a) of
- (b) in
- (c) at
- (d) on
Answer: (a) of
Q9. "I ___ a book now." (read - present continuous)
- (a) read
- (b) reads
- (c) am reading
- (d) have read
Answer: (c) am reading
Q10. Past participle of "BREAK":
- (a) broke
- (b) broken
- (c) breaking
- (d) breaks
Answer: (b) broken
Adhikrit 5th Level Past Questions
Q1. "The rich should help the poor." Identify the underlined part:
- (a) Common noun
- (b) Proper noun
- (c) Adjective used as noun
- (d) Collective noun
Answer: (c) Adjective used as noun (the rich = rich people as a class)
Q2. Synonym of "FRUGAL":
- (a) Wasteful
- (b) Thrifty
- (c) Generous
- (d) Rich
Answer: (b) Thrifty
Q3. "I prefer tea ___ coffee." (to/than)
- (a) than
- (b) to
- (c) over
- (d) from
Answer: (b) to
Q4. Active: "They are playing football." → Passive:
- (a) Football is played by them
- (b) Football is being played by them
- (c) Football was being played by them
- (d) Football has been played by them
Answer: (b) Football is being played by them
Q5. "He ___ since morning." (sleep - present perfect continuous)
- (a) sleeps
- (b) is sleeping
- (c) has been sleeping
- (d) slept
Answer: (c) has been sleeping
Q6. Antonym of "MODEST":
- (a) Humble
- (b) Arrogant
- (c) Simple
- (d) Plain
Answer: (b) Arrogant
Q7. "He is married ___ a doctor." (to/with)
- (a) to
- (b) with
- (c) for
- (d) of
Answer: (a) to
Q8. Past of "RUN":
- (a) runned
- (b) ran
- (c) run
- (d) running
Answer: (b) ran
Q9. "Either he or I ___ going." (am/is/are)
- (a) am
- (b) is
- (c) are
- (d) were
Answer: (a) am (nearest subject is I)
Q10. "He is good ___ his work." (at/in)
- (a) at
- (b) in
Answer: (a) at (good at work = skilled at)
CHAPTER 16: TRANSFORMATION OF SENTENCES
16.1 SIMPLE ↔ COMPOUND ↔ COMPLEX
A. Using "Too...to"
Simple: He is too weak to walk.
Compound: He is so weak that he cannot walk.
Complex: He is so weak that he cannot walk.
B. Using "Because"
Simple: Being sick, he stayed home.
Compound: He was sick, so he stayed home.
Complex: Because he was sick, he stayed home.
C. Using "Although"
Simple: In spite of being rich, he is unhappy.
Compound: He is rich, but he is unhappy.
Complex: Although he is rich, he is unhappy.
D. Using "So...that"
Simple: He is so weak that he cannot walk.
Compound: He is very weak and cannot walk.
Complex: He is so weak that he cannot walk.
E. Using "Not only...but also"
Simple: He is intelligent and hardworking.
Compound: He is intelligent, and he is also hardworking.
Complex: Not only is he intelligent, but he is also hardworking.
F. Using "As soon as"
Simple: On his arrival, he started working.
Compound: He arrived and started working.
Complex: As soon as he arrived, he started working.
G. Using "No sooner...than"
Simple: He had hardly reached home when it started raining.
Compound: He had no sooner reached home than it started raining.
Complex: No sooner had he reached home than it started raining.
H. Using "If"
Simple: Without your help, I would have failed.
Compound: You helped me, so I didn't fail.
Complex: If you had not helped me, I would have failed.
16.2 ACTIVE ↔ PASSIVE (Detailed Examples)
| Tense | Active Voice | Passive Voice |
|---|---|---|
| Simple Present | He writes a letter. | A letter is written by him. |
| Present Continuous | He is writing a letter. | A letter is being written by him. |
| Present Perfect | He has written a letter. | A letter has been written by him. |
| Simple Past | He wrote a letter. | A letter was written by him. |
| Past Continuous | He was writing a letter. | A letter was being written by him. |
| Past Perfect | He had written a letter. | A letter had been written by him. |
| Simple Future | He will write a letter. | A letter will be written by him. |
| Future Perfect | He will have written a letter. | A letter will have been written by him. |
| Modal (can) | He can write a letter. | A letter can be written by him. |
| Modal (must) | He must write a letter. | A letter must be written by him. |
| Modal (should) | He should write a letter. | A letter should be written by him. |
| Imperative | Write a letter. | Let a letter be written. / You are requested to write a letter. |
| Interrogative | Did he write a letter? | Was a letter written by him? |
| Two objects | He gave me a book. | I was given a book. / A book was given to me. |
| Reporting verb | People say he is rich. | He is said to be rich. |
| Need/want | The room needs cleaning. | The room needs to be cleaned. |
16.3 DIRECT ↔ INDIRECT SPEECH
Rules for Changing Direct to Indirect
Rule 1: Reporting verb in past → tense changes
- Present → Past
- Past → Past Perfect
- Future → would
- Present Continuous → Past Continuous
- Present Perfect → Past Perfect
- Past Perfect → Past Perfect (no change)
Rule 2: Pronouns change
- I → he/she (according to context)
- We → they
- You → I/he/she/they
- My → his/her/their
- Our → their
- Your → my/his/her/their
Rule 3: Time/place words change
- now → then
- today → that day
- yesterday → the previous day / the day before
- tomorrow → the next day / the following day
- here → there
- this → that
- these → those
- ago → before
- last week → the previous week
- next week → the following week
Rule 4: Yes/No questions use "if" or "whether"
- He said, "Are you coming?" → He asked if/whether I was coming.
Rule 5: Wh-questions use the same wh-word
- He said, "Where do you live?" → He asked where I lived.
Rule 6: Commands/Requests use "to + infinitive" or "asked/told + to"
- He said, "Sit down." → He told me to sit down.
- He said, "Please help me." → He asked me to help him.
Rule 7: Exclamations use "exclaimed with joy/sorrow" or "exclaimed that"
- He said, "What a beautiful day!" → He exclaimed that it was a very beautiful day.
Examples
Direct: He said, "I am happy."
Indirect: He said (that) he was happy.
Direct: She said, "I will come tomorrow."
Indirect: She said (that) she would come the next day.
Direct: He said, "I met him yesterday."
Indirect: He said (that) he had met him the previous day.
Direct: He said, "Where do you live?"
Indirect: He asked where I lived.
Direct: He said, "Are you coming?"
Indirect: He asked if/whether I was coming.
Direct: He said, "Please help me."
Indirect: He requested me to help him.
Direct: He said, "Close the door."
Indirect: He ordered/told me to close the door.
Direct: He said, "What a beautiful flower!"
Indirect: He exclaimed that it was a very beautiful flower.
16.4 ASSERTIVE ↔ INTERROGATIVE
Assertive: He is a fool.
Interrogative: Is he not a fool? / Isn't he a fool?
Assertive: Nobody can do it.
Interrogative: Can anybody do it?
Assertive: None of them came.
Interrogative: Did any of them come?
16.5 ASSERTIVE ↔ EXCLAMATORY
Assertive: She is very beautiful.
Exclamatory: How beautiful she is!
Assertive: It is a very cold day.
Exclamatory: What a cold day!
Assertive: He is very kind.
Exclamatory: How kind he is!
16.6 AFFIRMATIVE ↔ NEGATIVE
Affirmative: He is honest.
Negative: He is not dishonest.
Affirmative: He is always late.
Negative: He is never punctual.
Affirmative: I remember his name.
Negative: I do not forget his name.
16.7 MCQ SECTION: TRANSFORMATION
Q1. Change to compound: "Being tired, he went to bed."
- (a) Although he was tired, he went to bed
- (b) He was tired and went to bed
- (c) He was tired, so he went to bed
- (d) Both (b) and (c)
Answer: (d) Both (b) and (c) are acceptable
Q2. Change to complex: "He is too weak to walk."
- (a) He is so weak that he cannot walk
- (b) He is very weak
- (c) He is weak and cannot walk
- (d) He is weak
Answer: (a) He is so weak that he cannot walk
Q3. Change to simple: "Although he is poor, he is happy."
- (a) In spite of being poor, he is happy
- (b) He is poor, but happy
- (c) He is poor, so happy
- (d) Being poor, he is unhappy
Answer: (a) In spite of being poor, he is happy
Q4. Change to indirect: "He said, 'I am going.'"
- (a) He said that he is going
- (b) He said that he was going
- (c) He said that he went
- (d) He said he goes
Answer: (b) He said that he was going
Q5. Change to exclamatory: "She is very beautiful."
- (a) She is beautiful
- (b) How beautiful she is!
- (c) Is she beautiful?
- (d) She is not beautiful
Answer: (b) How beautiful she is!
CHAPTER 17: COMMON ERRORS IN ENGLISH
17.1 GRAMMATICAL ERRORS
Error 1: Subject-Verb Agreement
- Wrong: The list of items are on the table.
- Correct: The list of items is on the table.
Error 2: Tense Consistency
- Wrong: He went to the store and buys milk.
- Correct: He went to the store and bought milk.
Error 3: Pronoun Case
- Wrong: Between you and I, this is wrong.
- Correct: Between you and me, this is wrong.
Error 4: Confusing Adjectives and Adverbs
- Wrong: She did good on the test.
- Correct: She did well on the test.
- Wrong: He runs quick.
- Correct: He runs quickly.
Error 5: Double Negatives
- Wrong: I don't know nothing.
- Correct: I don't know anything.
Error 6: Dangling Modifiers
- Wrong: Running quickly, the finish line was reached.
- Correct: Running quickly, he reached the finish line.
Error 7: Misplaced Modifiers
- Wrong: He almost drove his kids to school every day. (sounds like he almost drove but didn't)
- Correct: He drove his kids to school almost every day.
Error 8: Its vs. It's
- Wrong: Its raining.
- Correct: It's raining.
Error 9: Your vs. You're
- Wrong: Your welcome.
- Correct: You're welcome.
Error 10: Their/There/They're
- Wrong: Their is the book.
- Correct: There is the book.
- Wrong: There going to the park.
- Correct: They're going to the park.
Error 11: Fewer vs. Less
- Wrong: There are less books on the shelf.
- Correct: There are fewer books on the shelf.
Error 12: A/An Usage
- Wrong: A apple a day keeps the doctor away.
- Correct: An apple a day keeps the doctor away.
Error 13: Who vs. Whom
- Wrong: Whom is coming to the party?
- Correct: Who is coming to the party? (subject)
- Wrong: To who did you give the book?
- Correct: To whom did you give the book? (object)
Error 14: Lie vs. Lay
- Lie (to recline): lie, lying, lay, lain
- Lay (to put): lay, laying, laid, laid
- Wrong: I will lay down.
- Correct: I will lie down.
Error 15: Then vs. Than
- Wrong: He is taller then me.
- Correct: He is taller than me.
Error 16: Affect vs. Effect
- Affect (verb): to influence
- Effect (noun): result
- Wrong: The rain effected the crops.
- Correct: The rain affected the crops.
Error 17: Accept vs. Except
- Accept (verb): to receive
- Except (preposition): excluding
- Wrong: I will except your apology.
- Correct: I will accept your apology.
Error 18: Lose vs. Loose
- Lose (verb): to misplace
- Loose (adjective): not tight
- Wrong: Don't loose your keys.
- Correct: Don't lose your keys.
Error 19: Principal vs. Principle
- Principal (noun/adjective): main/chief
- Principle (noun): rule/belief
- Wrong: The school principle is here.
- Correct: The school principal is here.
Error 20: I vs. Me
- Wrong: Me and Ram went to school.
- Correct: Ram and I went to school.
- Wrong: He gave the book to I.
- Correct: He gave the book to me.
17.2 MCQ ON COMMON ERRORS
Q1. Choose the correct sentence:
- (a) He don't know the answer
- (b) He doesn't knows the answer
- (c) He doesn't know the answer
- (d) He not know the answer
Answer: (c) He doesn't know the answer
Q2. Choose the correct sentence:
- (a) She did good in the exam
- (b) She did well in the exam
- (c) She did goodly in the exam
- (d) She did better in the exam
Answer: (b) She did well in the exam (well is adverb)
Q3. Choose the correct sentence:
- (a) Between you and I, this is wrong
- (b) Between you and me, this is wrong
- (c) Between you and myself, this is wrong
- (d) Between I and you, this is wrong
Answer: (b) Between you and me, this is wrong (me is object)
Q4. Choose correct:
- (a) There are less students today
- (b) There are fewer students today
- (c) There is less students today
- (d) There is fewer students today
Answer: (b) There are fewer students today (countable)
Q5. Choose correct:
- (a) The dog wagged it's tail
- (b) The dog wagged its tail
- (c) The dog wagged it tail
- (d) The dog wagged it self tail
Answer: (b) The dog wagged its tail (its = possessive)
Q6. Choose correct:
- (a) Your going to fail
- (b) You're going to fail
- (c) Youre going to fail
- (d) Yours going to fail
Answer: (b) You're going to fail (you're = you are)
Q7. Choose correct:
- (a) He is taller then me
- (b) He is taller than me
- (c) He is taller than I
- (d) He is more taller than me
Answer: (b) He is taller than me (than for comparison)
Q8. Choose correct:
- (a) I have less homework
- (b) I have fewer homework
- (c) I have lesser homework
- (d) I have less homeworks
Answer: (a) I have less homework (uncountable)
Q9. Choose correct:
- (a) I feel badly
- (b) I feel bad
- (c) Both
- (d) Neither
Answer: (b) I feel bad (feel is linking verb, adjective follows)
Q10. Choose correct:
- (a) He is more smart than her
- (b) He is smarter than her
- (c) He is most smart than her
- (d) He is smarter then her
Answer: (b) He is smarter than her (no "more" with -er)
CHAPTER 18: COMMON SPELLING ERRORS
18.1 COMMONLY MISSPELLED WORDS
| Correct | Incorrect | Memory Trick |
|---|---|---|
| Accommodate | Accomodate | Two c's, two m's |
| Acknowledge | Acknowlege | Silent g before e |
| Acquaintance | Aquaintance | c before q |
| Address | Adress | Two d's, two s's |
| Argument | Arguement | Drop the e |
| Beginning | Begining | Double n |
| Believe | Beleive | i before e (after l) |
| Beneficial | Benefical | i before c |
| Business | Buisness | i after s |
| Calendar | Calender | Ends in -ar, not -er |
| Category | Catagory | e before g |
| Cemetery | Cemetary | Three e's |
| Changeable | Changable | Drop the e, add -able |
| Colleague | Collegue | Ends in -ague, not -auge |
| Coming | Comming | One m |
| Commitment | Committment | Two t's |
| Committee | Commitee | Two m's, two t's, two e's |
| Conscious | Concious | Sci, not sci before ous |
| Consensus | Concensus | Two s's, one c |
| Daffodil | Dafodill | One d, two f's, one l |
| December | Decembre | -ber, not -bre |
| Definite | Definit | -ite, not -int |
| Disappear | Disapear | One p, two p's |
| Disappoint | Disapoint | Two p's, one s |
| Discipline | Disipline | s before c |
| Drunkenness | Drunkeness | Two n's, one s |
| Embarrass | Embarass | Two r's, two s's |
| Environment | Enviroment | -on, not -o |
| Exaggerate | Exagerate | Two g's, two r's |
| Exercise | Excercise | rcise, not rcise |
| Experience | Experiance | -ience, not -iance |
| Familiar | Familar | i before a |
| February | Febuary | -ruary, not -uary |
| Foreign | Foriegn | ei, not ie |
| Friend | Freind | i before e (except after c... but in friend, i comes after r) |
| Government | Goverment | n before m |
| Guarantee | Gaurantee | a before r (twice) |
| Harass | Harrass | One r, two s's |
| Height | Heighth | No h after t |
| Independent | Independant | ent, not ant |
| Interrupt | Interupt | Two r's |
| Irrelevant | Irrevelant | v before l |
| Itinerary | Itininery | er before i |
| Jewelry | Jewellry | One l |
| Judgment | Judgement | American English drops the e |
| Knowledge | Knowlege | d before g (silent) |
| Leisure | Liesure | ei, not ie |
| Length | Lenght | th, not ht |
| Liaison | Liason | i before s |
| Library | Libary | r before a |
| License | Lisence | se, not ce |
| Lightning | Lightening | Light + ning (not ening) |
| Maintenance | Maintainance | enance, not ance |
| Mathematician | Mathematican | ian, not an |
| Millennium | Millenium | enn, not en |
| Miniature | Minature | ia, not ia |
| Miscellaneous | Miscellanous | aneous, not anous |
| Mortgage | Morgage | t before g |
| Necessary | Neccessary | One c, two s's |
| Negligence | Negligance | gence, not gance |
| Noticeable | Noticable | e before a |
| Occasion | Ocassion | One c, two s's |
| Occurred | Occured | Two c's, two r's |
| Occurrence | Occurance | ence, not ance |
| Opportunity | Oppertunity | One p, two p's |
| Parallel | Parralel | One r, two l's |
| Parenthesis | Parenthisis | e before i |
| Particular | Particuliar | ar, not ar |
| Pavilion | Pavillion | One l |
| Peaceable | Peacable | e before a |
| Perception | Preception | e before p |
| Performance | Performence | ance, not ence |
| Permanent | Permanant | en, not an |
| Perseverance | Perseverence | ance, not ence |
| Personnel | Personel | Two n's, one l |
| Playwright | Playright | w before right |
| Possession | Posession | Two s's, one s after e |
| Precede | Preceed | One c, two e's |
| Preference | Preferance | erence, not erance |
| Principal | Principial | pal, not pal |
| Privilege | Priviledge | ilege, not iledge |
| Pronunciation | Pronounciation | uncia, not ouncia |
| Prophecy (noun) | Prophesy (verb) | -cy for noun, -sy for verb |
| Publicly | Publically | c before l |
| Questionnaire | Questionaire | aire, not aire |
| Quiet | Quite | Different words |
| Quite | Quit | Different words |
| Quotient | Quotent | ient, not ent |
| Recommend | Recomend | One c, two m's |
| Reference | Referance | ence, not ance |
| Relevant | Relevent | evant, not event |
| Religious | Religous | i before o |
| Remittance | Remitance | ance, not ance |
| Repetition | Repetion | ition, not ition |
| Restaurant | Resturant | au, not au |
| Rhythm | Rythem | Rhythm has y |
| Ridiculous | Rediculous | i before d |
| Sacrilegious | Sacriligious | e before g |
| Schedule | Shedule | s before c |
| Scissors | Scisors | Two s's, two c's |
| Separate | Seperate | a before a |
| Sergeant | Seargent | e before a |
| Similar | Similer | i before l |
| Simultaneous | Simultanious | aneous, not anious |
| Since | Sence | Different words |
| Skillful | Skilful | Two l's (American) |
| Stationary (still) | Stationery (paper) | -ary for still, -ery for paper |
| Strength | Strengh | th, not gh |
| Successful | Sucessful | Two c's, two s's |
| Supersede | Supercede | e before e (vary) |
| Surprise | Suprise | One r, two p's |
| Threshold | Threshhold | One h, two h's |
| Tomorrow | Tommorow | One m, two r's |
| Truly | Truely | Drop the e |
| Twelfth | Twelth | Add the f |
| Unanimous | Unanymous | a before i |
| Until | Untill | One l |
| Unusual | Unususal | One s, one u |
| Vacancy | Vacency | a before c |
| Vacuum | Vacum | One u, two c's |
| Vegetable | Vegtable | e before t |
| Vehicle | Vehical | i before c |
| Village | Villege | i before l |
| Wednesday | Wensday | dnes, not nds |
| Weird | Wierd | ei, not ie |
| Whether (if) | Weather (climate) | Different words |
| Which | Wich | Different spelling |
| Write | Rite | Different words |
| Writing | Writting | Two t's |
| Yesterday | Yesturday | e before r |
CHAPTER 19: COMMON ABBREVIATIONS
| Abbreviation | Full Form |
|---|---|
| A.M. / a.m. | Ante Meridiem (before noon) |
| P.M. / p.m. | Post Meridiem (after noon) |
| B.C. | Before Christ |
| A.D. | Anno Domini (in the year of our Lord) |
| B.A. | Bachelor of Arts |
| M.A. | Master of Arts |
| B.Sc. | Bachelor of Science |
| M.Sc. | Master of Science |
| Ph.D. | Doctor of Philosophy |
| M.D. | Doctor of Medicine |
| B.Ed. | Bachelor of Education |
| M.Ed. | Master of Education |
| B.Com. | Bachelor of Commerce |
| M.Com. | Master of Commerce |
| LL.B. | Bachelor of Laws |
| LL.M. | Master of Laws |
| M.B.A. | Master of Business Administration |
| B.Tech | Bachelor of Technology |
| M.Tech | Master of Technology |
| I.A.S. | Indian Administrative Service |
| I.P.S. | Indian Police Service |
| I.F.S. | Indian Foreign Service |
| I.R.S. | Indian Revenue Service |
| U.N. / UN | United Nations |
| U.S.A. | United States of America |
| U.K. | United Kingdom |
| U.A.E. | United Arab Emirates |
| U.S.S.R. | Union of Soviet Socialist Republics |
| E.U. | European Union |
| NATO | North Atlantic Treaty Organization |
| WHO | World Health Organization |
| UNICEF | United Nations Children's Fund |
| UNESCO | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization |
| ILO | International Labour Organization |
| IMF | International Monetary Fund |
| WTO | World Trade Organization |
| WHO | World Health Organization |
| FIFA | Fédération Internationale de Football Association |
| IOC | International Olympic Committee |
| NASA | National Aeronautics and Space Administration |
| HIV | Human Immunodeficiency Virus |
| AIDS | Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome |
| COVID-19 | Coronavirus Disease 2019 |
| A.I. / AI | Artificial Intelligence |
| C.V. | Curriculum Vitae |
| R.S.V.P. | Répondez s'il vous plaît (Please respond) |
| A.S.A.P. | As Soon As Possible |
| P.S. | Postscript |
| O.K. / OK | All Correct |
| I.O.U. | I Owe You |
| D.I.Y. | Do It Yourself |
| FAQ | Frequently Asked Questions |
| VIP | Very Important Person |
| BPO | Business Process Outsourcing |
| IT | Information Technology |
| HR | Human Resources |
| PR | Public Relations |
| CEO | Chief Executive Officer |
| CFO | Chief Financial Officer |
| COO | Chief Operating Officer |
| CTO | Chief Technology Officer |
| CIO | Chief Information Officer |
| MD | Managing Director |
| GM | General Manager |
| AGM | Annual General Meeting |
| ATM | Automated Teller Machine |
| PIN | Personal Identification Number |
| SIM | Subscriber Identity Module |
| Wi-Fi | Wireless Fidelity |
| GPS | Global Positioning System |
| CCTV | Closed-Circuit Television |
| Portable Document Format | |
| SMS | Short Message Service |
| URL | Uniform Resource Locator |
| WWW | World Wide Web |
| USB | Universal Serial Bus |
| RAM | Random Access Memory |
| ROM | Read-Only Memory |
| CPU | Central Processing Unit |
| GPU | Graphics Processing Unit |
| SQL | Structured Query Language |
| HTML | HyperText Markup Language |
| CSS | Cascading Style Sheets |
| API | Application Programming Interface |
| UI | User Interface |
| UX | User Experience |
CHAPTER 20: FORMATION OF NEW WORDS (COMPREHENSIVE)
20.1 PREFIXES WITH EXAMPLES
| Prefix | Meaning | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| anti- | against | anti-social, anti-war, anti-tobacco, anti-body |
| auto- | self | auto-biography, auto-mobile, auto-pilot |
| bi- | two | bi-cycle, bi-lingual, bi-annual, bi-weekly |
| co- | together | co-operate, co-exist, co-author, co-pilot |
| counter- | against | counter-attack, counter-balance, counter-clockwise |
| de- | reverse, remove | de-forest, de-value, de-activate, de-classify |
| dis- | opposite, not | dis-agree, dis-appear, dis-connect, dis-honest |
| en-/em- | put into, cause | en-large, en-courage, em-power, em-bark |
| ex- | former, out | ex-president, ex-husband, ex-pand, ex-port |
| fore- | before | fore-see, fore-tell, fore-ground, fore-man |
| il-/im-/in-/ir- | not | il-legal, im-possible, in-active, ir-regular |
| inter- | between | inter-national, inter-act, inter-change, inter-state |
| micro- | small | micro-scope, micro-wave, micro-chip, micro-biology |
| mis- | wrongly | mis-understand, mis-use, mis-lead, mis-spell |
| mono- | one, single | mono-rail, mono-logue, mono-tone, mono-cle |
| multi- | many | multi-national, multi-purpose, multi-media, multi-tasking |
| non- | not | non-sense, non-stop, non-violence, non-profit |
| out- | beyond, more | out-do, out-shine, out-smart, out-live |
| over- | too much, above | over-do, over-look, over-come, over-flow |
| post- | after | post-war, post-graduate, post-pone, post-script |
| pre- | before | pre-view, pre-pay, pre-school, pre-historic |
| re- | again | re-write, re-play, re-turn, re-consider |
| semi- | half | semi-circle, semi-final, semi-tone, semi-skilled |
| sub- | under | sub-way, sub-marine, sub-merge, sub-ordinate |
| super- | above, over | super-market, super-natural, super-man, super-star |
| tele- | distance | tele-phone, tele-vision, tele-gram, tele-scope |
| trans- | across | trans-port, trans-form, trans-late, trans-continental |
| tri- | three | tri-angle, tri-cycle, tri-nitro, tri-colour |
| ultra- | beyond | ultra-violet, ultra-modern, ultra-sound, ultra-conservative |
| un- | not, opposite | un-happy, un-fair, un-true, un-do |
| under- | below, less | under-developed, under-stand, under-line, under-estimate |
| uni- | one | uni-form, uni-cycle, uni-verse, uni-versal |
| up- | up, better | up-grade, up-lift, up-root, up-date |
20.2 SUFFIXES WITH EXAMPLES
Noun Suffixes
| Suffix | Meaning/Function | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| -ance/-ence | state of, act of | appear-ance, differ-ence, perform-ance, depend-ence |
| -ant/-ent | one who, that which | assist-ant, depend-ent, partici-pant, presid-ent |
| -ation/-ition | action, process | inform-ation, examin-ation, competit-ion, repeti-tion |
| -er/-or | one who does | teach-er, work-er, act-or, conduct-or |
| -hood | state, condition | child-hood, brother-hood, man-hood, neighbor-hood |
| -ion | action, state | act-ion, fus-ion, tens-ion, decis-ion |
| -ism | belief, practice | hero-ism, nation-al-ism, capital-ism, social-ism |
| -ist | one who practices | art-ist, scient-ist, capital-ist, social-ist |
| -ity/-ty | quality, state | equal-ity, real-ity, safe-ty, certain-ty |
| -ment | result, action | move-ment, achieve-ment, develop-ment, state-ment |
| -ness | state, quality | kind-ness, happy-ness, dark-ness, weak-ness |
| -ship | state, art, skill | friend-ship, member-ship, leader-ship, partner-ship |
| -sion/-tion | state, action | deci-sion, at-ten-tion, loca-tion, situa-tion |
| -ure | action, process | fail-ure, pleas-ure, clo-sure, pres-sure |
| -age | state, action | pass-age, marri-age, bag-gage, mess-age |
| -dom | state, realm | free-dom, king-dom, wis-dom, bores-dom |
| -ery/-ry | state, practice | slav-ery, robb-ery, mock-ery, bra-very |
Adjective Suffixes
| Suffix | Meaning | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| -able/-ible | capable of | read-able, drink-able, divis-ible, poss-ible |
| -al | relating to | nation-al, natur-al, music-al, person-al |
| -ant/-ent | inclined to | pleas-ant, differ-ent, import-ant, depend-ent |
| -ary | relating to | imagin-ary, element-ary, moment-ary, second-ary |
| -ful | full of | beauti-ful, hope-ful, care-ful, harm-ful |
| -ic/-ical | relating to | hero-ic, histor-ic, magic-al, music-al |
| -ish | like, somewhat | child-ish, fool-ish, book-ish, self-ish |
| -ive | having nature of | act-ive, creat-ive, product-ive, effect-ive |
| -less | without | hope-less, help-less, care-less, home-less |
| -like | similar to | child-like, life-like, god-like, dream-like |
| -ous | full of | danger-ous, famous, courage-ous, mountain-ous |
| -some | full of, causing | trouble-some, hand-some, tire-some, whole-some |
| -y | full of, like | cloud-y, rain-y, health-y, sleep-y |
Adverb Suffixes
| Suffix | Examples |
|---|---|
| -ly | slow-ly, quick-ly, brave-ly, care-ful-ly |
| -ward/-wards | up-ward, down-ward, back-ward, home-ward |
| -wise | clock-wise, street-wise, other-wise, like-wise |
Verb Suffixes
| Suffix | Examples |
|---|---|
| -ate | domin-ate, activ-ate, origin-ate, motiv-ate |
| -en | deep-en, strength-en, short-en, length-en |
| -ify/-fy | class-ify, simpl-ify, just-ify, beaut-ify |
| -ize/-ise | modern-ize, critic-ize, real-ize, recogn-ize |
20.3 WORD FORMATION PROCESSES
1. Derivation (Affixation)
- Adding prefixes or suffixes to a base word
- happy → unhappy (prefix)
- happy → happiness (suffix)
2. Compounding
- Combining two or more words
- book + shelf = bookshelf
- rain + bow = rainbow
- bed + room = bedroom
- foot + ball = football
- under + stand = understand
- out + law = outlaw
3. Conversion (Zero Derivation)
- Changing word class without adding affixes
- work (noun) → work (verb)
- play (noun) → play (verb)
- run (noun) → run (verb)
- book (noun) → book (verb) "to book a ticket"
- water (noun) → water (verb) "to water the plants"
4. Blending
- Combining parts of two words
- smoke + fog = smog
- breakfast + lunch = brunch
- motor + hotel = motel
- spoon + fork = spork
- channel + tunnel = chunnel
5. Clipping/Shortening
- Reducing a word
- advertisement → ad
- laboratory → lab
- photograph → photo
- examination → exam
- influenza → flu
- gymnasium → gym
- dormitory → dorm
- refrigerator → fridge
- mathematics → math
- airplane → plane
- telephone → phone
- bicycle → bike
- microphone → mike
6. Acronyms/Initialisms
- Forming words from initial letters
- UN, NATO, AIDS, NASA, UNESCO
- laser (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation)
- radar (Radio Detection and Ranging)
- sonar (Sound Navigation and Ranging)
- scuba (Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus)
7. Borrowing
- Taking words from other languages
- From French: restaurant, café, ballet
- From Latin: agenda, bonus, exit
- From Greek: philosophy, democracy
- From Hindi (Nepali): jungle, shampoo, pyjamas
8. Back-formation
- Creating a new word by removing an affix
- editor (from edit)
- donation (from donate)
- television (televise)
9. Coinage (Neologism)
- Creating entirely new words
- selfie, blog, podcast, meme
- google (verb), tweet
10. Onomatopoeia
- Words that imitate sounds
- buzz, hiss, splash, crash, bang, pop, click, beep, meow, woof
20.4 MCQ ON WORD FORMATION
Q1. "Happy" → "happiness" (process)
- (a) Adding prefix un-
- (b) Adding suffix -ness
- (c) Adding suffix -ly
- (d) Compounding
Answer: (b) Adding suffix -ness
Q2. "Bookshelf" is formed by:
- (a) Derivation
- (b) Compounding
- (c) Conversion
- (d) Borrowing
Answer: (b) Compounding (book + shelf)
Q3. "Smog" is formed by:
- (a) Compounding
- (b) Blending
- (c) Clipping
- (d) Acronym
Answer: (b) Blending (smoke + fog)
Q4. "Advertisement → ad" is:
- (a) Derivation
- (b) Clipping
- (c) Compounding
- (d) Blending
Answer: (b) Clipping
Q5. "Work" (noun) → "work" (verb) is:
- (a) Derivation
- (b) Compounding
- (c) Conversion (Zero Derivation)
- (d) Borrowing
Answer: (c) Conversion
Q6. "Beautiful" → "beauty" (process)
- (a) Adding prefix
- (b) Removing suffix
- (c) Adding suffix
- (d) Borrowing
Answer: (b) Removing suffix (beauti + ful → beauty)
Q7. "Kind" → "unkind" (process)
- (a) Adding suffix
- (b) Adding prefix
- (c) Compounding
- (d) Clipping
Answer: (b) Adding prefix (un-)
Q8. "Decide" → "decision" (process)
- (a) Adding suffix -sion
- (b) Adding prefix
- (c) Compounding
- (d) Borrowing
Answer: (a) Adding suffix -sion
Q9. "Friend" → "friendship" (process)
- (a) Adding suffix -ship
- (b) Adding prefix
- (c) Compounding
- (d) Clipping
Answer: (a) Adding suffix -ship
Q10. "Modern" → "modernize" (process)
- (a) Adding suffix -ize
- (b) Adding prefix
- (c) Compounding
- (d) Clipping
Answer: (a) Adding suffix -ize
CHAPTER 21: COMPREHENSIVE ANSWER KEY
21.1 ANSWERS TO ALL ADDITIONAL MCQs
Additional Pronoun Practice (13.1)
Q1: b | Q2: a | Q3: b | Q4: b | Q5: c | Q6: b | Q7: b | Q8: c | Q9: a | Q10: c
Q11: b | Q12: c | Q13: a | Q14: b | Q15: c | Q16: b | Q17: c | Q18: c | Q19: a | Q20: c
Additional Adjective Practice (13.2)
Q1: b | Q2: b | Q3: a | Q4: c | Q5: d | Q6: c | Q7: b | Q8: b | Q9: c | Q10: a
Q11: b | Q12: a | Q13: c | Q14: b | Q15: b | Q16: b | Q17: a | Q18: a | Q19: b | Q20: b
Additional Verb Practice (13.3)
Q1: b | Q2: c | Q3: c | Q4: c | Q5: c | Q6: c | Q7: c | Q8: b | Q9: a | Q10: b
Q11: b | Q12: a | Q13: b | Q14: b | Q15: b | Q16: b | Q17: c | Q18: c | Q19: c | Q20: c
Additional Tense Practice (13.4)
Q1: c | Q2: b | Q3: c | Q4: c | Q5: c | Q6: c | Q7: c | Q8: b | Q9: c | Q10: c
Q11: b | Q12: c | Q13: c | Q14: b | Q15: b | Q16: b | Q17: b | Q18: b | Q19: b | Q20: c
Q21: b | Q22: c | Q23: c | Q24: c | Q25: c
Additional Voice Practice (13.5)
Q1: a | Q2: b | Q3: b | Q4: c | Q5: a | Q6: c | Q7: c | Q8: a | Q9: b | Q10: a
Q11: c | Q12: b | Q13: b | Q14: c | Q15: a | Q16: b | Q17: a | Q18: a | Q19: a | Q20: a
Additional Subject-Verb Agreement Practice (13.6)
Q1: a | Q2: a | Q3: b | Q4: a | Q5: b | Q6: a | Q7: a | Q8: a | Q9: a | Q10: b
Q11: a | Q12: b | Q13: b | Q14: a | Q15: a | Q16: a | Q17: a | Q18: a | Q19: b | Q20: a
Additional Preposition Practice (13.7)
Q1: a | Q2: b | Q3: a | Q4: a | Q5: a | Q6: b | Q7: a | Q8: a | Q9: a | Q10: a
Q11: a | Q12: a | Q13: a | Q14: a | Q15: a | Q16: a | Q17: a | Q18: a | Q19: b | Q20: a
Additional Vocabulary Practice - Synonyms (13.8)
Q1: b | Q2: b | Q3: b | Q4: b | Q5: b | Q6: b | Q7: b | Q8: b | Q9: b | Q10: b
Q11: b | Q12: b | Q13: b | Q14: b | Q15: b | Q16: b | Q17: b | Q18: b | Q19: b | Q20: b
Additional Vocabulary Practice - Antonyms (13.8)
Q1: a | Q2: b | Q3: b | Q4: b | Q5: b | Q6: b | Q7: b | Q8: b | Q9: b | Q10: b
Q11: b | Q12: b | Q13: b | Q14: a | Q15: b | Q16: b | Q17: b | Q18: b | Q19: b | Q20: b
Past Loksewa Questions Expanded (15.1)
Section Officer: Q1: b | Q2: b | Q3: a | Q4: a | Q5: a | Q6: b | Q7: b | Q8: a | Q9: b | Q10: b
Kharidar: Q1: b | Q2: a | Q3: b | Q4: b | Q5: a | Q6: c | Q7: b | Q8: a | Q9: a | Q10: a
Nayab Subba: Q1: b | Q2: c | Q3: b | Q4: b | Q5: a | Q6: b | Q7: a | Q8: b | Q9: b | Q10: c
Pre-Qualifying: Q1: b | Q2: b | Q3: a | Q4: c | Q5: b | Q6: a | Q7: b | Q8: a | Q9: c | Q10: b
Adhikrit: Q1: c | Q2: b | Q3: b | Q4: b | Q5: c | Q6: b | Q7: a | Q8: b | Q9: a | Q10: a
Common Errors (17.2)
Q1: c | Q2: b | Q3: b | Q4: b | Q5: b | Q6: b | Q7: b | Q8: a | Q9: b | Q10: b
Transformation (16.7)
Q1: d | Q2: a | Q3: a | Q4: b | Q5: b
Word Formation (20.4)
Q1: b | Q2: b | Q3: b | Q4: b | Q5: c | Q6: b | Q7: b | Q8: a | Q9: a | Q10: a
CHAPTER 22: FINAL EXAM STRATEGY
22.1 DAY-BEFORE-EXAM TIPS
- Don't study new topics - Just review what you know
- Sleep well - At least 7-8 hours
- Eat properly - Don't skip meals
- Stay calm - You've prepared well
- Carry essentials - Admit card, pen, ID
- Reach early - Avoid last-minute rush
- Read instructions carefully - Before starting
- Manage time - Don't spend too long on one question
- Mark for review - Skip difficult ones, return later
- Stay positive - Confidence is key
22.2 DURING THE EXAM
- Read each question carefully - Especially the stem
- Eliminate obviously wrong options - Use process of elimination
- Look for keywords - "NOT," "EXCEPT," "ALWAYS"
- Don't second-guess too much - First instinct is often right
- Manage negative marking - Don't guess blindly
- Review your answers - If time permits
- Stay focused - Don't get distracted
22.3 COMMON TRAPS IN EXAMS
- Similar options - Two answers may seem correct; choose the most accurate
- Tricky wording - Read the question twice
- Out-of-syllabus questions - Skip and move on
- Time pressure - Don't panic
- Confusing pairs - Prey on common errors
22.4 LAST-MINUTE QUICK REVISION
Key Rules to Remember
Subject-Verb Agreement:
- Singular subjects take singular verbs
- Plural subjects take plural verbs
- "Each," "every," "either," "neither" → singular
- "Both," "many," "few," "several" → plural
- "Either...or" → verb agrees with nearest
- "With," "along with" → main subject determines verb
- Collective nouns (unit) → singular
Tense Rules:
- "Yesterday," "ago," "last" → Simple Past
- "Since" + point of time, "for" + period → Present Perfect
- "By" + future time → Future Perfect
- "Before" past action → Past Perfect
- "Now," "at present" → Present Continuous
- "Tomorrow," "next," "soon" → Simple Future
Voice Rules:
- Only transitive verbs → passive
- Object becomes subject
- Add "by" + agent
- Be + V3 (past participle)
- Modals: Modal + be + V3
- Imperatives: Let + object + be + V3
- "There is/are" → "It is said/known"
Preposition Rules:
- "In" (months/years/enclosed)
- "On" (days/dates/surface)
- "At" (precise time/specific point)
- "Since" (point), "For" (period)
- "Between" (two), "Among" (more than two)
- "In" (position), "Into" (motion)
- "By" (means), "With" (instrument)
Conjunction Rules:
- FANBOYS = coordinating
- When subordinate clause first → comma
- Correlative pairs → parallel structure
Adjective Comparison:
- One syllable: -er/-est
- y→i+er/-est
- e: add -r/-st
- CVC: double consonant
- 2+ syllables: more/most
- Irregular: good/better/best
Pronoun Rules:
- Subject form (I/he/she) for subject
- Object form (me/him/her) for object
- "Who" (subject), "Whom" (object)
- "Its" (possessive), "It's" (it is)
Important Word Pairs:
- Affect (verb) vs. Effect (noun)
- Accept vs. Except
- Lose vs. Loose
- Then vs. Than
- Principal vs. Principle
CHAPTER 23: PRACTICE TESTS
23.1 FULL MOCK TEST 1 (10 MCQs - 5 Marks)
Q1. Identify the part of speech: "Quickly" in "He runs quickly."
- (a) Noun
- (b) Verb
- (c) Adverb
- (d) Adjective
Answer: (c) Adverb
Q2. "She ___ since 9 AM." (work)
- (a) works
- (b) is working
- (c) has been working
- (d) worked
Answer: (c) has been working
Q3. Synonym of "EPHEMERAL":
- (a) Permanent
- (b) Brief
- (c) Long
- (d) Wide
Answer: (b) Brief
Q4. Active → Passive: "They helped him."
- (a) He was helped by them
- (b) He is helped by them
- (c) He has been helped by them
- (d) He will be helped by them
Answer: (a) He was helped by them
Q5. "He is good ___ English." (preposition)
- (a) at
- (b) in
- (c) on
- (d) with
Answer: (b) in (subject context) or (a) at (skill context)
Most accepted answer: (a) at (good at English is common)
Q6. Antonym of "BENEVOLENT":
- (a) Kind
- (b) Generous
- (c) Malevolent
- (d) Good
Answer: (c) Malevolent
Q7. "Either he or I ___ wrong." (am/is/are)
- (a) am
- (b) is
- (c) are
- (d) were
Answer: (a) am
Q8. "Beautiful" → noun (derivative)
- (a) beautify
- (b) beauty
- (c) beautifulness
- (d) beauteous
Answer: (b) beauty
Q9. "The news ___ true." (is/are)
- (a) is
- (b) are
- (c) were
- (d) have been
Answer: (a) is
Q10. "I have been waiting ___ two hours." (since/for)
- (a) since
- (b) for
- (c) from
- (d) at
Answer: (b) for
23.2 FULL MOCK TEST 2 (10 MCQs - 5 Marks)
Q1. Comparative of "BAD":
- (a) badder
- (b) worse
- (c) more bad
- (d) worst
Answer: (b) worse
Q2. Synonym of "FORTITUDE":
- (a) Weakness
- (b) Cowardice
- (c) Courage
- (d) Laziness
Answer: (c) Courage
Q3. "Each of the students ___ a book." (has/have)
- (a) has
- (b) have
- (c) are having
- (d) were having
Answer: (a) has
Q4. Active → Passive: "She writes a letter."
- (a) A letter is written by her
- (b) A letter was written by her
- (c) A letter has been written by her
- (d) A letter will be written by her
Answer: (a) A letter is written by her
Q5. Identify the conjunction: "I was tired, but I continued."
- (a) Coordinating
- (b) Subordinating
- (c) Correlative
- (d) Conjunctive
Answer: (a) Coordinating (but)
Q6. "He is afraid ___ the dog." (preposition)
- (a) from
- (b) of
- (c) with
- (d) at
Answer: (b) of
Q7. Antonym of "ANCIENT":
- (a) Old
- (b) Modern
- (c) Aged
- (d) Antique
Answer: (b) Modern
Q8. "I ___ here since 2010." (live)
- (a) live
- (b) am living
- (c) have been living
- (d) lived
Answer: (c) have been living
Q9. "Friend" + ___ = "friendship"
- (a) -ness
- (b) -hood
- (c) -ship
- (d) -ly
Answer: (c) -ship
Q10. Identify the type: "What a beautiful day!"
- (a) Assertive
- (b) Exclamatory
- (c) Imperative
- (d) Interrogative
Answer: (b) Exclamatory
23.3 FULL MOCK TEST 3 (10 MCQs - 5 Marks)
Q1. "She is interested ___ music." (preposition)
- (a) in
- (b) on
- (c) at
- (d) with
Answer: (a) in
Q2. Past of "RUN":
- (a) run
- (b) runned
- (c) ran
- (d) running
Answer: (c) ran
Q3. Synonym of "HAPPY":
- (a) Sad
- (b) Joyful
- (c) Angry
- (d) Bored
Answer: (b) Joyful
Q4. "He ___ go to school." (modal - future)
- (a) can
- (b) may
- (c) will
- (d) should
Answer: (c) will
Q5. "Neither the students nor the teacher ___ present." (is/are)
- (a) is
- (b) are
Answer: (b) are (nearest subject is plural - students)
Q6. Antonym of "VICTORY":
- (a) Success
- (b) Defeat
- (c) Win
- (d) Triumph
Answer: (b) Defeat
Q7. "Beautiful" → adverb:
- (a) beauty
- (b) beautifully
- (c) beautify
- (d) beautied
Answer: (b) beautifully
Q8. Active → Passive: "Someone stole my wallet."
- (a) My wallet was stolen
- (b) My wallet is stolen
- (c) My wallet has been stolen
- (d) My wallet was being stolen
Answer: (a) My wallet was stolen
Q9. "I prefer tea ___ coffee." (preposition)
- (a) than
- (b) to
- (c) over
- (d) from
Answer: (b) to
Q10. Identify: "Wow! That's amazing."
- (a) Noun
- (b) Verb
- (c) Adjective
- (d) Interjection
Answer: (d) Interjection
23.4 FULL MOCK TEST 4 (10 MCQs - 5 Marks)
Q1. "Alas! He is dead." "Alas" expresses:
- (a) Joy
- (b) Sorrow
- (c) Surprise
- (d) Anger
Answer: (b) Sorrow
Q2. "He died ___ cancer." (preposition)
- (a) of
- (b) from
- (c) with
- (d) for
Answer: (a) of
Q3. Superlative of "GOOD":
- (a) gooder
- (b) better
- (c) best
- (d) more good
Answer: (c) best
Q4. Synonym of "DILIGENT":
- (a) Lazy
- (b) Hardworking
- (c) Stupid
- (d) Slow
Answer: (b) Hardworking
Q5. "She ___ here for 5 years." (live)
- (a) lives
- (b) is living
- (c) has been living
- (d) lived
Answer: (c) has been living
Q6. Identify the part: "She is a good girl."
- (a) Noun
- (b) Pronoun
- (c) Adjective
- (d) Verb
Answer: (c) Adjective (good describes girl)
Q7. Antonym of "GENEROUS":
- (a) Kind
- (b) Selfish
- (c) Giving
- (d) Helpful
Answer: (b) Selfish
Q8. "Open the door!" This is:
- (a) Declarative
- (b) Imperative
- (c) Interrogative
- (d) Exclamatory
Answer: (b) Imperative
Q9. Passive of "He gave me a book":
- (a) I was given a book
- (b) A book was given to me
- (c) Both (a) and (b)
- (d) None
Answer: (c) Both (a) and (b)
Q10. "I am proud ___ my son." (preposition)
- (a) for
- (b) of
- (c) with
- (d) on
Answer: (b) of
23.5 FULL MOCK TEST 5 (10 MCQs - 5 Marks)
Q1. "He is good ___ mathematics."
- (a) at
- (b) in
- (c) on
- (d) with
Answer: (a) at
Q2. Synonym of "AMIABLE":
- (a) Hostile
- (b) Friendly
- (c) Angry
- (d) Sad
Answer: (b) Friendly
Q3. "Brave" → noun (derivative)
- (a) braveness
- (b) bravery
- (c) bravehood
- (d) bravely
Answer: (b) bravery
Q4. "I have known him ___ 2010." (since/for)
- (a) for
- (b) since
- (c) from
- (d) at
Answer: (b) since
Q5. "She is senior ___ me." (preposition)
- (a) than
- (b) to
- (c) from
- (d) of
Answer: (b) to
Q6. Past of "BREAK":
- (a) breaked
- (b) broke
- (c) broken
- (d) breaking
Answer: (b) broke
Q7. "Many a student ___ present." (is/are)
- (a) is
- (b) are
- (c) were
- (d) have
Answer: (a) is (Many a + singular)
Q8. Antonym of "STINGY":
- (a) Mean
- (b) Generous
- (c) Tight
- (d) Cheap
Answer: (b) Generous
Q9. Identify the type: "Although he is poor, he is happy."
- (a) Simple
- (b) Compound
- (c) Complex
- (d) Compound-complex
Answer: (c) Complex (subordinating "although")
Q10. "Burning the midnight oil" means:
- (a) Working late at night
- (b) Burning oil
- (c) Cooking
- (d) Reading
Answer: (a) Working late at night
CHAPTER 24: ADDITIONAL HELPFUL TIPS
24.1 QUICK GRAMMAR REVIEW
Articles (A, An, The)
A: Before consonant sound
- A book, a pen, a university (sounds like "you")
An: Before vowel sound
- An apple, an hour (silent h), an honest man
The: For specific/known nouns
- The book I bought
- The sun, the moon
No article: With proper nouns, meals, sports, languages, "by + transport"
Singular/Plural Rules
Regular plurals: +s (book → books)
+es: sibilant sounds (box → boxes, church → churches, bus → buses)
-y → -ies: baby → babies
-f/-fe → -ves: knife → knives, leaf → leaves
Irregular: man → men, child → children, mouse → mice, foot → feet, tooth → teeth, ox → oxen
Unchanged: sheep, deer, fish, species, series
Punctuation Rules
Period (.): End of declarative/imperative sentences
Question mark (?): End of questions
Exclamation mark (!): After exclamations/interjections
Comma (,): For pauses, lists, joining clauses
Semicolon (;): To join independent clauses
Colon (:): Before lists, explanations
Apostrophe ('): Possession (Ram's book), contractions (don't)
Hyphen (-): Compound adjectives (well-known)
Quotation marks (" "): For direct speech
24.2 FORMAL vs INFORMAL ENGLISH
| Formal | Informal |
|---|---|
| However | But |
| Therefore | So |
| Additionally | Also |
| Furthermore | Moreover |
| In addition | Plus |
| Nevertheless | Anyway |
| Subsequently | Then |
| Previously | Before |
| Subsequently | After |
| Accordingly | So |
| Subsequently | Then |
| Approximately | About |
| Assist | Help |
| Commence | Start/Begin |
| Terminate | End |
| Purchase | Buy |
| Utilise | Use |
| Endeavor | Try |
| Subsequent | Next/Following |
| Prior | Before |
| Obtain | Get |
| Require | Need |
| Sufficient | Enough |
| Insufficient | Not enough |
| Numerous | Many |
| Frequently | Often |
| Occasionally | Sometimes |
| Subsequently | Later |
| Consequently | So |
| Demonstrate | Show |
| Indicate | Show |
| Regrettably | Unfortunately |
| Inquiring | Asking |
24.3 COMMON BRITISH vs AMERICAN ENGLISH
| British | American |
|---|---|
| Colour | Color |
| Favourite | Favorite |
| Centre | Center |
| Theatre | Theater |
| Metre | Meter |
| Kilometre | Kilometer |
| Litre | Liter |
| Organise | Organize |
| Realise | Realize |
| Analyse | Analyze |
| Catalogue | Catalog |
| Dialogue | Dialog |
| Programme | Program |
| Travelling | Traveling |
| Cancelled | Canceled |
| Jewellery | Jewelry |
| Grey | Gray |
| Defence | Defense |
| Licence (noun) | License |
| Practice (verb) | Practice |
| Aluminium | Aluminum |
| Maths | Math |
| Autumn | Fall |
| Lift | Elevator |
| Lorry | Truck |
| Petrol | Gas/Gasoline |
| Flat | Apartment |
| Cinema | Movie theater |
| Queue | Line |
| Biscuit | Cookie |
| Sweets | Candy |
| Trousers | Pants |
| Bracket | Parentheses |
| Full stop | Period |
| Rubbish | Garbage/Trash |
| Tap | Faucet |
| Garden | Yard |
| Post | |
| Holiday | Vacation |
| Trolley | Cart |
FINAL WORD
Total Content Summary:
- 8 Parts of Speech (detailed rules + MCQs)
- Sentence Structure (types, transformations + MCQs)
- Clauses (independent, dependent, types + MCQs)
- All 12 Tenses (rules, examples, MCQs)
- Voice (active, passive, all tense conversions + MCQs)
- Subject-Verb Agreement (20+ rules + MCQs)
- Vocabulary: 300+ words with meanings, synonyms, antonyms
- Derivatives/Word Formation (prefixes, suffixes, processes + MCQs)
- Common Errors in English (20 errors with corrections)
- Spelling Errors (100+ commonly misspelled words)
- Common Idioms (200+ idioms with meanings)
- Common Phrasal Verbs (100+ with examples)
- Common Abbreviations (100+)
- Transformation of Sentences (all types)
- Direct/Indirect Speech (rules + examples)
- 200+ Past Loksewa Questions
- 300+ Additional Practice MCQs
- 5 Full Mock Tests
- Quick Reference Tables
- Comprehensive Answer Key
Total MCQs: 800+
Total Pages (when printed): 150+
Best of luck for your 5th Level Sangathit Sanstha Pretest!
May God bless you with success.
Compiled from various sources including Loksewa Tayari App, Examveda, Testbook, Loksewa Sathi, Bidhya Mandir, and standard English grammar references.
Last Updated: 2026
For any queries, please consult your English teacher or standard English grammar books like Wren & Martin.
🇳🇵 नेपाली व्याकरण - सम्पूर्ण नोट्स
२६ अध्यायहरू - वर्णविन्यासदेखि उखान टुक्कासम्म
नेपाली व्याकरण र शब्दभण्डार
५ औं तह सङ्गठित संस्था प्रि-टेस्ट (१०.२ - ५ अङ्क)
लोकसेवा पाठ्यक्रम १०.२ अनुसार
लक्षित परीक्षा: ५ औं तह सङ्गठित संस्था प्रि-टेस्ट
विषय कोड: १०.२ - नेपाली व्याकरण र शब्दभण्डार
पूर्णाङ्क: ५
प्रश्न प्रकार: वस्तुगत (MCQ)
स्तर: कक्षा १० सम्म
तयार पारिएको: २०२६
विषयसूची
- वर्णविन्यास (शुद्ध लेखन)
- १.१ ह्रस्व-दीर्घ नियम
- १.२ श, ष, स नियम
- १.३ ब-व नियम
- १.४ पदयोग र पदवियोग
- १.५ अ, आ नियम
- पदसङ्गति
- २.१ लिङ्ग अनुसार
- २.२ वचन अनुसार
- २.३ पुरुष अनुसार
- पदवर्ग
- ३.१ नाम (संज्ञा)
- ३.२ सर्वनाम
- ३.३ विशेषण
- ३.४ क्रियापद
- ३.५ क्रियाविशेषण
- ३.६ नामयोगी
- ३.७ संयोजक
- ३.८ विस्मयादिबोधक
- धातु
- ४.१ धातुको परिचय
- ४.२ धातुका प्रकार
- ४.३ धातुका रूपायन
- क्रिया
- ५.१ क्रियाका प्रकार
- ५.२ सकर्मक र अकर्मक
- ५.३ संयुक्त क्रिया
- काल र पक्ष
- ६.१ वर्तमान काल
- ६.२ भूत काल
- ६.३ भविष्यत् काल
- ६.४ पक्ष
- कारक र विभक्ति
- ७.१ कारकका प्रकार
- ७.२ विभक्ति चिन्ह
- वाच्य
- ८.१ कर्तृवाच्य
- ८.२ कर्मवाच्य
- ८.३ भाववाच्य
- वाक्य संरचना
- ९.१ सरल वाक्य
- ९.२ संयुक्त वाक्य
- ९.३ मिश्र वाक्य
- शब्दनिर्माण
- १०.१ उपसर्ग
- १०.२ प्रत्यय
- १०.३ समास
- पर्यायवाची र विपरीतार्थक शब्द
- उखान र टुक्का
- विगत लोकसेवा प्रश्नहरू
- उत्तर कुञ्जी
अध्याय १: वर्णविन्यास (शुद्ध लेखनका नियमहरू)
१.१ परिचय
वर्णविन्यास भनेको शब्दहरूलाई शुद्ध रूपमा लेख्ने नियम हो। नेपालीमा शुद्ध लेखनका लागि विभिन्न नियमहरू पालना गर्नुपर्छ। यसमा ह्रस्व-दीर्घ, श-ष-स, ब-व, अ-आ, र पदयोग-पदवियोगका नियमहरू पर्दछन्।
१.२ ह्रस्व र दीर्घ नियम (इ/ई, उ/ऊ)
ह्रस्व (इ, उ) प्रयोग हुने स्थानहरू:
क) शब्दको सुरुमा: प्रायः सबै शब्दमा ह्रस्व नै प्रयोग हुन्छ।
- किताब, कुकुर, हिमाल, पुतली, गाउँ, घर, कमल
ख) शब्दको बीचमा: प्रायः सबै शब्दमा ह्रस्व प्रयोग हुन्छ।
- कोसिस, गरिब, महिना, कलिलो, अचम्म, उचित
ग) शब्दको अन्त्यमा:
- पुलिङ्गी नाता/सम्बन्धका शब्दमा: दाजु, बाबु, भाइ, काका, हजुरबुबा
- ठाउँको नाममा: पोखरा, काठमाडौं (काठमाण्डौं), चितवन
- क्रियापदमा 'नु' आउँदा: खानु, जानु, पढ्नु, लेख्नु, हेर्नु
घ) प्रत्यय लाग्दा: इक, इत, इमा, इलो, इलो प्रत्यय लाग्दा ह्रस्व।
- सामाजिक (सामाज + इक)
- हर्षित (हर्ष + इत)
- गरिमा (गरि + इमा)
दीर्घ (ई, ऊ) प्रयोग हुने स्थानहरू:
क) शब्दको सुरुमा: केही तत्सम शब्दमा मात्र।
- ईश्वर, ऊर्जा, ईक्षा, ईमानदार
ख) शब्दको बीचमा: इय, अनीय प्रत्यय लागेमा।
- आदरणीय, राष्ट्रीय, सामाजिक (बीचमा), नैतिक (बीचमा), कानुनी
- अपवाद: महिना, गरिब (यी ह्रस्व)
ग) शब्दको अन्त्यमा:
- स्त्रीलिङ्गी नाता/सम्बन्धमा: दिदी, बहिनी, आमा, काकी
- थरमा: कार्की, थापा (मगर), गुरुङ, देवी
- नदीको नाममा: कोसी, गण्डकी, कर्णाली, मेची, त्रिशुली
- आइ (आ) प्रत्यय: कमाइ, पढाइ, लेखाइ
- औ, आउ, नी प्रत्यय: मिठाई, भलाई, गराई
- वती, मती, ती प्रत्यय: गुणवती, लक्ष्मीमती, सती
घ) सर्वनाम र विशेषणमा:
- ती, ऊ (दीर्घ रूप)
- यो, त्यो, कोही (ह्रस्व)
१.३ श, ष, स नियम
'श' को प्रयोग:
- तत्सम शब्दमा: शास्त्र, शुद्ध, शिक्षा, शरीर, शब्द, शक्ति, शान्ति
- आगन्तुक शब्दमा: सहिद, सहर, साहित्य, समाचार, सभा, सूचना, सङ्घर्ष (कतिपय आगन्तुकमा 'स' पनि)
- संयुक्त क्रियामा: पढ्छ, लेख्छ, खेल्छ, हेर्छ, गर्छ
- सहायक क्रियामा: छ, छन्, छैन, थिए, थियो, थिइन्, हुन्छ, भन्छ
'ष' को प्रयोग:
- तत्सम शब्दमा मात्र: षड्यन्त्र, षड्ऋतु, षष्ठी, षोष्ठी, पञ्चष, षोडश, नवरत्न, त्रिरत्न
- 'ष' कहिल्यै 'श' वा 'स' सँग साटिने सजिलो छैन
'स' को प्रयोग:
- तद्भव शब्दमा: सानो, सुन्दर, सफा, सीधा, सत्य, सम्पत्ति
- आगन्तुक शब्दमा: सरकार, समाज, सभा, सहयोग
- स्वरान्त शब्दमा: घरस, छोरस
- ह्रस्व-दीर्घ अगाडि: पस, सस, साँस
- कतिपय आगन्तुक: समाचार (स), सम्पादन (स)
सम्झनाको सूत्र:
- तत्सममा 'श' र 'ष' - संस्कृतबाट आएका शब्द
- तद्भव र आगन्तुकमा 'स' - नेपाली र विदेशी शब्द
१.४ ब र व को नियम
'ब' को प्रयोग:
- 'ब' कडा रूप हो, स्वर वा 'र' पछि 'ब' आउँछ
- अगाडि स्वर भए: कवि, विद्या, महान् (बीचमा 'व')
- पछाडि स्वर भए: रवि, कविता, सवारी
'व' को प्रयोग:
- 'व' मृदु रूप हो, अनुस्वार वा 'न' पछि 'व' आउँछ
- संवाद, संविधान, सर्वत्र, पर्वत, विश्व, विद्वान
- 'न्व' मा: ज्ञानवर्द्धक, सम्वत् (वा सम्बत्), अन्वेषण
- 'रव' मा: आशीर्वाद, सर्वशक्तिमान्
- शब्दको अन्त्यमा: नभ, सभ (ब), भव, दिव (व)
सम्झनाको तरिका:
- 'ब' पछाडि स्वर आउँदा: रवि (र+वि), कवि (क+वि)
- 'व' पछाडि न, म वा अनुस्वार आउँदा: संवाद, सर्वत्र, सम्वत्
१.५ अ र आ को नियम
ह्रस्व 'अ' को प्रयोग:
- शब्दको सुरुमा: अगाडि, अचम्म, अनौठो, अप्ठ्यारो
- शब्दको बीचमा: कमल, नमस्ते, गरिब
- शब्दको अन्त्यमा 'अ' स्वरले अन्त्य हुँदा: पुस्तक, विद्या (यहाँ 'या' = ह्रस्व)
- अकारान्त पुलिङ्गी नाम: राम, हरि, गोपी, देवी (नामको अन्तिम)
दीर्घ 'आ' को प्रयोग:
- आकारान्त स्त्रीलिङ्गी: रमा, सीता, गीता, गंगा
- थरमा: कार्की (दीर्घ), थापा (दीर्घ)
- नदीको नाममा: गंगा, यमुना, गण्डकी
- प्रत्ययमा: पनि, धेरै (यी दीर्घ)
- मात्रा शब्दमा: दशा, कथा, चर्चा, माया
१.६ पदयोग र पदवियोग
पदयोग (जोडेर लेख्ने) का नियमहरू:
नियम १: नाम र विभक्ति जोडेर लेखिन्छ
- भाइले, साथीलाई, हिजोदेखि, इनारबाट, जहाजद्वारा
- प्रमोदको, प्रमोदका, प्रमोदकी, दराजमा
- रामको, घरको, विद्यालयको
नियम २: शब्दमा लागेको उपसर्ग जोडेर लेखिन्छ
- प्रतिदिन, प्रत्येक, अनुसार, अवकाश
- सुपुत्र, दुर्गुण, निरपराध
नियम ३: शब्दमा लागेको प्रत्यय जोडेर लेखिन्छ
- सहारा, हराइ, खेलाइ, पढाइ
- आदरणीय, महत्त्वपूर्ण, गुणस्तर
नियम ४: समस्त शब्द जोडेर लेखिन्छ
- कक्षाकोठा = कक्षा + कोठा
- चौघेरा = चार + घेरा
- दशकुमार = दश + कुमार
- राजकुमारी = राजा + कुमारी
- अठन्नी, पञ्चवटी, त्रिभुवन
नियम ५: द्वित्व शब्द जोडेर लेखिन्छ
- हल्लोखल्लो, भागाभाग, हुर्रुर, झ्याउँझ्याउँ
- हिँडाहिँडा, खानुखानु, लेख्नालेख्ना
नियम ६: अनुकरणात्मक शब्द जोडेर लेखिन्छ
- ठूल्ठूलो, सानोसानो, रातोरातो, नीलोनीलो
- टूलटूल, फुस्रोफुस्रो
नियम ७: 'न' लागेका शब्द (अकरणबोधक)
- सुनसान, खालिखालि, लामोलामो, माथिमाथि
नियम ८: सामान्य वर्तमान, भूत र भविष्यत् क्रिया
- पढ्छ, पढ्यो, पढ्नेछ, लेख्छ, लेख्यो, लेख्नेछ
- खेल्छ, खेल्यो, खेल्नेछ, हेर्छ, हेर्नेछ
नियम ९: अज्ञात र अभ्यस्त भूत क्रिया
- पढेछ, पढ्थ्यो, लेखेछ, लेख्थ्यो, हेरेछ, हेर्थ्यो
नियम १०: व्यक्तिवाचक नाम शब्द जोडेर लेखिन्छ
- लक्ष्मीप्रसाद, सोमबहादुर, भरतकुमार, देवनारायण
- लोकनाथ, हरिराज, मानदेव, काजीमान, विष्णुकान्त
नियम ११: सहायक क्रियापद जोडिन्छ
- छ, छु, छौं, छैन, थिए, हुन्छ, भन्छ
नियम १२: सङ्ख्यावाचक शब्द पछि जोडिन्छ
- दशजना, पाँचवटा, दुईओटा, हजारौं
पदवियोग (छुट्ट्याएर लेख्ने) का नियमहरू:
नियम १: वाक्यमा प्रयुक्त सबै शब्द छुट्ट्याएर लेखिन्छ
- रामलाल पराजुली विद्यालयबाट आई हातखुट्टा धोएर खाजा खान्छ।
नियम २: क्रियायोगी (क्रियापदको बीचमा) छुट्ट्याएर लेखिन्छ
- हिजो, आज, भोलि, पर्सि, पोहोर, साँझ, बिहान, दिउँसो
- बेलुका, भरे, सबेरै, अचेल, सधैं, भर्खर, अघि, पछि
- तुरुन्तै, अब, बिहानै, अहिले, पहिले
नियम ३: नाम र नामयोगी छुट्ट्याएर लेखिन्छ
- राम सँग, घर माथि, स्कूल तर्फ, टेबुल मुनि
- गाउँ भित्र, जङ्गल पारि, घर पछाडि, बाटो छेउ
नियम ४: विभक्तिभन्दा पछि आउने विभक्ति वा नामयोगी छुट्ट्याएर लेखिन्छ
- भाइका लागि, साथीको निम्ति, उसले भन्दा
- घरको अगाडि, घरको अगिल्तिर, कोठादेखि बाहिर
- त्यसभन्दा माथि, बाटादेखि मुनि
नियम ५: संयोजक (र, वा, तर, किन्तु) छुट्ट्याएर लेखिन्छ
- राम र श्याम, कलम वा कापी, अघि तर पछि
नियम ६: संकेत शब्दहरू छुट्ट्याएर लेखिन्छ
- यो किताब, त्यो मान्छे, यस्तो घर, त्यस्तो काम
नियम ७: प्रश्नवाचक शब्दहरू छुट्ट्याएर लेखिन्छ
- कुन किताब, कस्तो मान्छे, कत्रो घर, कति पैसा
नियम ८: 'जना, वटा, मात्र, चाहिँ, जस्तो' छुट्ट्याएर लेख्न सकिन्छ
- दश जना, पाँच वटा, एउटा मात्र, मलाई चाहिँ, उस्तो जस्तो
नियम ९: विशेषण-विशेष्य युक्त शब्द छुट्ट्याएर लेखिन्छ
- अकासे खेती, कान्छो बाबु, कालो मुन्टो, माइला दाइ
- सानो दाइ, ठूली आमा, रातो कपडा, हरियो घाँस
नियम १०: उपसर्ग र मूल शब्द बीचमा क्रियायोगी आएमा छुट्ट्याएर लेखिन्छ
- प्रति दिन, अनु कूल, प्रति पक्ष, अधि लिखित
१.७ महत्त्वपूर्ण शुद्ध लेखन नियमहरू
नियम १: अनुकरणात्मक शब्दमा 'तै' नभई 'दै' हुन्छ
- गर्दै, हेर्दै, खान्दै (अपूर्ण क्रियामा)
- गरेँ, हेरेँ, खाएँ (पूर्ण क्रियामा)
नियम २: कार्यवाच्यमा 'इन्छ' आदि ले 'इ' लाग्छ
- पढिन्छ, लेखिन्छ, बनाइन्छ, गरिन्छ
नियम ३: वचनबोधक 'हरू' लाई दीर्घ नै लेख्ने
- केटाहरू, केटीहरू, घरहरू, मान्छेहरू
नियम ४: कार्यवाच्यमा कर्ता 'म' भए 'आफू' हुन्छ
- म पढ्छु → आफू पढिन्छ
नियम ५: 'नँ' चिन्ह अनिवार्य छ
- गर्दैनँ, पढ्दैनँ, खाँदैनँ, आउँदैनँ
नियम ६: हलन्त जनाउन '्' को प्रयोग
- बच्चा, पुस्तक, झ्याल, ओछ्यान
नियम ७: पुलिङ्गी कर्मधारय समासमा 'ए' प्रत्यय
- कालोमान्छे → कालेमान्छे, नीलोकमल → नीलेकमल
१.८ MCQ खण्ड: वर्णविन्यास
प्रश्न १. "ईश्वर" मा प्रयोग भएको स्वर कुन हो?
- (क) ह्रस्व इ
- (ख) दीर्घ ई
- (ग) ह्रस्व उ
- (घ) दीर्घ ऊ
उत्तर: (ख) दीर्घ ई
प्रश्न २. "दाजु" शब्दमा कुन स्वर प्रयोग भएको छ?
- (क) दीर्घ ऊ
- (ख) ह्रस्व उ
- (ग) दीर्घ ऊ
- (घ) ह्रस्व उ
उत्तर: (ख) ह्रस्व उ
प्रश्न ३. "दिदी" शब्दमा कुन स्वर प्रयोग भएको छ?
- (क) ह्रस्व इ
- (ख) दीर्घ ई
- (ग) ह्रस्व ई
- (घ) दीर्घ इ
उत्तर: (ख) दीर्घ ई
प्रश्न ४. "किताब" शब्दमा कुन स्वर प्रयोग भएको छ?
- (क) दीर्घ ई
- (ख) ह्रस्व इ
- (ग) दीर्घ ऊ
- (घ) ह्रस्व उ
उत्तर: (ख) ह्रस्व इ
प्रश्न ५. "नदी" शब्दमा कुन स्वर प्रयोग भएको छ?
- (क) ह्रस्व इ
- (ख) दीर्घ ई
- (ग) ह्रस्व उ
- (घ) दीर्घ ऊ
उत्तर: (ख) दीर्घ ई (नदीको नाम)
प्रश्न ६. "पोखरा" शब्दमा कुन स्वर प्रयोग भएको छ?
- (क) ह्रस्व इ
- (ख) दीर्घ ई
- (ग) ह्रस्व उ
- (घ) दीर्घ ऊ
उत्तर: (ग) ह्रस्व उ (ठाउँको नाम)
प्रश्न ७. "सामाजिक" शब्दमा प्रयुक्त इ कस्तो हो?
- (क) ह्रस्व
- (ख) दीर्घ
- (ग) कुनै पनि हुन सक्छ
- (घ) माथिका कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (क) ह्रस्व (इक प्रत्ययमा)
प्रश्न ८. "शिक्षा" शब्दमा कुन वर्ण प्रयोग भएको छ?
- (क) श
- (ख) ष
- (ग) स
- (घ) सबै हुन सक्छ
उत्तर: (क) श (तत्सम शब्द)
प्रश्न ९. "षड्यन्त्र" शब्दमा कुन वर्ण प्रयोग भएको छ?
- (क) श
- (ख) ष
- (ग) स
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) ष (तत्सम शब्द)
प्रश्न १०. "संवाद" शब्दमा कुन वर्ण प्रयोग भएको छ?
- (क) ब
- (ख) व
- (ग) दुवै हुन सक्छ
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) व (अनुस्वार पछि 'व')
प्रश्न ११. "कवि" शब्दमा कुन वर्ण प्रयोग भएको छ?
- (क) ब
- (ख) व
- (ग) दुवै हुन सक्छ
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) व (स्वर पछि 'व')
प्रश्न १२. "रामले" मा कुन विभक्ति प्रयोग भएको छ?
- (क) ले
- (ख) को
- (ग) लाई
- (घ) बाट
उत्तर: (क) ले (कर्तृवाचक)
प्रश्न १३. "विद्यालयको" मा कुन विभक्ति प्रयोग भएको छ?
- (क) ले
- (ख) को
- (ग) लाई
- (घ) बाट
उत्तर: (ख) को (सम्बन्धवाचक)
प्रश्न १४. "कक्षाकोठा" कस्तो शब्द हो?
- (क) रूढ शब्द
- (ख) समस्त शब्द
- (ग) तत्सम शब्द
- (घ) आगन्तुक शब्द
उत्तर: (ख) समस्त शब्द (कक्षा + कोठा)
प्रश्न १५. "गर्दै" मा कुन प्रत्यय प्रयोग भएको छ?
- (क) दै
- (ख) तै
- (ग) एको
- (घ) एकी
उत्तर: (क) दै (अपूर्ण क्रियामा)
प्रश्न १६. "पढिन्छ" कुन वाच्य हो?
- (क) कर्तृवाच्य
- (ख) कर्मवाच्य
- (ग) भाववाच्य
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) कर्मवाच्य
प्रश्न १७. "अगाडि" शब्दमा कुन स्वर प्रयोग भएको छ?
- (क) ह्रस्व इ
- (ख) दीर्घ ई
- (ग) ह्रस्व आ
- (घ) दीर्घ आ
उत्तर: (क) ह्रस्व इ (सुरुमा)
प्रश्न १८. "कार्की" मा कुन स्वर प्रयोग भएको छ?
- (क) ह्रस्व इ
- (ख) दीर्घ ई
- (ग) ह्रस्व आ
- (घ) दीर्घ आ
उत्तर: (ख) दीर्घ ई (थर)
प्रश्न १९. "कोसी" मा कुन स्वर प्रयोग भएको छ?
- (क) ह्रस्व इ
- (ख) दीर्घ ई
- (ग) ह्रस्व उ
- (घ) दीर्घ ऊ
उत्तर: (ख) दीर्घ ई (नदी)
प्रश्न २०. "सहर" शब्दमा कुन वर्ण प्रयोग भएको छ?
- (क) श
- (ख) ष
- (ग) स
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ग) स (आगन्तुक)
अध्याय २: पदसङ्गति (Subject-Verb Agreement)
२.१ परिचय
पदसङ्गति भनेको वाक्यमा प्रयोग भएका पदहरू (नाम, सर्वनाम, विशेषण र क्रियापद) बीचको पारस्परिक मेल वा सम्बन्ध हो। विशेषगरी कर्ता र क्रियाबीचको लिङ्ग, वचन, पुरुष र आदरको मेललाई पदसङ्गति भनिन्छ।
२.२ लिङ्गका आधारमा पदसङ्गति (Gender Agreement)
नियमहरू:
नियम १: कर्ता पुलिङ्ग भए क्रिया पनि पुलिङ्ग र कर्ता स्त्रीलिङ्ग भए क्रिया पनि स्त्रीलिङ्ग हुनुपर्छ।
- राम आयो (पुलिङ्ग कर्ता + पुलिङ्ग क्रिया)
- सीता आई (स्त्रीलिङ्ग कर्ता + स्त्रीलिङ्ग क्रिया)
- बुबा गए (पुलिङ्ग + पुलिङ्ग)
- आमा गइन् (स्त्रीलिङ्ग + स्त्रीलिङ्ग)
नियम २: पद वा ओहदा बहुवचनमा प्रयोग गर्दा पनि आदरका लागि बहुवचन क्रिया प्रयोग गरिन्छ।
- मन्त्री आउनुहुन्छ (एक जना भए पनि बहुवचन)
- डाक्टर हुनुहुन्छ (आदर)
- सम्पादक जानुहुन्छ (आदर)
- गुरु हुनुहुन्छ (आदर)
२.३ वचनका आधारमा पदसङ्गति (Number Agreement)
नियमहरू:
नियम १: एकवचन कर्ता भए क्रिया एकवचन र बहुवचन कर्ता भए क्रिया बहुवचन हुनुपर्छ।
- राम पढ्छ (एकवचन)
- राम र श्याम पढ्छन् (बहुवचन)
- म जान्छु (एकवचन)
- हामी जान्छौं (बहुवचन)
नियम २: 'र' ले जोडिएका दुई वा दुईभन्दा बढी एकवचन नामहरू मिलेर बहुवचन बन्छन्।
- राम र श्याम पढ्छन् (दुई जना = बहुवचन)
- राम, श्याम र हरि आउँछन् (तीन जना = बहुवचन)
नियम ३: 'र' ले जोडिएका पदहरूमा 'म' र 'तँ' आएमा क्रिया मध्यम पुरुष बहुवचन हुन्छ।
- म र तँ जान्छौं (हामी)
- तँ र ऊ जान्छस् (तिमी)
नियम ४: 'र' ले जोडिएका पदहरूमा 'ऊ' र 'तिमी' आएमा क्रिया मध्यम पुरुष बहुवचन हुन्छ।
- तिमी र ऊ जान्छौं
- ऊ र तिमी जान्छौं
नियम ५: 'र' ले जोडिएका पदहरूमा 'म' र 'ऊ' आएमा क्रिया उत्तम पुरुष बहुवचन हुन्छ।
- म र ऊ जान्छौं (हामी)
नियम ६: 'र' ले जोडिएका पदहरूमा 'म' र 'तिमी' आएमा क्रिया उत्तम पुरुष बहुवचन हुन्छ।
- म र तिमी जान्छौं
नियम ७: 'र' ले जोडिएका पदहरूमा 'म' र 'हामी' आएमा क्रिया उत्तम पुरुष बहुवचन हुन्छ।
- म र हामी जान्छौं
नियम ८: 'र' ले जोडिएका पदहरूमा 'तँ' र 'ऊ' आएमा क्रिया मध्यम पुरुष बहुवचन हुन्छ।
- तँ र ऊ जान्छौं
नियम ९: 'र' ले जोडिएका पदहरूमा 'तँ' र 'तिमी' आएमा क्रिया मध्यम पुरुष बहुवचन हुन्छ।
- तँ र तिमी जान्छौं
नियम १०: 'र' ले जोडिएका पदहरूमा 'तिमी' र 'तिमीहरू' आएमा क्रिया मध्यम पुरुष बहुवचन हुन्छ।
- तिमी र तिमीहरू जान्छौं
नियम ११: 'र' ले जोडिएका पदहरूमा 'ऊ' र 'ऊ' आएमा क्रिया प्रथम पुरुष बहुवचन हुन्छ।
- ऊ र ऊ जान्छन्
नियम १२: 'र' ले जोडिएका पदहरूमा 'उनी' र 'उनी' आएमा क्रिया प्रथम पुरुष बहुवचन हुन्छ।
- उनी र उनी जान्छन्
२.४ पुरुषका आधारमा पदसङ्गति (Person Agreement)
नेपालीमा प्रथम, द्वितीय र तृतीय पुरुष अनुसार क्रियाको मेल हुनुपर्छ।
प्रथम पुरुष (उत्तम पुरुष):
- म जान्छु (एकवचन)
- हामी जान्छौं (बहुवचन)
द्वितीय पुरुष (मध्यम पुरुष):
- तँ जान्छस् (अपमानजनक एकवचन)
- तिमी जान्छौं (आदर एकवचन)
- तिमीहरू जान्छौं (बहुवचन)
- तपाईं जानुहुन्छ (अत्यन्त आदर)
तृतीय पुरुष (अन्य पुरुष):
- ऊ / उ / त्यो जान्छ (नजिकको एकवचन)
- उनी जानुहुन्छ (आदर एकवचन)
- उनीहरू / तिनीहरू / वे जान्छन् (बहुवचन)
२.५ कालका आधारमा पदसङ्गति
वर्तमान काल:
- म पढ्छु, तँ पढ्छस्, ऊ पढ्छ, हामी पढ्छौं, तिमी पढ्छौं, उनी पढ्नुहुन्छ, उनीहरू पढ्छन्
भूत काल:
- म पढेँ, तँ पढेस्, ऊ पढ्यो, हामी पढ्यौं, तिमी पढ्यौ, उनी पढ्नुभयो, उनीहरू पढे
भविष्यत् काल:
- म पढ्नेछु, तँ पढ्नेछस्, ऊ पढ्नेछ, हामी पढ्नेछौं, तिमी पढ्नेछौ, उनी पढ्नुहुनेछ, उनीहरू पढ्नेछन्
२.६ MCQ खण्ड: पदसङ्गति
प्रश्न १. "राम र श्याम स्कूल गए।" - क्रिया कस्तो छ?
- (क) एकवचन
- (ख) बहुवचन
- (ग) दुवै हुन सक्छ
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) बहुवचन (दुई जना कर्ता)
प्रश्न २. "म र ऊ जान्छौं।" - क्रिया कुन पुरुषको हो?
- (क) प्रथम पुरुष
- (ख) द्वितीय पुरुष
- (ग) तृतीय पुरुष
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (क) प्रथम पुरुष (म रहेकाले)
प्रश्न ३. "तँ र ऊ जान्छौं।" - क्रिया कुन पुरुषको हो?
- (क) प्रथम पुरुष
- (ख) द्वितीय पुरुष
- (ग) तृतीय पुरुष
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) द्वितीय पुरुष (तँ रहेकाले)
प्रश्न ४. "म र तँ जान्छौं।" - क्रिया कुन पुरुषको हो?
- (क) प्रथम पुरुष
- (ख) द्वितीय पुरुष
- (ग) तृतीय पुरुष
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (क) प्रथम पुरुष (उत्तम पुरुषले प्राथमिकता पाउँछ)
प्रश्न ५. "तिमी र ऊ जान्छौं।" - क्रिया कुन पुरुषको हो?
- (क) प्रथम पुरुष
- (ख) द्वितीय पुरुष
- (ग) तृतीय पुरुष
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) द्वितीय पुरुष
प्रश्न ६. "सीता विद्यालय गई।" - क्रियाको लिङ्ग कस्तो छ?
- (क) पुलिङ्ग
- (ख) स्त्रीलिङ्ग
- (ग) उभयलिङ्गी
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) स्त्रीलिङ्ग (स्त्रीलिङ्गी कर्ता)
प्रश्न ७. "बुबा बजार जानुभयो।" - क्रिया कस्तो हो?
- (क) एकवचन
- (ख) बहुवचन (आदर)
- (ग) दुवै हुन सक्छ
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) बहुवचन (आदरका लागि)
प्रश्न ८. "मन्त्री आउनुभयो।" - यहाँ कस्तो पदसङ्गति छ?
- (क) कर्ता एकवचन, क्रिया एकवचन
- (ख) कर्ता एकवचन, क्रिया बहुवचन
- (ग) कर्ता बहुवचन, क्रिया बहुवचन
- (घ) कर्ता बहुवचन, क्रिया एकवचन
उत्तर: (ख) कर्ता एकवचन, क्रिया बहुवचन (आदर)
प्रश्न ९. "राम, श्याम र हरि आए।" - क्रिया कस्तो छ?
- (क) एकवचन
- (ख) बहुवचन
- (ग) दुवै हुन सक्छ
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) बहुवचन (तीन जना कर्ता)
प्रश्न १०. "म र हामी सँगै जान्छौं।" - क्रिया कुन पुरुषको हो?
- (क) प्रथम पुरुष
- (ख) द्वितीय पुरुष
- (ग) तृतीय पुरुष
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (क) प्रथम पुरुष
अध्याय ३: पदवर्ग (Parts of Speech)
३.१ परिचय
पदवर्ग भनेको शब्दलाई कार्य र भूमिकाका आधारमा वर्गीकरण गर्नु हो। नेपाली व्याकरणमा पदका आठ भेदहरू हुन्छन्:
- नाम (संज्ञा)
- सर्वनाम
- विशेषण
- क्रियापद
- क्रियाविशेषण
- नामयोगी
- संयोजक
- विस्मयादिबोधक
३.२ नाम (संज्ञा)
परिचय
नाम भनेको कुनै पनि व्यक्ति, वस्तु, स्थान, भाव वा विचारको नाम हो।
नामका प्रकारहरू
१. व्यक्तिवाचक नाम: कुनै एक विशेष व्यक्ति, स्थान वा वस्तुको नाम
- राम, श्याम, काठमाडौं, नेपाल, हिमालय, एशिया
२. जातिवाचक नाम: एउटै जाति वा प्रकारका सबै व्यक्ति, वस्तु वा स्थानका लागि प्रयोग हुने सामान्य नाम
- मान्छे, घर, किताब, नदी, शहर, फूल
३. भाववाचक नाम: कुनै भाव, गुण, दशा वा क्रियाको नाम
- सुख, दुःख, ईर्ष्या, माया, प्रेम, घृणा, साहस, बुढ्यौली
- राम्रो (नाम बनाउन 'ता' प्रत्यय): मिठास, गरिमा
४. समूहवाचक नाम: समूह वा समुदायलाई एकै नामले जनाउने
- सरकार, समिति, कुटुम्ब, जनता, सेना, कक्षा, टोल
५. द्रव्यवाचक नाम: कुनै द्रव्य वा पदार्थको नाम
- पानी, दूध, तेल, माटो, सुन, चाँदी, हावा
६. सङ्ख्यावाचक नाम: सङ्ख्या बताउने
- एक, दुई, तीन, पहिलो, दोस्रो, दश, सय
नाम चिन्ने उपाय
- कुन/को उत्तर आउँछ → नाम
नाम बनाउने तरिका
- विशेषण + आ/इका/इकी/इको प्रत्यय:
- राम्रो → राम्रा (बहुवचन)
- सानो → साना (बहुवचन)
- गरिब → गरिबी (भाववाचक)
- साँचो → साँचो (भाववाचक)
- धातु + नु/आइ/ई/एको प्रत्यय:
- पढ् → पढ्नु (क्रियार्थक नाम)
- पढ् → पढाइ (भाववाचक नाम)
- हेर् → हेर्नु, हेराइ
- समास गरेर:
- कक्षा + कोठा → कक्षाकोठा
- हिम + आलय → हिमालय
नामको लिङ्ग
पुलिङ्ग: राम, बाबु, दाजु, भाइ, हात्ती, घोडा
स्त्रीलिङ्गी: सीता, आमा, दिदी, बहिनी, गाई, भैंसी
उभयलिङ्गी: बच्चा, साथी, मान्छे, विद्यार्थी, मन्त्री
नामको वचन
एकवचन: राम, घर, किताब
बहुवचन: रामहरू, घरहरू, किताबहरू
वचन बनाउन: एकवचन + हरू = बहुवचन
३.३ सर्वनाम
परिचय
नामको सट्टा आउने शब्दलाई सर्वनाम भनिन्छ।
सर्वनामका प्रकारहरू
१. पुरुषवाचक सर्वनाम:
| पुरुष | एकवचन | बहुवचन |
|---|---|---|
| प्रथम पुरुष (उत्तम) | म | हामी, हामीहरू |
| द्वितीय पुरुष (मध्यम) | तँ, तिमी, तपाईं | तिमीहरू, तपाईंहरू |
| तृतीय पुरुष (अन्य) | ऊ, उ, उनी, यो, त्यो, यी, ती | उनीहरू, तिनीहरू, यी, ती, वे |
२. निजवाचक सर्वनाम: आफू, आफैं, स्वयं, आफ्नै
३. निश्चयवाचक सर्वनाम: यो, त्यो, यी, ती, यस्तो, त्यस्तो, यत्ति, त्यत्ति
४. अनिश्चयवाचक सर्वनाम: कोही, केही, कसै, कुनै, जो कोही, जुनसुकै
५. प्रश्नवाचक सर्वनाम: कुन, कसले, कसको, के, कति, कसरी, कहाँ, कहिले, किन
६. सम्बन्धवाचक सर्वनाम: जो, जुन, जसले, जसको, जति, जहाँ, जहिले, जसरी, जुनसँग
७. दर्शक सर्वनाम: यो, त्यो, यी, ती (नजिक वा टाढा देखाउने)
सर्वनाम चिन्ने उपाय
- नामको ठाउँमा प्रयोग हुन्छ → सर्वनाम
- कुन/कसले/कसको/केको उत्तर आउँछ → सर्वनाम
३.४ विशेषण
परिचय
नाम वा सर्वनामको विशेषता, गुण, सङ्ख्या, परिमाण आदि बताउने शब्दलाई विशेषण भनिन्छ।
विशेषणका प्रकारहरू
१. गुणवाचक विशेषण: गुण, रङ, रूप, स्वाद आदि बताउने
- राम्रो, नराम्रो, कालो, सेतो, ठूलो, सानो, मीठो, गुलियो, सुन्दर
२. सङ्ख्यावाचक विशेषण: सङ्ख्या बताउने
- एक, दुई, तीन, पहिलो, दोस्रो, अन्तिम, केही, धेरै
३. परिमाणवाचक विशेषण: परिमाण बताउने
- अलिकति, धेरै, थोरै, अनगिन्ती, प्रशस्त, अत्यधिक, कम
४. सङ्केतवाचक विशेषण: देखाएर बताउने
- यो, त्यो, यस्तो, त्यस्तो, यत्ति, त्यत्ति
५. प्रश्नवाचक विशेषण: प्रश्न गर्ने
- कुन, कत्रो, कस्तो, कतिओटा, कति, कसको
६. सम्बन्धवाचक विशेषण: सम्बन्ध जनाउने
- जुन, जस्तो, जत्रो, जति, जसको
७. निजवाचक विशेषण: स्वामित्व जनाउने
- मेरो, तेरो, हाम्रो, तिम्रो, उनको, आफ्नो
८. अनिश्चयवाचक विशेषण: अनिश्चित बताउने
- कुनै, केही, जुनसुकै, जो पनि, हरेक
विशेषण चिन्ने उपाय
- कस्तो/कुन/कत्रो/कसको/कतिको उत्तर आउँछ → विशेषण
- नाम अगाडि आउँछ → विशेषण
विशेषणको तुलनात्मक रूप (तीन वचनमा)
मूल अवस्था (Positive): राम्रो, ठूलो, सानो
तुलनात्मक (Comparative): राम्रो + ईयर = राम्रीयर
उत्कर्ष (Superlative): राम्रो + ईयर + ठूलो = राम्रीयर ठूलो
३.५ क्रियापद
परिचय
कुनै कार्य गर्ने वा हुने अवस्था बताउने शब्दलाई क्रियापद भनिन्छ।
क्रियापदको बनोट
धातु (Root) + प्रत्यय (Suffix) = क्रियापद
उदाहरण:
- पढ् + छ = पढ्छ
- खा + यो = खायो
- जा + न्छ = जान्छ
क्रियापद चिन्ने उपाय
- के गर्छ/गर्दैछ/ग¥यो/गर्नेछ भन्ने प्रश्नको उत्तर → क्रियापद
- धातु + नु/नुहुन्छ/नुभयो = क्रियापद
३.६ क्रियाविशेषण (Adverb)
परिचय
क्रियापद, विशेषण वा अर्को क्रियाविशेषणको विशेषता बताउने शब्दलाई क्रियाविशेषण भनिन्छ।
क्रियाविशेषणका प्रकारहरू
१. स्थानवाचक क्रियाविशेषण: ठाउँ बताउने
- माथि, तल, अगाडि, पछाडि, भित्र, बाहिर, यहाँ, त्यहाँ, जहाँ, त्यतै
२. कालवाचक क्रियाविशेषण: समय बताउने
- आज, हिजो, भोलि, अहिले, पहिले, पछि, बिहान, साँझ, राति, सधैं, कहिले
३. रीतिवाचक क्रियाविशेषण: कसरी/कुन रीतिले भन्ने बताउने
- राम्ररी, सफासँग, बिस्तारै, छिट्टै, सजिलै, मिहेनतपूर्वक
४. परिमाणवाचक क्रियाविशेषण: कति भन्ने बताउने
- अत्यधिक, अलिकति, धेरै, थोरै, प्रशस्त, मात्र, लगभग
५. कारणवाचक क्रियाविशेषण: किन भन्ने बताउने
- किनभने, यसकारण, त्यसैले, अतः, तसर्थ
क्रियाविशेषण चिन्ने उपाय
- कसरी/कहाँ/कहिले/किन/कति भन्ने प्रश्नको उत्तर → क्रियाविशेषण
- क्रियापदको अगाडि वा पछाडि आउँछ
३.७ नामयोगी (Postposition)
परिचय
नाम वा सर्वनामसँग जोडिएर त्यसको वाक्यमा क्रियासँगको सम्बन्ध बताउने शब्दलाई नामयोगी भनिन्छ।
नामयोगीका प्रकारहरू
१. विभक्ति चिन्ह (कारक चिन्ह): ले, लाई, को, का, की, बाट, मा, देखि, सम्म, सँग, तिर, द्वारा
२. अन्य नामयोगी: माथि, तल, अगाडि, पछाडि, भित्र, बाहिर, अगि, पछि, मुनि, छेउ, पारि, नजिक, तर्फ, वरिपरि
नामयोगी चिन्ने उपाय
- नाम/सर्वनाम पछि आउँछ → नामयोगी
- पदयोग/पदवियोगमा पहिचान गर्न सकिन्छ
३.८ संयोजक (Conjunction)
परिचय
दुई वा दुईभन्दा बढी शब्द, पद वा वाक्यलाई जोड्ने शब्दलाई संयोजक भनिन्छ।
संयोजकका प्रकारहरू
१. समुच्चयबोधक (Coordinating Conjunctions):
- र, वा, अथवा, तर, किन्तु, तापनि, तथापि, अनि, कि, या, एवम्
- र पनि, अनि पनि, होइन भने, नत्र, अन्यथा
२. अधीनबोधक (Subordinating Conjunctions):
- कि, जुन, जो, किनकि, किनभने, यदि, यद्यपि, तापनि, तथापि, जब, तब, जसरी, त्यसरी, जहाँ, त्यहाँ, जुन बेला, त्यस बेला
संयोजक चिन्ने उपाय
- दुई शब्द/वाक्य जोड्छ → संयोजक
- स्वतन्त्र अर्थ नहुने, अरू शब्दसँग मिलेर प्रयोग हुन्छ
३.९ विस्मयादिबोधक (Interjection)
परिचय
सहसै मनमा आएको भाव वा विचारलाई बोल्ने शब्दलाई विस्मयादिबोधक भनिन्छ।
विस्मयादिबोधकका प्रकारहरू
हर्ष/खुसी: हौ, वाह, हुर्रे, क्या राम्रो, अहा!
दुःख/शोक: हाय, हाय, अरे, बाप, ओहो, उफ्, अफ्, कसरी!
आश्चर्य: के!, ओहो!, साह्रै!, कस्तो!
घृणा/रिस: छि छि, धत्तेर, चूप, हट, अप्ठ्यारो
बोलाउने: अरे!, ओ!, ए!, हो!
सङ्केत: चुप!, हेर!, सुन!, आ!
पीडा: उफ्!, छि!, पिर!
सन्तोष: ठीक!, भो!, राम्रो!
विस्मयादिबोधक चिन्ने उपाय
- भाव व्यक्त गर्ने एकल शब्द → विस्मयादिबोधक
- वाक्यमा अन्तिममा वा सुरुमा आउँछ
३.१० MCQ खण्ड: पदवर्ग
प्रश्न १. "रामले किताब पढ्यो।" यहाँ "राम" कुन पद हो?
- (क) सर्वनाम
- (ख) नाम
- (ग) विशेषण
- (घ) क्रियापद
उत्तर: (ख) नाम (व्यक्तिवाचक नाम)
प्रश्न २. "ऊ स्कूल गयो।" यहाँ "ऊ" कुन पद हो?
- (क) नाम
- (ख) सर्वनाम
- (ग) विशेषण
- (घ) क्रियापद
उत्तर: (ख) सर्वनाम (पुरुषवाचक)
प्रश्न ३. "राम्रो मान्छे" मा "राम्रो" कुन पद हो?
- (क) नाम
- (ख) सर्वनाम
- (ग) विशेषण
- (घ) क्रियाविशेषण
उत्तर: (ग) विशेषण (नाम अगाडि आएको)
प्रश्न ४. "उनी छिटो आउँछन्।" यहाँ "छिटो" कुन पद हो?
- (क) विशेषण
- (ख) क्रियाविशेषण
- (ग) नाम
- (घ) सर्वनाम
उत्तर: (ख) क्रियाविशेषण (क्रियापदको विशेषता)
प्रश्न ५. "कुर्सीमा बस" मा "मा" कुन पद हो?
- (क) नामयोगी
- (ख) संयोजक
- (ग) क्रियापद
- (घ) विशेषण
उत्तर: (क) नामयोगी
प्रश्न ६. "राम र श्याम आए" मा "र" कुन पद हो?
- (क) नामयोगी
- (ख) संयोजक
- (ग) क्रियापद
- (घ) विशेषण
उत्तर: (ख) संयोजक
प्रश्न ७. "अरे! कस्तो राम्रो दिन!" यहाँ "अरे" कुन पद हो?
- (क) नाम
- (ख) क्रियापद
- (ग) विस्मयादिबोधक
- (घ) विशेषण
उत्तर: (ग) विस्मयादिबोधक
प्रश्न ८. "दूध पिउ" मा "दूध" कुन पद हो?
- (क) नाम
- (ख) सर्वनाम
- (ग) विशेषण
- (घ) क्रियापद
उत्तर: (क) नाम (द्रव्यवाचक)
प्रश्न ९. "कालो कुकुर" मा "कालो" कुन पद हो?
- (क) नाम
- (ख) विशेषण
- (ग) सर्वनाम
- (घ) क्रियापद
उत्तर: (ख) विशेषण (नाम अगाडि)
प्रश्न १०. "उनीहरू खेल्छन्" मा "खेल्छन्" कुन पद हो?
- (क) नाम
- (ख) विशेषण
- (ग) क्रियापद
- (घ) सर्वनाम
उत्तर: (ग) क्रियापद
अध्याय ४: धातु
४.१ धातुको परिचय
धातु भनेको क्रियापदको मूल रूप हो जसमा प्रत्यय लागेर क्रियापद बन्छ। नेपाली व्याकरणमा धातुलाई क्रियाको जरा मानिन्छ।
सूत्र: धातु + प्रत्यय = क्रियापद
उदाहरण:
- पढ् + छ = पढ्छ
- खा + यो = खायो
- जा + नेछ = जानेछ
- गर् + छ = गर्छ
- हेर् + यो = हेर्यो
४.२ धातुका प्रकारहरू
१. स्वरान्त धातु (अन्तमा स्वर आउने)
- पढ् + नु = पढ्नु (पढ् स्वरान्त)
- खा + नु = खानु
- जा + नु = जानु
- हेर् + नु = हेर्नु (हेर् + ई + नु = हेर्नु)
- गर् + नु = गर्नु
- सुन् + नु = सुन्नु
- बस् + नु = बस्नु
- उठ् + नु = उठ्नु
- पिउ + नु = पिउनु
२. व्यञ्जनान्त धातु (अन्तमा व्यञ्जन आउने)
- हिँड् + नु = हिँड्नु
- पठ् + नु = पठाउनु
- ओर्छ् + नु = ओर्छ्याउनु
३. स्वदेशी धातु
नेपाली भाषामा मौलिक रूपमा रहेका धातुहरू:
- जा, आ, खा, पिउ, सुत्, बस्, हिँड्, दौड्, उठ्, फर्क्, नाच्, गाउ, हेर्, सुन्, पढ्, लेख्, खेल्, भन्, गर्, गइ, आउ, ल्याउ, पठाउ
४. तत्सम धातु
संस्कृतबाट आएका धातुहरू:
- कुर् (गर्न), चल् (हिँड्न), भ्राम् (भुल्न), स्था (रहन), पा (पाउन), हन् (मार्न), दा (दिन), धा (राख्न), नी (ल्याउन), जीव् (जिउन), प्रच्छ् (सोध्न)
५. आगन्तुक धातु
विदेशी भाषाबाट आएका धातुहरू:
- रेडियो सुन्नु, टेलिफोन गर्नु, फ्याक्स गर्नु, इमेल गर्नु
४.३ धातुको रूपायन (विभिन्न कालमा)
वर्तमान काल (Present Tense)
सामान्य वर्तमान: कर्ता + धातु + छ, छु, छौं, छस्, छे, छेस्
- म पढ्छु (पढ्छु)
- तँ पढ्छस् (पढ्छस्)
- ऊ पढ्छ
- हामी पढ्छौं
- तिमी पढ्छौ
- उनी पढ्नुहुन्छ
- उनीहरू पढ्छन्
अपूर्ण वर्तमान (तै/दै): कर्ता + धातु + दै/तै + छ/छन्
- म पढ्दैछु
- ऊ पढ्दैछ
- हामी पढ्दैछौं
- उनीहरू पढ्दैछन्
पूर्ण वर्तमान (एको/एकी/एका): कर्ता + धातु + एको/एकी/एका + छ/छन्
- म पढ्ेको छु
- ऊ पढ्ेको छ
- उनी पढ्ेकी छन्
- उनीहरू पढ्ेका छन्
अज्ञात वर्तमान: कर्ता + धातु + दैछ/दैछन्/छ/छन्
- ऊ पढ्दैछ
- उनीहरू पढ्दैछन्
- म पढ्छु (पनि प्रयोग हुन्छ)
भूत काल (Past Tense)
सामान्य भूत: कर्ता + धातु + यो/ए/यौं/यौ/इन्/एस्/भयो
- म पढ्ेँ
- तँ पढ्ेस्
- ऊ पढ््यो
- हामी पढ््यौं
- तिमी पढ््यौ
- उनी पढ््नुभयो
- उनीहरू पढ्े
अपूर्ण भूत (तै/दै): कर्ता + धातु + तै/दै + थिए/थियो/थिइन्
- म पढ्दै थिएँ
- ऊ पढ्दै थियो
- हामी पढ्दै थियौं
- उनीहरू पढ्दै थिए
पूर्ण भूत (एको/एकी/एका): कर्ता + धातु + एको/एकी/एका + थियो/थिए/थिइन्
- म पढ्ेको थिएँ
- ऊ पढ्ेको थियो
- उनी पढ्ेकी थिइन्
- उनीहरू पढ्ेका थिए
अभ्यस्त भूत (थ्यो/थे/थिन्): कर्ता + धातु + थ्यो/थे/थिन्
- ऊ पढ्थ्यो (बानी पर्ने अर्थमा)
- उनीहरू पढ्थे
- म पढ््थें
- उनी पढ््थिन्
अज्ञात भूत (छ/छन्): कर्ता + धातु + छ/छन्
- ऊ पढ्छ (अज्ञात/अनुमान)
- उनीहरू पढ्छन्
- ऊ हिँड्छ (सँधै जान्थ्यो भन्ने अर्थ)
भविष्यत् काल (Future Tense)
सामान्य भविष्यत्: कर्ता + धातु + नेछ/नेछु/नेछौं/नेछस्/नेछे/नेछन्
- म पढ््नेछु
- तँ पढ््नेछस्
- ऊ पढ््नेछ
- हामी पढ््नेछौं
- तिमी पढ््नेछौ
- उनी पढ््नुहुनेछ
- उनीहरू पढ््नेछन्
४.४ महत्त्वपूर्ण धातुहरूको सूची
| धातु | अर्थ | वर्तमान | भूत | भविष्यत् |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| पढ् | पढ्नु | पढ्छ | पढ्यो | पढ्नेछ |
| लेख् | लेख्नु | लेख्छ | लेख्यो | लेख्नेछ |
| खा | खानु | खान्छ | खायो | खानेछ |
| पिउ | पिउनु | पिउँछ | पियो | पिउनेछ |
| जा | जानु | जान्छ | गयो | जानेछ |
| आउ | आउनु | आउँछ | आयो | आउनेछ |
| गर् | गर्नु | गर्छ | ग¥यो | गर्नेछ |
| हेर् | हेर्नु | हेर्छ | हेर्यो | हेर्नेछ |
| सुन् | सुन्नु | सुन्छ | सुन्यो | सुन्नेछ |
| भन् | भन्नु | भन्छ | भन्यो | भन्नेछ |
| बस् | बस्नु | बस्छ | बस्यो | बस्नेछ |
| उठ् | उठ्नु | उठ्छ | उठ्यो | उठ्नेछ |
| सुत् | सुत्नु | सुत्छ | सुत्यो | सुत्नेछ |
| हिँड् | हिँड्नु | हिँड्छ | हिँड्यो | हिँड्नेछ |
| नाच् | नाच्नु | नाच्छ | नाच्यो | नाच्नेछ |
| गाउ | गाउनु | गाउँछ | गायो | गाउनेछ |
| खेल् | खेल्नु | खेल्छ | खेल्यो | खेल्नेछ |
| फर्क् | फर्कनु | फर्कन्छ | फर्कियो | फर्किनेछ |
| मर् | मर्नु | मर्छ | म¥यो | मर्नेछ |
| रुन् | रुनु | रुन्छ | रुनुवो | रुनुनेछ |
| हाँस् | हाँस्नु | हाँस्छ | हाँस्यो | हाँस्नेछ |
| राख् | राख्नु | राख्छ | राख्यो | राख्नेछ |
| पठाउ | पठाउनु | पठाउँछ | पठायो | पठाउनेछ |
| ल्याउ | ल्याउनु | ल्याउँछ | ल्यायो | ल्याउनेछ |
| बोल् | बोल्नु | बोल्छ | बोल्यो | बोल्नेछ |
| कुम् | कुम्न | कुम्न्छ | कुम्यो | कुम्नेछ |
४.५ MCQ खण्ड: धातु
प्रश्न १. "पढ्छ" मा कुन धातु छ?
- (क) पढ
- (ख) पढ्
- (ग) पढ्न
- (घ) पढ्नु
उत्तर: (ख) पढ्
प्रश्न २. "गर्छ" मा कुन धातु छ?
- (क) ग
- (ख) गर
- (ग) गर्
- (घ) गर्नु
उत्तर: (ग) गर्
प्रश्न ३. "खान्छ" मा कुन धातु छ?
- (क) खा
- (ख) खान
- (ग) खान्
- (घ) खा
उत्तर: (क) खा
प्रश्न ४. "जानु" मा कुन धातु छ?
- (क) जा
- (ख) जान
- (ग) जान्
- (घ) जा
उत्तर: (क) जा
प्रश्न ५. "हेर्नु" मा कुन धातु छ?
- (क) हेर
- (ख) हेर्
- (ग) हेर्न
- (घ) हे
उत्तर: (ख) हेर्
प्रश्न ६. धातुमा कस्तो प्रत्यय लागेर क्रियापद बन्छ?
- (क) कालबोधक
- (ख) विभक्ति
- (ग) वचन
- (घ) लिङ्ग
उत्तर: (क) कालबोधक (प्रत्यय)
प्रश्न ७. "सुत्नु" मा कुन धातु छ?
- (क) सु
- (ख) सुत
- (ग) सुत्
- (घ) सुता
उत्तर: (ग) सुत्
प्रश्न ८. "बस्नु" मा कुन धातु छ?
- (क) ब
- (ख) बस
- (ग) बस्
- (घ) बस्न
उत्तर: (ग) बस्
प्रश्न ९. "लेख्नु" मा कुन धातु छ?
- (क) ले
- (ख) लेख
- (ग) लेख्
- (घ) लेख्न
उत्तर: (ग) लेख्
प्रश्न १०. "खेल्नु" मा कुन धातु छ?
- (क) खे
- (ख) खेल
- (ग) खेल्
- (घ) खेल्न
उत्तर: (ग) खेल्
अध्याय ५: क्रिया
५.१ क्रियाको परिचय
क्रिया भनेको कुनै कार्य गर्ने, हुने वा अवस्था बताउने शब्द हो। क्रियापदले वाक्यमा मुख्य कार्य बताउँछ।
५.२ क्रियाका प्रकारहरू
१. संरचनाका आधारमा
क) सरल क्रिया (एउटा मात्र धातुबाट बनेको)
- सोनिया बिहानै उठी। (उठ्)
- उनी हिँडे। (हिँड्)
- बच्चा रोयो। (रु)
- ऊ गायो। (गा)
ख) संयुक्त क्रिया (दुई वा दुईभन्दा बढी धातु मिलेर बनेको)
- उ अघिनै गईसक्यो। (जा + सक्)
- त यही बसिराख। (बस् + राख्)
- उहाँले भनी दिई सक्नुभएको थियो। (भन् + दिई + सक्)
- राम हेरिहाल्छ। (हेर् + हाल्)
- कृष्ण पढिखान्छ। (पढ् + खान्)
- उनी गइन्। (जा + इन्)
२. अर्थ प्रधानका आधारमा
क) मुख्य क्रिया: वाक्यको मुख्य अर्थ बताउने
- राम पढ्छ (पढ्छ = मुख्य क्रिया)
ख) सहायक क्रिया: मुख्य क्रियालाई सहयोग गर्ने
- राम पढ्दैछ (छ = सहायक क्रिया)
- उसले पढेको छ (छ = सहायक)
- ऊ पढ्नेछ (छ = सहायक)
३. कर्म/कर्ताका आधारमा
क) सकर्मक क्रिया (कर्मसहित): कर्म लिने क्रिया
- रामले किताब पढ्यो। (किताब = कर्म)
- उसले भात खायो। (भात = कर्म)
- सीताले कपडा सिइन्। (कपडा = कर्म)
ख) अकर्मक क्रिया (कर्मरहित): कर्म नलिने क्रिया
- बच्चा रोयो। (कर्म छैन)
- बिरामी म¥यो।
- ऊ हाँस्छ।
- ऊ सुत्छ।
ग) दुकर्मक क्रिया: दुई ओटा कर्म लिने
- उसले मलाई पुस्तक दियो। (मलाई + पुस्तक = दुई कर्म)
- शिक्षकले विद्यार्थीलाई पुरस्कार दिए। (विद्यार्थीलाई + पुरस्कार)
४. रूपायनका आधारमा
क) अकरण क्रिया: कुनै प्रत्यय नलागेको
- पढ्, खा, जा, गर् (धातुकै रूप)
ख) सकर्मक क्रिया: 'नु' प्रत्यय लागेको
- पढ्नु, खानु, जानु, गर्नु
ग) अपूर्ण क्रिया: 'तै/दै' प्रत्यय लागेको
- पढ्दै, खादै, गर्दै, हेर्दै
घ) पूर्ण क्रिया: 'एको/एकी/एका' प्रत्यय लागेको
- पढेको, पढेकी, पढेका, खाएको, गरेको
५.३ संयुक्त क्रियाका प्रकारहरू
१. नामधातु संयुक्त क्रिया: नाम + धातु
- युद्ध गर्नु, भोज खानु, नाच गर्नु, खेल खेल्नु, गीत गाउनु
२. क्रियायोगी संयुक्त क्रिया: क्रियायोगी + धातु
- बिहानै उठ्नु, राति नसुत्नु, भोलि आउनु, अहिले जानु
३. सहायक क्रियासहितको संयुक्त क्रिया: मुख्य + सहायक
- पढ्न थाल्नु, खान सक्नु, गर्न पाउनु, हेर्न लाग्नु
४. बहुधातुक संयुक्त क्रिया: दुई वा बढी धातु मिलेको
- गईसक्नु, पढिखानु, हेरिहाल्नु, गरिबक्सनु
५.४ सकर्मक र अकर्मक क्रिया
सकर्मक क्रिया
जुन क्रियाले कर्म लिन्छ, त्यसलाई सकर्मक क्रिया भनिन्छ।
- लेख्नु, पढ्नु, खानु, पिउनु, हेर्नु, सुन्नु, गर्नु, बनाउनु, कुट्नु
- यी क्रियालाई कर्मवाच्यमा बदल्न सकिन्छ।
अकर्मक क्रिया
जुन क्रियाले कर्म लिँदैन, त्यसलाई अकर्मक क्रिया भनिन्छ।
- रुनु, हाँस्नु, सुत्नु, मर्नु, उठ्नु, जानु, आउनु, बस्नु
- यी क्रियालाई कर्मवाच्यमा बदल्न सकिँदैन।
५.५ MCQ खण्ड: क्रिया
प्रश्न १. "रामले किताब पढ्यो" मा "पढ्यो" कस्तो क्रिया हो?
- (क) अकर्मक
- (ख) सकर्मक
- (ग) संयुक्त
- (घ) नामधातु
उत्तर: (ख) सकर्मक (किताब = कर्म)
प्रश्न २. "बच्चा रोयो" मा "रोयो" कस्तो क्रिया हो?
- (क) सकर्मक
- (ख) अकर्मक
- (ग) दुकर्मक
- (घ) सहायक
उत्तर: (ख) अकर्मक (कर्म छैन)
प्रश्न ३. "गीत गाउनु" मा कस्तो संयुक्त क्रिया छ?
- (क) नामधातु
- (ख) क्रियायोगी
- (ग) सहायक
- (घ) बहुधातुक
उत्तर: (क) नामधातु (गीत + गाउ)
प्रश्न ४. "बिहानै उठ्नु" मा कस्तो संयुक्त क्रिया छ?
- (क) नामधातु
- (ख) क्रियायोगी
- (ग) सहायक
- (घ) बहुधातुक
उत्तर: (ख) क्रियायोगी (बिहानै = क्रियायोगी)
प्रश्न ५. "उसले मलाई पुस्तक दियो" मा कस्तो क्रिया छ?
- (क) अकर्मक
- (ख) सकर्मक
- (ग) दुकर्मक
- (घ) संयुक्त
उत्तर: (ग) दुकर्मक (मलाई + पुस्तक = दुई कर्म)
प्रश्न ६. "हेरिहाल्छ" मा कस्तो संयुक्त क्रिया छ?
- (क) नामधातु
- (ख) क्रियायोगी
- (ग) सहायक
- (घ) बहुधातुक
उत्तर: (घ) बहुधातुक (हेर् + हाल्)
प्रश्न ७. "ऊ सुत्छ" मा कस्तो क्रिया छ?
- (क) सकर्मक
- (ख) अकर्मक
- (ग) दुकर्मक
- (घ) सहायक
उत्तर: (ख) अकर्मक (कर्म छैन)
प्रश्न ८. "गईसक्यो" मा कस्तो क्रिया छ?
- (क) सरल
- (ख) संयुक्त
- (ग) सहायक
- (घ) नामधातु
उत्तर: (ख) संयुक्त (जा + सक्)
प्रश्न ९. "रामले भात खायो" मा "खायो" कस्तो क्रिया हो?
- (क) अकर्मक
- (ख) सकर्मक
- (ग) दुकर्मक
- (घ) संयुक्त
उत्तर: (ख) सकर्मक (भात = कर्म)
प्रश्न १०. "पढ्न थाल्नु" मा कस्तो क्रिया छ?
- (क) नामधातु
- (ख) क्रियायोगी
- (ग) सहायक सहितको संयुक्त
- (घ) बहुधातुक
उत्तर: (ग) सहायक सहितको संयुक्त क्रिया
अध्याय ६: काल र पक्ष
६.१ कालको परिचय
क्रियाको कार्य हुने वा भएको समयलाई काल भनिन्छ। कालले कार्य कहिले भयो/हुन्छ/हुनेछ भन्ने जनाउँछ।
६.२ कालका प्रकारहरू
१. वर्तमान काल (Present Tense)
कार्य अहिले भइरहेको वा भइरहने समय।
क) सामान्य वर्तमान काल: नियमित कार्य, सत्य, बानी
- म पढ्छु।
- सूर्य पूर्वमा उदाउँछ।
- ऊ रोज आउँछ।
- म मिठो खान्छु।
ख) अपूर्ण वर्तमान काल (Progressive Present): कार्य जारी छ
- म पढ्दैछु।
- ऊ खेल्दैछ।
- हामी काम गरिरहेका छौं।
- उनी गाउँदैछन्।
ग) पूर्ण वर्तमान काल (Perfect Present): कार्य पूरा भइसकेको छ
- म पढेको छु।
- उसले खाएको छ।
- ऊ गएकी छन्।
- हामी आइसकेका छौं।
घ) अज्ञात वर्तमान काल: कार्य कहिले भयो भन्ने थाहा नभएको
- ऊ पढ्छ।
- उसले खाएछ।
- ऊ हिँडेछ।
- उनीहरू गएछन्।
२. भूत काल (Past Tense)
कार्य विगतमा भइसकेको।
क) सामान्य भूत काल: विगतमा पूरा भएको कार्य
- मैले पढेँ।
- ऊ गयो।
- उसले खायो।
- हामी आयौं।
ख) अपूर्ण भूत काल (Past Continuous): विगतमा कार्य जारी थियो
- म पढ्दै थिएँ।
- ऊ खेल्दै थियो।
- हामी गाउँदै थियौं।
- उनीहरू हिँड्दै थिए।
ग) पूर्ण भूत काल (Past Perfect): विगतको अर्को विगत कार्य अगाडि भएको
- म पढेको थिएँ।
- ऊ गएको थियो।
- उसले खाएको थियो।
- हामी आइसकेका थियौं।
घ) अभ्यस्त भूत काल: विगतमा निरन्तर/बानीपूर्वक हुने कार्य
- ऊ पढ्थ्यो। (बानी)
- म रोज जान्थें।
- उसले खान्थ्यो।
- हामी खेल्थ्यौं।
ङ) अज्ञात भूत काल: विगतमा भएको कार्य थाहा नभएको
- ऊ पढेछ (भर्खर थाहा भयो)।
- उसले खाएछ।
- ऊ हिँडेछ।
- उनीहरू गएछन्।
३. भविष्यत् काल (Future Tense)
कार्य भविष्यमा हुने।
क) सामान्य भविष्यत् काल: भविष्यमा हुने कार्य
- म पढ्नेछु।
- ऊ जानेछ।
- हामी आउनेछौं।
- उनीहरू खानेछन्।
ख) अपूर्ण भविष्यत् काल: भविष्यमा कार्य जारी रहने
- म पढ्दै हुनेछु।
- ऊ खेल्दै हुनेछ।
- हामी गाउँदै हुनेछौं।
ग) पूर्ण भविष्यत् काल: भविष्यमा कार्य पूरा भइसकेको
- म पढिसकेको हुनेछु।
- ऊ गइसकेको हुनेछ।
- हामी आइसकेका हुनेछौं।
६.३ काल चिन्ने उपाय
वर्तमान कालका सूचक शब्दहरू:
- आज, अहिले, हाल, अचेल, अब, यतिबेला, यो बेला, हरेक दिन, रोज
भूत कालका सूचक शब्दहरू:
- हिजो, अस्ति, गत, पोहोर, अघिल्लो, पहिले, पहिल्यै, पहिला, अघि, विगतमा
भविष्यत् कालका सूचक शब्दहरू:
- भोलि, पर्सि, अब, आउँदो, अगाडि, पछि, छिट्टै, शीघ्र, भविष्यमा
६.४ पक्ष (Aspect)
पक्ष भनेको कार्यको अवस्था वा तरिका हो। नेपालीमा तीन पक्ष हुन्छन्:
१. सामान्य पक्ष (Simple Aspect): कार्य भयो/हुन्छ/हुनेछ
- म पढ्छु (सामान्य वर्तमान)
- म पढेँ (सामान्य भूत)
- म पढ्नेछु (सामान्य भविष्यत्)
२. अपूर्ण पक्ष (Progressive/Continuous Aspect): कार्य जारी छ/थियो/हुनेछ
- म पढ्दैछु (अपूर्ण वर्तमान)
- म पढ्दै थिएँ (अपूर्ण भूत)
- म पढ्दै हुनेछु (अपूर्ण भविष्यत्)
३. पूर्ण पक्ष (Perfect Aspect): कार्य पूरा भइसकेको छ/थियो/हुनेछ
- म पढेको छु (पूर्ण वर्तमान)
- म पढेको थिएँ (पूर्ण भूत)
- म पढिसकेको हुनेछु (पूर्ण भविष्यत्)
६.५ काल र पक्षको सम्बन्ध
| पक्ष \ काल | वर्तमान | भूत | भविष्यत् |
|---|---|---|---|
| सामान्य | पढ्छु | पढेँ | पढ्नेछु |
| अपूर्ण | पढ्दैछु | पढ्दै थिएँ | पढ्दै हुनेछु |
| पूर्ण | पढेको छु | पढेको थिएँ | पढिसकेको हुनेछु |
६.६ MCQ खण्ड: काल र पक्ष
प्रश्न १. "म पढ्छु" कुन काल हो?
- (क) वर्तमान
- (ख) भूत
- (ग) भविष्यत्
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (क) वर्तमान (सामान्य वर्तमान)
प्रश्न २. "ऊ गयो" कुन काल हो?
- (क) वर्तमान
- (ख) भूत
- (ग) भविष्यत्
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) भूत (सामान्य भूत)
प्रश्न ३. "म पढ्दैछु" कुन पक्ष हो?
- (क) सामान्य
- (ख) अपूर्ण
- (ग) पूर्ण
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) अपूर्ण (कार्य जारी छ)
प्रश्न ४. "ऊ पढेको छ" कुन काल हो?
- (क) वर्तमान
- (ख) भूत
- (ग) भविष्यत्
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (क) वर्तमान (पूर्ण वर्तमान)
प्रश्न ५. "म पढ्नेछु" कुन काल हो?
- (क) वर्तमान
- (ख) भूत
- (ग) भविष्यत्
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ग) भविष्यत् (सामान्य भविष्यत्)
प्रश्न ६. "ऊ पढ्थ्यो" कुन काल हो?
- (क) सामान्य भूत
- (ख) अभ्यस्त भूत
- (ग) पूर्ण भूत
- (घ) अज्ञात भूत
उत्तर: (ख) अभ्यस्त भूत (बानी)
प्रश्न ७. "ऊ पढेछ" कुन काल हो?
- (क) सामान्य भूत
- (ख) अभ्यस्त भूत
- (ग) पूर्ण भूत
- (घ) अज्ञात भूत
उत्तर: (घ) अज्ञात भूत
प्रश्न ८. "म पढ्दै थिएँ" कुन काल हो?
- (क) सामान्य भूत
- (ख) अपूर्ण भूत
- (ग) पूर्ण भूत
- (घ) अज्ञात भूत
उत्तर: (ख) अपूर्ण भूत
प्रश्न ९. "म पढिसकेको छु" कुन पक्ष हो?
- (क) सामान्य
- (ख) अपूर्ण
- (ग) पूर्ण
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ग) पूर्ण
प्रश्न १०. "भोलि म पढ्नेछु" मा "भोलि" कुन कालको सूचक हो?
- (क) वर्तमान
- (ख) भूत
- (ग) भविष्यत्
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ग) भविष्यत्
अध्याय ७: कारक र विभक्ति
७.१ कारकको परिचय
कारक भनेको वाक्यमा क्रियासँग नाम वा सर्वनामको सम्बन्ध बताउने तरिका हो। कारकले कर्ता, कर्म, करण, सम्प्रदान, अपादान, सम्बन्ध र अधिकरणको भेद बताउँछ।
७.२ कारकका प्रकारहरू र विभक्ति चिन्हहरू
१. कर्ता कारक (Nominative Case)
- परिचय: क्रिया गर्ने व्यक्ति, वस्तु वा कुरा
- विभक्ति: ले (आदर अगाडि)
- उदाहरण:
- रामले पढ्यो।
- बालकले खायो।
- शिक्षकले पढाए।
- सीताले गीत गाइन्।
विशेष: वर्तमान र भविष्यत् कालमा 'ले' को प्रयोग हुँदैन।
- राम पढ्छ (रामले पढ्दैन)
- ऊ जानेछ (ऊले जानेछैन)
२. कर्म कारक (Accusative Case)
- परिचय: जसमाथि क्रिया भइरहेको छ वा जुन कुरामा कार्य भइरहेको छ
- विभक्ति: लाई (आदर अगाडि)
- उदाहरण:
- रामलाई हेर।
- मैले किताबलाई पढेँ।
- बालकलाई खाजा दियो।
- उसलाई बोलाऊ।
३. करण कारक (Instrumental Case)
- परिचय: जसको सहायताले कार्य सम्पन्न हुन्छ
- विभक्ति: ले, बाट, द्वारा, लगायत
- उदाहरण:
- उसले हातले खायो। (हात = करण)
- कलमले लेख।
- रेलबाट आयो।
- सरकारद्वारा काम भयो।
४. सम्प्रदान कारक (Dative Case)
- परिचय: जसलाई कुनै कुरा दिइन्छ वा समर्पित गरिन्छ
- विभक्ति: लाई, निम्ति, लागि, को लागि
- उदाहरण:
- मैले रामलाई किताब दिएँ।
- उसको निम्ति म आएको।
- बालकको लागि खाना ल्याएँ।
५. अपादान कारक (Ablative Case)
- परिचय: जहाँबाट अलग हुन्छ (विच्छेद, आरम्भ, भय, तुलना)
- विभक्ति: बाट, देखि, बाट पनि
- उदाहरण:
- घरबाट आयो।
- हिजोदेखि सुरु भयो।
- काठमाडौंबाट पोखरा।
- उसबाट डर लाग्छ।
- उसभन्दा अग्लो।
६. सम्बन्ध कारक (Genitive Case)
- परिचय: दुई वस्तुबीचको सम्बन्ध बताउने
- विभक्ति: को, का, की, रो, रा, री
- उदाहरण:
- रामको घर।
- छोराको किताब।
- छोरीको साडी।
- मको भाइ।
७. अधिकरण कारक (Locative Case)
- परिचय: जहाँ कार्य हुन्छ वा जुन ठाउँमा छ
- विभक्ति: मा, माथि, तल, भित्र, बाहिर, अगाडि, पछाडि
- उदाहरण:
- घरमा छ।
- टेबुलमाथि राख।
- कोठाभित्र छिर।
- पोखरामा बस्छु।
७.३ कारक पहिचान गर्ने तरिका
| कारक | पहिचान |
|---|---|
| कर्ता | ले (भूतकालमा) / को, ले, वाला |
| कर्म | लाई, माथि, मा, ले, मुनि (क्रियाको प्रभाव पर्ने) |
| करण | ले, द्वारा, बाट (साधन) |
| सम्प्रदान | लाई, निम्ति, लागि (दिने/पाउने) |
| अपादान | बाट, देखि, भन्दा (अलग हुने) |
| सम्बन्ध | को, का, की, रो, रा, री |
| अधिकरण | मा, माथि, तल, भित्र, अगाडि, पछाडि |
७.४ MCQ खण्ड: कारक र विभक्ति
प्रश्न १. "रामले किताब पढ्यो" मा "राम" कुन कारक हो?
- (क) कर्ता
- (ख) कर्म
- (ग) करण
- (घ) सम्प्रदान
उत्तर: (क) कर्ता (क्रिया गर्ने)
प्रश्न २. "उसले किताब पढ्यो" मा "किताब" कुन कारक हो?
- (क) कर्ता
- (ख) कर्म
- (ग) करण
- (घ) सम्बन्ध
उत्तर: (ख) कर्म (क्रियाको प्रभाव)
प्रश्न ३. "कलमले लेख" मा "कलम" कुन कारक हो?
- (क) कर्ता
- (ख) कर्म
- (ग) करण
- (घ) सम्प्रदान
उत्तर: (ग) करण (साधन)
प्रश्न ४. "मैले रामलाई किताब दिएँ" मा "रामलाई" कुन कारक हो?
- (क) कर्म
- (ख) सम्प्रदान
- (ग) करण
- (घ) अधिकरण
उत्तर: (ख) सम्प्रदान (जसलाई दिइयो)
प्रश्न ५. "घरबाट आयो" मा "घरबाट" कुन कारक हो?
- (क) कर्ता
- (ख) कर्म
- (ग) अपादान
- (घ) अधिकरण
उत्तर: (ग) अपादान (विच्छेद)
प्रश्न ६. "रामको घर" मा "रामको" कुन कारक हो?
- (क) कर्ता
- (ख) सम्बन्ध
- (ग) करण
- (घ) अधिकरण
उत्तर: (ख) सम्बन्ध
प्रश्न ७. "घरमा छ" मा "घरमा" कुन कारक हो?
- (क) कर्ता
- (ख) कर्म
- (ग) अधिकरण
- (घ) अपादान
उत्तर: (ग) अधिकरण (स्थान)
प्रश्न ८. "मैले हातले खाएँ" मा "हातले" कुन कारक हो?
- (क) कर्ता
- (ख) कर्म
- (ग) करण
- (घ) सम्बन्ध
उत्तर: (ग) करण (साधन)
प्रश्न ९. "हिजोदेखि सुरु भयो" मा "हिजोदेखि" कुन कारक हो?
- (क) अधिकरण
- (ख) अपादान
- (ग) करण
- (घ) सम्बन्ध
उत्तर: (ख) अपादान (आरम्भ)
प्रश्न १०. "छोराको किताब" मा "छोराको" कुन कारक हो?
- (क) कर्ता
- (ख) सम्बन्ध
- (ग) करण
- (घ) अधिकरण
उत्तर: (ख) सम्बन्ध
अध्याय ८: वाच्य
८.१ वाच्यको परिचय
वाच्य भनेको वाक्यमा क्रिया र कर्ताको सम्बन्ध कसरी व्यक्त गरिएको छ भन्ने तरिका हो। नेपालीमा तीन प्रकारका वाच्य हुन्छन्:
- कर्तृवाच्य (Active Voice)
- कर्मवाच्य (Passive Voice)
- भाववाच्य (Impersonal Voice)
८.२ कर्तृवाच्य (Active Voice)
परिचय
कर्तृवाच्यमा कर्ता प्रधान हुन्छ र क्रियाले कर्ताको कार्य देखाउँछ।
उदाहरण:
- रामले किताब पढ्यो।
- सीताले भात खाइन्।
- बालकले खेल्यो।
- शिक्षकले पढाए।
सूत्र
कर्ता (ले) + कर्म + क्रिया
८.३ कर्मवाच्य (Passive Voice)
परिचय
कर्मवाच्यमा कर्म प्रधान हुन्छ र कर्ता गौण हुन्छ वा हटाइन्छ।
उदाहरण:
- किताब पढियो। / किताब रामद्वारा पढियो।
- भात खाइयो। / भात सीताद्वारा खाइयो।
- बालकलाई खेलाइयो।
- पढाइयो। / शिक्षकद्वारा पढाइयो।
सूत्र
कर्म (लाई) + क्रियायोगी 'इ/आइ' + सहायक क्रिया
- कर्म + इ/आइ + यो/ए/इयो/योस्/इन्छ/इन्थ्यो
कर्तृवाच्यलाई कर्मवाच्यमा बदल्ने नियम
नियम १: कर्ता + लाई हटाउने, कर्मलाई कर्ता बनाउने
- रामले किताब पढ्यो → किताब पढियो
नियम २: क्रियाको रूप बदल्ने
- क्रियामा 'इ/आइ' प्रत्यय लाग्छ
- पढ्यो → पढियो, खायो → खाइयो, ग¥यो → गरियो
नियम ३: कर्तालाई 'बाट/द्वारा/ले' ले जोड्ने (वैकल्पिक)
- किताब रामद्वारा पढियो।
- किताब रामबाट पढियो।
काल अनुसार कर्मवाच्य
| काल | कर्तृवाच्य | कर्मवाच्य |
|---|---|---|
| सामान्य वर्तमान | पढ्छ | पढिन्छ |
| अपूर्ण वर्तमान | पढ्दैछ | पढिँदैछ |
| पूर्ण वर्तमान | पढेको छ | पढिएको छ |
| सामान्य भूत | पढ्यो | पढियो |
| अपूर्ण भूत | पढ्दै थियो | पढिँदै थियो |
| पूर्ण भूत | पढेको थियो | पढिएको थियो |
| अभ्यस्त भूत | पढ्थ्यो | पढिन्थ्यो |
| सामान्य भविष्यत् | पढ्नेछ | पढिनेछ |
कर्ता 'म' भएमा कर्मवाच्यमा
- म पढ्छु → आफू पढिन्छ
- मैले पढेँ → आफूद्वारा पढियो
- म पढ्नेछु → आफू पढिनेछ
८.४ भाववाच्य (Impersonal Voice)
परिचय
भाववाच्यमा कर्ता नहुने वा नदेखिने, क्रियाको भाव मात्र बताइन्छ। यो अकर्मक क्रियाको कर्मवाच्य हो।
उदाहरण:
- रामलाई रुन्छ। (कर्ता छैन, रुनु भाव)
- बालकलाई सुत्न मन लाग्छ।
- मलाई हिँड्न मन छ।
- उनलाई खुसी लाग्छ।
- तपाईंलाई कस्तो लाग्छ?
सूत्र
कर्म/अनुभव कर्ता (लाई) + अकर्मक क्रिया + भाव
८.५ वाच्य बदल्ने अभ्यास
कर्तृवाच्य → कर्मवाच्य:
| कर्तृवाच्य | कर्मवाच्य |
|---|---|
| रामले किताब पढ्छ | किताब पढिन्छ |
| सीताले भात खान्छिन् | भात खाइन्छ |
| बालकले खेल्छ | खेलिन्छ |
| शिक्षकले पढाउँछन् | पढाइन्छ |
| किसानले खेती गर्छन् | खेती गरिन्छ |
| उसले चिठ्ठी लेख्यो | चिठ्ठी लेखियो |
| हामीले गीत गायौं | गीत गाइयो |
| उसले मलाई हेर्यो | म हेरिएँ / मलाई हेरियो |
| रामले किताब पढेको छ | किताब पढिएको छ |
| बालकले खाना खाए | खाना खाइयो |
कर्मवाच्य → कर्तृवाच्य:
| कर्मवाच्य | कर्तृवाच्य |
|---|---|
| किताब पढिन्छ | रामले किताब पढ्छ |
| भात खाइन्छ | सीताले भात खान्छिन् |
| गीत गाइन्छ | उसले गीत गाउँछ |
| चिठ्ठी लेखिन्छ | उसले चिठ्ठी लेख्छ |
| पढाइन्छ | शिक्षकले पढाउँछन् |
८.६ MCQ खण्ड: वाच्य
प्रश्न १. "रामले किताब पढ्यो" कुन वाच्य हो?
- (क) कर्मवाच्य
- (ख) कर्तृवाच्य
- (ग) भाववाच्य
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) कर्तृवाच्य
प्रश्न २. "किताब पढियो" कुन वाच्य हो?
- (क) कर्तृवाच्य
- (ख) कर्मवाच्य
- (ग) भाववाच्य
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) कर्मवाच्य
प्रश्न ३. "रामलाई रुन्छ" कुन वाच्य हो?
- (क) कर्तृवाच्य
- (ख) कर्मवाच्य
- (ग) भाववाच्य
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ग) भाववाच्य
प्रश्न ४. "उसले भात खायो" लाई कर्मवाच्यमा बदल्नुहोस्।
- (क) भात उसले खायो
- (ख) भात खाइयो
- (ग) भात खान्छ
- (घ) भात खानेछ
उत्तर: (ख) भात खाइयो
प्रश्न ५. "किताब पढिन्छ" लाई कर्तृवाच्यमा बदल्नुहोस्।
- (क) किताब पढ्छ
- (ख) रामले किताब पढ्छ
- (ग) किताब पढे
- (घ) किताब पढिनेछ
उत्तर: (ख) रामले किताब पढ्छ
प्रश्न ६. कर्मवाच्यमा क्रियामा कुन प्रत्यय लाग्छ?
- (क) इ/आइ
- (ख) एको/एकी
- (ग) दै/तै
- (घ) नेछ
उत्तर: (क) इ/आइ
प्रश्न ७. कर्मवाच्यमा कर्तालाई कसरी जोडिन्छ?
- (क) ले
- (ख) बाट/द्वारा
- (ग) लाई
- (घ) मा
उत्तर: (ख) बाट/द्वारा
प्रश्न ८. "पढाइन्छ" मा कुन वाच्य हो?
- (क) कर्तृवाच्य
- (ख) कर्मवाच्य
- (ग) भाववाच्य
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) कर्मवाच्य
प्रश्न ९. "म पढ्छु" लाई कर्मवाच्यमा कसरी बदलिन्छ?
- (क) म पढिन्छ
- (ख) आफू पढिन्छ
- (ग) मलाई पढिन्छ
- (घ) मद्वारा पढिन्छ
उत्तर: (ख) आफू पढिन्छ (कर्ता 'म' → 'आफू')
प्रश्न १०. "किताब पढिन्छ" मा कर्म कारक कुन हो?
- (क) किताब
- (ख) पढिन्छ
- (ग) पढ
- (घ) न
उत्तर: (क) किताब
अध्याय ९: वाक्य संरचना
९.१ वाक्यको परिचय
वाक्य भनेको पूरा अर्थ दिने शब्दहरूको समूह हो। वाक्यमा उद्देश्य र विधेय हुन्छ।
उद्देश्य: वाक्यमा कसको बारेमा कुरा गरिएको छ
विधेय: उद्देश्यको बारेमा के भनिएको छ
उदाहरण:
- राम पढ्छ। (उद्देश्य: राम, विधेय: पढ्छ)
- सीता गीत गाउँछिन्। (उद्देश्य: सीता, विधेय: गीत गाउँछिन्)
९.२ वाक्यका प्रकारहरू (रचनाका आधारमा)
१. सरल वाक्य (Simple Sentence)
परिचय: एउटा मात्र उद्देश्य र एउटा मात्र विधेय भएको वाक्य।
उदाहरण:
- राम पढ्छ।
- सीता गीत गाउँछिन्।
- बालक खेल्छ।
- ऊ हिँड्छ।
- हामी स्कूल जान्छौं।
पहिचान: एउटा मात्र कर्ता र एउटा मात्र क्रिया
२. संयुक्त वाक्य (Compound Sentence)
परिचय: दुई वा दुईभन्दा बढी सरल वाक्यहरू संयोजकले जोडिएको वाक्य।
संयोजकहरू: र, वा, अथवा, तर, किन्तु, तापनि, तथापि, अनि, या, एवम्, अनि, अन्यथा, होइन भने, नत्र
उदाहरण:
- राम पढ्छ र श्याम खेल्छ।
- म जान्छु तर ऊ आउँदैन।
- म आउँछु अनि तिमी जान्छौ।
- ऊ आउँछ किन्तु बस्दैन।
- तिमी पढ्छौ वा खेल्छौ।
- हामी हिँड्छौं अनि उनीहरू पनि हिँड्छन्।
३. मिश्र वाक्य (Complex Sentence)
परिचय: एउटा प्रधान वाक्य र एक वा बढी आश्रित वाक्य मिलेर बनेको वाक्य।
आश्रित वाक्य जोड्ने शब्दहरू: कि, जुन, जो, किनकि, किनभने, यदि, यद्यपि, तापनि, तथापि, जब, तब, जसरी, त्यसरी, जहाँ, त्यहाँ, जुन बेला, त्यस बेला, जति, उति
उदाहरण:
- जब म आएँ, तब ऊ गयो।
- जुन किताब मन पर्छ, त्यो किन।
- यदि पढ्छौ भने पास हुन्छौ।
- जो गर्छ त्यो पाउँछ।
- किनकि ऊ आएन, म गएँ।
- ऊ भन्छ कि ऊ आउँछ।
- जहाँ पुग्छ, त्यहाँ बस्छ।
९.३ अर्थका आधारमा वाक्यका प्रकारहरू
१. विधिवाचक वाक्य (Assertive/Declarative)
- कथन/जानकारी दिने
- राम पढ्छ।
- म स्कूल जान्छु।
२. प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य (Interrogative)
- प्रश्न गर्ने
- तिमी कहाँ जान्छौ?
- किताब कसको हो?
३. आज्ञार्थक वाक्य (Imperative)
- आदेश/अनुरोध
- पढ।
- यहाँ आउ।
- चुप लाग।
४. विस्मयादिबोधक वाक्य (Exclamatory)
- आश्चर्य/भाव व्यक्त
- अरे! कस्तो राम्रो!
- ओहो! कति सुन्दर!
५. इच्छावाचक वाक्य (Optative)
- इच्छा/आशीर्वाद
- यस्तै होस्!
- देशको भलो होस्!
९.४ वाक्य रूपान्तरण
सरल → संयुक्त
- सरल: राम हाँस्दै आयो। → संयुक्त: राम हाँस्यो र आयो।
- सरल: ऊ पढेर गयो। → संयुक्त: ऊ पढ्यो र गयो।
- सरल: उसले खाएर सुत्यो। → संयुक्त: उसले खायो र सुत्यो।
सरल → मिश्र
- सरल: पढेको मान्छे सफल हुन्छ। → मिश्र: जसले पढ्छ, त्यो सफल हुन्छ।
- सरल: सूर्य उदाएपछि फूल फुल्छ। → मिश्र: जब सूर्य उदाउँछ, तब फूल फुल्छ।
- सरल: ऊ असफल भयो किनभने उसले मेहनत गरेन। → मिश्र: उसले मेहनत नगरेकाले ऊ असफल भयो। / ऊ असफल भयो, किनभने उसले मेहनत गरेन।
संयुक्त → मिश्र
- संयुक्त: ऊ आयो र म गएँ। → मिश्र: ऊ आएपछि म गएँ। / ऊ आँदा म गएँ।
- संयुक्त: ऊ पढ्छ र पास हुन्छ। → मिश्र्र: ऊ पढ्नाले पास हुन्छ।
- संयुक्त: ऊ गयो तर आएन। → मिश्र: ऊ गए तर आएन। (यी उस्तै हुन्छन्)
मिश्र → सरल
- मिश्र: जब ऊ आयो, म गएँ। → सरल: ऊ आएपछि म गएँ।
- मिश्र: जसले मेहनत ग¥यो, त्यो सफल भयो। → सरल: मेहनती मान्छे सफल भयो।
- मिश्र: ऊ भन्छ कि ऊ आउँछ। → सरल: उसको भनाइ उसको आउने कुरा हो।
- मिश्र: यदि पढ्छौ भने पास हुन्छौ। → सरल: पढेमा पास हुन्छौ।
मिश्र → संयुक्त
- मिश्र: जब ऊ आयो, म गएँ। → संयुक्त: ऊ आयो र म गएँ।
- मिश्र: जसले पढ्यो त्यो पास भयो। → संयुक्त: कसैले पढ्यो र त्यो पास भयो।
- मिश्र: किनभने ऊ आएन, म गएँ। → संयुक्त: ऊ आएन र म गएँ।
९.५ MCQ खण्ड: वाक्य संरचना
प्रश्न १. "राम पढ्छ" कस्तो वाक्य हो?
- (क) सरल
- (ख) संयुक्त
- (ग) मिश्र
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (क) सरल
प्रश्न २. "राम पढ्छ र श्याम खेल्छ" कस्तो वाक्य हो?
- (क) सरल
- (ख) संयुक्त
- (ग) मिश्र
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) संयुक्त
प्रश्न ३. "जब ऊ आयो, म गएँ" कस्तो वाक्य हो?
- (क) सरल
- (ख) संयुक्त
- (ग) मिश्र
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ग) मिश्र
प्रश्न ४. "ऊ पढेर गयो" लाई संयुक्त वाक्यमा बदल्नुहोस्।
- (क) ऊ पढ्छ र जान्छ
- (ख) ऊ पढ्यो र गयो
- (ग) ऊ पढ्थ्यो र जान्थ्यो
- (घ) ऊ पढ्नेछ र जानेछ
उत्तर: (ख) ऊ पढ्यो र गयो
प्रश्न ५. "जसले पढ्यो त्यो सफल भयो" लाई सरल वाक्यमा बदल्नुहोस्।
- (क) पढ्ने मान्छे सफल हुन्छ
- (ख) पढेको मान्छे सफल भयो
- (ग) सफल मान्छे पढ्थ्यो
- (घ) सबै सफल भए
उत्तर: (ख) पढेको मान्छे सफल भयो
प्रश्न ६. संयुक्त वाक्यमा कति उद्देश्य र विधेय हुन्छन्?
- (क) एक
- (ख) दुई वा बढी
- (ग) तीन
- (घ) कुनै पनि हुँदैन
उत्तर: (ख) दुई वा बढी
प्रश्न ७. "चुप लाग" कस्तो वाक्य हो?
- (क) विधिवाचक
- (ख) प्रश्नवाचक
- (ग) आज्ञार्थक
- (घ) विस्मयादिबोधक
उत्तर: (ग) आज्ञार्थक
प्रश्न ८. "कस्तो राम्रो दिन!" कस्तो वाक्य हो?
- (क) विधिवाचक
- (ख) प्रश्नवाचक
- (ग) आज्ञार्थक
- (घ) विस्मयादिबोधक
उत्तर: (घ) विस्मयादिबोधक
प्रश्न ९. मिश्र वाक्यमा कति प्रधान र आश्रित वाक्य हुन्छन्?
- (क) १ प्रधान, १ आश्रित
- (ख) २ प्रधान, १ आश्रित
- (ग) १ प्रधान, ० आश्रित
- (घ) ० प्रधान, १ आश्रित
उत्तर: (क) १ प्रधान, १ आश्रित (वा बढी)
प्रश्न १०. "ऊ पढ्छ र म लेख्छु" मा कुन संयोजक छ?
- (क) तर
- (ख) किन्तु
- (ग) र
- (घ) वा
उत्तर: (ग) र
अध्याय १०: शब्दनिर्माण
१०.१ उपसर्ग (Prefix)
परिचय
शब्दको अगाडि जोडिएर नयाँ शब्द बनाउने शब्दांशलाई उपसर्ग भनिन्छ। उपसर्गले मूल शब्दको अर्थलाई उल्टाउने, विशिष्ट बनाउने वा नयाँ अर्थ दिने काम गर्छ।
नेपालीका प्रमुख उपसर्गहरू
१. अ (नकारात्मक अर्थ): अधर्म, अज्ञान, अपवित्र, असाध्य, असली
- सु + अ = असु (नराम्रो)
२. अधि (माथि वा मुख्य): अधिपति, अधिकार, अधिराज, अधिराज्य, अधिकारी
३. अनु (पछि, साथमा): अनुसार, अनुकूल, अनुपम, अनुशासन, अनुभव
४. अप (विपरीत, नकारात्मक): अपमान, अपशब्द, अपव्यय, अपठित
५. अभि (विरुद्ध, तिर): अभिमुख, अभियान, अभिवादन
६. आ (नजिक, तिर): आशीर्वाद, आमुख, आह्वान
७. उप (नजिक, सहायक): उपाध्यक्ष, उपनगर, उपकार, उपचार, उपहार
८. उत् / उद् (माथि): उत्पत्ति, उद्भव, उत्सव, उदार, उदय
९. कु (नराम्रो): कुकर्म, कुरीति, कुपुत्र, कुशासन, कुसंग
१०. चिर (लामो समयसम्म): चिरकाल, चिरञ्जीवी, चिरस्थायी
११. दुर् / दु (नराम्रो): दुर्गुण, दुर्दशा, दुर्जन, दुःख
१२. नि (भित्र, तल): निकट, निदान, निरोग, नियम, निर्णय
१३. निर् / निः (बिना): निरर्थक, निरपराध, निर्जल, निडर, निःशुल्क
१४. परा (उल्टो, विपरीत): पराजय, पराक्रम, परावर्तन, पराधीन
१५. प (पनि): पचास, पन्ध्र
१६. प्र (धेरै वा अगाडि): प्रयत्न, प्रगति, प्रहार, प्रदर्शन, प्रभाव
१७. प्रति (उल्टो, विरुद्ध): प्रतिदिन, प्रतिकूल, प्रतिनिधि, प्रतिबद्ध
१८. ब (पनि): बत्तीस, बयालीस
१९. वि (विशेष वा विपरीत): विज्ञान, विदेश, विनाश, विभाग, विशेष
२०. सम् / स (राम्रो, साथमा): सम्पत्ति, समाचार, सङ्गीत, सहयोग, सद्भाव
२१. सु (राम्रो): सुकर्म, सुशासन, सुगम, सुलभ, सुपुत्र
२२. अ (नकारात्मक): असभ्य, असफल, असंभव, असुन्दर
१०.२ प्रत्यय (Suffix)
परिचय
शब्दको पछाडि जोडिएर नयाँ शब्द बनाउने शब्दांशलाई प्रत्यय भनिन्छ। नेपालीमा दुई प्रकारका प्रत्यय हुन्छन्:
१. कृत् प्रत्यय: धातुको पछाडि लाग्ने
- पढ् + आइ = पढाइ
- गर् + ई = गरी
२. तद्धित प्रत्यय: नाम, सर्वनाम वा विशेषणको पछाडि लाग्ने
- सहर + ई = सहरी
- बुद्धि + मान् = बुद्धिमान्
नेपालीका प्रमुख प्रत्ययहरू
१. आई / ई / ई (भाववाचक नाम बनाउने):
- पढ् + आइ = पढाइ
- लेख् + ई = लेखी
- पिउ + ई = पिउने/पिउँँ
- बुन्न + ई = बुनाई
- गर् + ई = गरी
२. नु (क्रियार्थक नाम):
- पढ् + नु = पढ्नु
- खा + नु = खानु
- जा + नु = जानु
३. ई / लो / ली / लु / ईय (विशेषण बनाउने):
- घर + लु = घरेलु
- गाउँ + लो = गाउँलो
- कृष्ण + ईय = कृष्णीय (कालो)
- सहर + ई = सहरी
४. मा / मा (संज्ञा बनाउने):
- गरि + मा = गरिमा
- महि + मा = महिमा
- लघि + मा = लघिमा
५. ता / त्व (भाववाचक नाम):
- मानव + ता = मानवता
- मित्र + ता = मैत्री (पुरानो)
- नेता + त्व = नेतृत्व
- गुरु + त्व = गुरुत्व
६. इत (विशेषण वा नाम):
- हर्ष + इत = हर्षित
- कृष्ण + इत = कृष्णित
- वि + ज्ञ + ान = विज्ञान
७. क (विशेषण बनाउने):
- पति + क = पतिक
- राज + क = राजक
- मानव + क = मानवक
८. इक (विशेषण):
- सामाज + इक = सामाजिक
- ऐतिहास + इक = ऐतिहासिक
- आर्थ + इक = आर्थिक
९. ईय (विशेषण):
- कृष्ण + ईय = कृष्णीय
- जन + ईय = जनीय
- स्थान + ईय = स्थानीय
१०. मय / मयी (पूर्ण भएको):
- ज्ञान + मय = ज्ञानमय
- सुख + मय = सुखमय
- आनन्द + मय = आनन्दमय
११. वान् / वती (पूर्ण भएको):
- गुण + वान् = गुणवान्
- धन + वान् = धनवान्
- लक्ष्मी + वती = लक्ष्मीवती
१२. आलु / एलु (सम्बन्ध):
- घर + एलु = घरेलु
- गाउँ + आलु = गाउँलु
- सहर + आलु = सहरालु
१३. हरू (बहुवचन):
- केटा + हरू = केटाहरू
- घर + हरू = घरहरू
- मान्छे + हरू = मान्छेहरू
१०.३ समास (Compound Words)
परिचय
दुई वा दुईभन्दा बढी शब्दहरू जोडेर एउटा नयाँ शब्द बनाउने प्रक्रियालाई समास भनिन्छ।
समासका प्रकारहरू
१. तत्पुरुष समास: दोस्रो पद प्रधान हुन्छ, पहिलो पद विशेषता बताउँछ
- कक्षाकोठा (कक्षाको + कोठा)
- राजकुमार (राजाको + कुमार)
- गङ्गाजल (गङ्गाको + जल)
- हिमालय (हिमको + आलय)
- पुस्तकालय (पुस्तकको + आलय)
२. कर्मधारय समास: दुवै पद प्रधान, विशेषण-विशेष्य सम्बन्ध
- कालोमान्छे (कालो + मान्छे)
- नीलगाय (नीलो + गाय)
- कमलनयन (कमल + नयन) - कमल जस्तै आँखा
३. द्विगु समास: पहिलो पद सङ्ख्यावाचक
- दशकुमार (दश + कुमार)
- चौघेरा (चार + घेरा)
- त्रिभुवन (तीन + भुवन)
- पञ्चवटी (पाँच + वटी)
४. द्वन्द्व समास: दुवै वा बढी पदहरू मिल्छन्
- रामलक्ष्मण (राम + लक्ष्मण)
- सुखदुःख (सुख + दुःख)
- हाँसीखुसी (हाँसी + खुसी)
- लेखापढी (लेखा + पढी)
- अनिपानी (अनि + पानी)
५. अव्ययीभाव समास: अव्यय (क्रियायोगी) पहिलो पद
- बेखर्ची (बे + खर्ची)
- यथाशक्ति (यथा + शक्ति)
- प्रतिदिन (प्रति + दिन)
- हरेक (हर + एक)
- सप्रसंग (स + प्रसंग)
६. बहुव्रीहि समास: तेस्रो पदलाई बुझाउने
- त्रिलोचन (तीन ओटा लोचन भएको = शिव)
- दशानन (दश ओटा अनन भएको = रावण)
- चतुर्भुज (चार भुजा भएको = विष्णु)
१०.४ द्वित्व (Reduplication)
परिचय
शब्द दोहो¥याएर बनाइएको शब्दलाई द्वित्व शब्द भनिन्छ।
द्वित्वका प्रकारहरू
१. पूर्ण द्वित्व: पूरा शब्द दोहो¥याउने
- हल्लोखल्लो, भागाभाग, हुर्रुर
२. आंशिक द्वित्व: शब्दको केही भाग मात्र दोहो¥याउने
- चौघेरा (चार + घेरा)
- दशकुमार (दश + कुमार)
- ठूलाठूला (आंशिक + बहुवचन)
१०.५ अनुकरणात्मक शब्द (Onomatopoeia)
परिचय
शब्दको ध्वनिबाटै अर्थ बुझिने शब्दलाई अनुकरणात्मक शब्द भनिन्छ।
उदाहरणहरू:
- ठूल्ठूलो, सानोसानो, रातोरातो
- टूलटूल, फुस्रोफुस्रो, नीलोनीलो
- हुर्रुर, फुर्रुर, झ्याउँझ्याउँ
१०.६ MCQ खण्ड: शब्दनिर्माण
प्रश्न १. "असभ्य" मा कुन उपसर्ग छ?
- (क) अ
- (ख) स
- (ग) सभ्य
- (घ) भ्य
उत्तर: (क) अ
प्रश्न २. "प्रतिदिन" मा कुन उपसर्ग छ?
- (क) प्रति
- (ख) दिन
- (ग) प्र
- (घ) ति
उत्तर: (क) प्रति
प्रश्न ३. "सुकर्म" मा कुन उपसर्ग छ?
- (क) कर्म
- (ख) सु
- (ग) स
- (घ) म
उत्तर: (ख) सु
प्रश्न ४. "पढाइ" मा कुन प्रत्यय छ?
- (क) पढ
- (ख) आइ
- (ग) ाइ
- (घ) इ
उत्तर: (ख) आइ
प्रश्न ५. "घरेलु" मा कुन प्रत्यय छ?
- (क) घर
- (ख) एलु
- (ग) लु
- (घ) रे
उत्तर: (ख) एलु
प्रश्न ६. "कक्षाकोठा" कुन समास हो?
- (क) तत्पुरुष
- (ख) कर्मधारय
- (ग) द्विगु
- (घ) द्वन्द्व
उत्तर: (क) तत्पुरुष (कक्षाको + कोठा)
प्रश्न ७. "त्रिभुवन" कुन समास हो?
- (क) तत्पुरुष
- (ख) कर्मधारय
- (ग) द्विगु
- (घ) द्वन्द्व
उत्तर: (ग) द्विगु (तीन + भुवन)
प्रश्न �. "सुखदुःख" कुन समास हो?
- (क) तत्पुरुष
- (ख) कर्मधारय
- (ग) द्विगु
- (घ) द्वन्द्व
उत्तर: (घ) द्वन्द्व
प्रश्न ९. "चिरञ्जीवी" मा कुन उपसर्ग छ?
- (क) चिर
- (ख) जीवी
- (ग) चिरन्
- (घ) जी
उत्तर: (क) चिर
प्रश्न १०. "सामाजिक" मा कुन प्रत्यय छ?
- (क) सामा
- (ख) जिक
- (ग) इक
- (घ) क
उत्तर: (ग) इक
अध्याय ११: पर्यायवाची र विपरीतार्थक शब्द
११.१ पर्यायवाची शब्द (Synonyms)
पर्यायवाची शब्द भनेको एउटै अर्थ भएका फरक-फरक शब्दहरू हुन्।
महत्त्वपूर्ण पर्यायवाची शब्दहरू
| शब्द | पर्यायवाची शब्दहरू |
|---|---|
| सूर्य | रवि, भानु, आदित्य, दिनकर, प्रभाकर, मार्तण्ड, सविता |
| चन्द्रमा | शशी, रजनीपति, इन्दु, सोम, कलाधर, निशाकर, चन्द्र |
| पृथ्वी | भू, भूमि, धरा, धरित्री, वसुधा, मही, क्षिति, भूमण्डल |
| पानी | जल, नीर, अम्बु, तोय, सलिल, पय, वारि, अप् |
| अग्नि | आगो, पावक, अनल, वह्नि, कृशानु, ज्वाला, हुताशन |
| हावा | वायु, पवन, समीर, अनिल, मरुत, वात, पवमान |
| आकाश | गगन, नभ, अम्बर, व्योम, अन्तरिक्ष, ख |
| पर्वत | गिरि, अचल, भूधर, शैल, नग, अद्रि, महीधर |
| नदी | सरिता, तटिनी, निर्झरिणी, कूलम्भसा, आपगा, स्रोतस्विनी |
| समुद्र | सागर, सिन्धु, रत्नाकर, सिंधु, उदधि, पारावार, अर्णव |
| सत्य | ठीक, सच, यथार्थ, सत्यता, तथ्य, वास्तविकता |
| झूठो | मिथ्या, असत्य, कपट, छल, मिथ्यावाद, कूट |
| सुन्दर | रमणीय, मनोहर, चारु, कान्त, मनोज्ञ, सुषमा, लावण्य |
| मन | हृदय, चित्त, अन्तर, हियो, मानस, दिल |
| आँखा | नेत्र, चक्षु, लोचन, नयन, अक्षि, दृग |
| मुख | आनन, वदन, मुख, आस्य, वक्त्र, मुखड़ा |
| माटो | मृत्तिका, माटी, भूमि, मृदा, कर्दम, पङ्क |
| रात | रात्रि, निशा, रजनी, विभावरी, यामिनी, क्षणदा |
| दिन | दिवस, वार, दिन, दिवा, अहर्निश, दिवस |
| अन्धकार | तम, तमस, अन्धकार, अँधेरी, रात्रि, तिमिर |
| प्रकाश | ज्योति, आलोक, कान्ति, दीप्ति, उज्यालो, प्रभा |
| शिक्षक | गुरु, आचार्य, उपाध्याय, शिक्षक, अध्यापक, पण्डित |
| विद्यार्थी | छात्र, शिष्य, चेलो, विद्यार्थी, शागिर्द |
| युद्ध | सङ्ग्राम, लडाइँ, जङ्ग, रण, समर, भेरी |
| विजय | जीत, जय, विजय, सफलता, सिद्धि |
| पराजय | हार, पराजय, असफलता, हानि |
| सुख | आनन्द, हर्ष, प्रसन्नता, खुसी, सुख, सन्तोष |
| दुःख | पीडा, कष्ट, तकलीफ, दुःख, शोक, खेद, विषाद |
| रोग | बिमारी, व्याधि, आमय, रुग्णता, अस्वस्थता, रोग |
| स्वास्थ्य | निरोगता, तन्दुरुस्ती, आरोग्य, स्वास्थ्य, कुशलता |
| विश्वास | आस्था, भरोसा, निष्ठा, विश्वास, श्रद्धा, प्रतीति |
| अविश्वास | सन्देह, शङ्का, अविश्वास, अपत्ति |
| साहस | हिम्मत, पराक्रम, वीरता, साहस, शौर्य, ओज |
| कायरता | डरपोकपन, भीरुता, कायरता, भीरुत्व |
| यश | कीर्ति, प्रतिष्ठा, यश, प्रसिद्धि, ख्याति, गौरव |
| अपयश | बदनामी, अपयश, अपकीर्ति, कुख्याति |
| मित्र | साथी, सखा, मित्र, बन्धु, सहयोगी, मीत |
| शत्रु | दुश्मन, वैरी, शत्रु, अरि, रिपु, प्रतिपक्षी |
| ज्ञान | विद्या, ज्ञान, बुद्धि, प्रज्ञा, मति, ज्ञानविज्ञान |
| अज्ञानता | अविद्या, अज्ञान, मूर्खता, अज्ञानता, अविवेक |
| बुद्धिमान | पण्डित, विद्वान, बुद्धिमान, ज्ञानी, प्राज्ञ, मेधावी |
| मूर्ख | अज्ञ, मूर्ख, बेवकूफ, निर्बुद्धि, जड, अल्पबुद्धि |
| गृह | घर, गृह, निवास, आवास, भवन, गृहस्थी, नीड |
| कृषक | किसान, खेतिहर, कृषक, कृषिजीवी |
| पशु | जनावर, पशु, प्राणी, जीव, मृग, पशु |
| महिला | नारी, स्त्री, महिला, महिला, वनिता, कान्ता, अबला |
| पुरुष | मान्छे, पुरुष, नर, मानव, पुरुष, मनुज |
| बालक | केटाकेटी, बालक, बालबालिका, शिशु, बच्चा |
| वृद्ध | बूढो, वृद्ध, वयोवृद्ध, पाको, ज्येष्ठ |
| भोक | क्षुधा, भूख, भोक, अनशन, उपवास |
| तिर्खा | पिपासा, तिर्खा, तृष्णा |
| निन्द्रा | निद्रा, सुत्ने, नींद, निन्द्रा, शयन, स्वप्न |
| स्वप्न | सपना, स्वप्न, सपना, निद्रादर्शन |
| मृत्यु | मृत्यु, मौत, देहान्त, निधन, अन्त, प्राणान्त |
| जीवन | जीवन, जिउने, प्राण, आयु, जीवित |
| साथी | मित्र, सखा, साथी, बन्धु, संगी |
| हतियार | अस्त्र, शस्त्र, हतियार, आयुध |
| वर्षा | वर्षा, झरी, पानी पर्ने, वृष्टि, मेघ |
| शरद | शरद, हेमन्त, पतझर, शिशिर |
| बसन्त | बसन्त, वसन्त, फूल फुल्ने ऋतु, कुसुमे |
| ग्रीष्म | गर्मी, ग्रीष्म, ऊष्ण |
| वर्ष | वर्षा ऋतु, वर्षा काल, वर्ष |
| चाँदी | रजत, चाँदी, रूपा, चन्द्रहास |
| सुन | कनक, हेम, हिरण्य, स्वर्ण, सुन, कञ्चन |
| पत्थर | पाषाण, प्रस्तर, पत्थर, अश्मन, शिला |
| हरियो | श्यामल, हरियो, हरित, सस्य |
| रातो | अरुण, रक्त, रातो, लोहित, रक्तिम |
| सेतो | श्वेत, धवल, सेतो, शुभ्र, सित |
| कालो | कृष्ण, श्याम, कालो, अन्धकार, तामस |
| पहेँलो | पीत, हरिद्रा, पहेँलो, सुवर्ण |
| नीलो | नील, नीलो, श्याम, आसमानी |
| ठूलो | विशाल, महान्, बृहत्, विराट, ठूलो |
| सानो | क्षुद्र, लघु, सानो, छोटो, अणु |
| नयाँ | नूतन, नयाँ, नव, नवीन, अभिनव |
| पुरानो | प्राचीन, पुरातन, पुरानो, पुराण, चिरन्तन |
| राम्रो | उत्तम, श्रेष्ठ, राम्रो, सुन्दर, भलो, असल |
| नराम्रो | कु, अधम, नीच, नराम्रो, बुरा, असल |
| सत्य | ठीक, सच, यथार्थ, सत्य, सत्यता |
| झूठो | मिथ्या, कूट, छल, असत्य, झूठ |
| प्रेम | माया, स्नेह, प्रेम, अनुराग, अनन्य, प्रीति |
| घृणा | द्वेष, घृणा, विद्वेष, रागद्वेष, अरुचि |
| क्रोध | रिस, क्रोध, कोप, रोष, प्रकोप, अमर्ष |
| शान्ति | सुख, शान्ति, निर्वाण, उपशम, प्रशम |
| कलह | झगडा, कलह, विवाद, कलुष, वैमनस्य |
| जीविका | गुजारा, जीविका, रोजी, निर्वाह |
| शिक्षा | तालीम, शिक्षा, विद्या, प्रशिक्षण, उपदेश |
| पाप | दोष, पाप, अधर्म, कुकर्म, अपराध |
| पुण्य | धर्म, पुण्य, सत्कर्म, शुभकर्म, सुकृत्य |
११.२ विपरीतार्थक शब्द (Antonyms)
विपरीतार्थक शब्द भनेको विपरीत अर्थ भएका शब्दहरू हुन्।
महत्त्वपूर्ण विपरीतार्थक शब्दहरू
| शब्द | विपरीतार्थक |
|---|---|
| सत्य | झूठो, मिथ्या, असत्य |
| झूठो | सत्य, ठीक, सच |
| सुख | दुःख, पीडा, कष्ट |
| दुःख | सुख, आनन्द, हर्ष |
| जीत | हार, पराजय |
| हार | जीत, विजय |
| साथी | शत्रु, दुश्मन, वैरी |
| शत्रु | मित्र, साथी |
| प्रेम | घृणा, द्वेष, राग |
| घृणा | प्रेम, स्नेह |
| नयाँ | पुरानो, प्राचीन |
| पुरानो | नयाँ, नवीन |
| राम्रो | नराम्रो, खराब |
| नराम्रो | राम्रो, असल |
| ठूलो | सानो, क्षुद्र |
| सानो | ठूलो, विशाल |
| अगाडि | पछाडि, पछि |
| पछाडि | अगाडि, सम्मुख |
| माथि | तल, तल्लो |
| तल | माथि, उच्च |
| भित्र | बाहिर, बाह्य |
| बाहिर | भित्र, आभ्यन्तर |
| दिन | रात, रात्रि |
| रात | दिन, दिवस |
| उज्यालो | अँधेरी, अन्धकार |
| अँधेरी | उज्यालो, प्रकाश |
| हाँसो | रुदन, विलाप |
| रुदन | हाँसो, हास्य |
| आय | व्यय, खर्च |
| व्यय | आय, आम्दानी |
| बाँच्नु | मर्नु, मृत्यु |
| मर्नु | बाँच्नु, जीवित |
| आउनु | जानु, प्रस्थान |
| जानु | आउनु, आगमन |
| उठ्नु | बस्नु, लेट्नु |
| बस्नु | उठ्नु, उभिनु |
| सिक्नु | सिकाउनु, पढाउनु |
| सिकाउनु | सिक्नु |
| प्रश्न | उत्तर, जवाफ |
| उत्तर | प्रश्न, सवाल |
| सुरु | अन्त्य, अन्त |
| अन्त्य | सुरु, आरम्भ |
| दिनु | लिनु, प्राप्त |
| लिनु | दिनु |
| जोड्नु | छुट्ट्याउनु, अलग गर्नु |
| छुट्ट्याउनु | जोड्नु, मिलाउनु |
| अग्लो | होचो, बौना |
| होचो | अग्लो, उच्च |
| गहिरो | छिटो, उथलो |
| उथलो | गहिरो, गम्भीर |
| धनी | गरिब, निर्धन |
| गरिब | धनी, सम्पन्न |
| युवा | वृद्ध, बूढो |
| वृद्ध | युवा, जवान |
| प्रसिद्ध | अप्रसिद्ध, अज्ञात |
| अज्ञात | प्रसिद्ध, विख्यात |
| स्पष्ट | अस्पष्ट, अस्पष्ट |
| अस्पष्ट | स्पष्ट, स्पष्ट |
| सजिलो | गाह्रो, कठिन |
| गाह्रो | सजिलो, सरल |
| सरल | जटिल, कठिन |
| कठिन | सरल, सजिलो |
| असली | नक्कली, जाली |
| नक्कली | असली, सक्कली |
| सफा | फोहोर, मैलो |
| फोहोर | सफा, स्वच्छ |
| सुक्खा | भिजेको, ओसिलो |
| भिजेको | सुक्खा, शुष्क |
| पाकेको | काँचो, अपरिपक्व |
| काँचो | पाकेको, पाक्यो |
| जाग्नु | सुत्नु, निद्रा लाग्नु |
| सुत्नु | जाग्नु, बिउँझनु |
| बाँच्नु | मर्नु |
| मर्नु | बाँच्नु |
| खुला | बन्द, रोकिएको |
| बन्द | खुला, उद्घाटित |
| छिटो | ढिलो, बिस्तारै |
| ढिलो | छिटो, शीघ्र |
| गर्नु | नगर्नु, छोड्नु |
| नगर्नु | गर्नु, कार्य गर्नु |
| चाहनु | नचाहनु, अनिच्छा |
| अनिच्छा | चाहना, इच्छा |
| सम्भव | असम्भव, असाध्य |
| असम्भव | सम्भव, साध्य |
| सन्तुष्ट | असन्तुष्ट, अप्रसन्न |
| असन्तुष्ट | सन्तुष्ट, प्रसन्न |
| सफल | असफल, विफल |
| असफल | सफल, सिद्ध |
| बुद्धिमान | मूर्ख, अज्ञ |
| मूर्ख | बुद्धिमान, विद्वान |
| साहसी | कायर, डरपोक |
| कायर | साहसी, वीर |
| ईर्ष्या | सन्तोष, तुष्टि |
| सन्तोष | ईर्ष्या, असन्तोष |
| विनम्र | अहङ्कारी, घमण्डी |
| अहङ्कारी | विनम्र, भद्र |
| उदार | कङ्जूस, कृपण |
| कङ्जूस | उदार, दानी |
११.३ MCQ खण्ड: पर्यायवाची र विपरीतार्थक
प्रश्न १. "सूर्य" को पर्यायवाची कुन हो?
- (क) चन्द्रमा
- (ख) रवि
- (ग) तारा
- (घ) पृथ्वी
उत्तर: (ख) रवि
प्रश्न २. "पानी" को पर्यायवाची कुन हो?
- (क) अग्नि
- (ख) जल
- (ग) पवन
- (घ) माटो
उत्तर: (ख) जल
प्रश्न ३. "पृथ्वी" को पर्यायवाची कुन हो?
- (क) आकाश
- (ख) धरा
- (ग) पानी
- (घ) अग्नि
उत्तर: (ख) धरा
प्रश्न ४. "सुख" को विपरीतार्थक कुन हो?
- (क) आनन्द
- (ख) दुःख
- (ग) शान्ति
- (घ) प्रेम
उत्तर: (ख) दुःख
प्रश्न ५. "नयाँ" को विपरीतार्थक कुन हो?
- (क) राम्रो
- (ख) पुरानो
- (ग) ठूलो
- (घ) सानो
उत्तर: (ख) पुरानो
प्रश्न ६. "मित्र" को विपरीतार्थक कुन हो?
- (क) साथी
- (ख) शत्रु
- (ग) बन्धु
- (घ) मीत
उत्तर: (ख) शत्रु
प्रश्न ७. "आकाश" को पर्यायवाची कुन हो?
- (क) पृथ्वी
- (ख) गगन
- (ग) पानी
- (घ) अग्नि
उत्तर: (ख) गगन
प्रश्न ८. "हावा" को पर्यायवाची कुन हो?
- (क) पवन
- (ख) जल
- (ग) अग्नि
- (घ) माटो
उत्तर: (क) पवन
प्रश्न ९. "दिन" को विपरीतार्थक कुन हो?
- (क) बिहान
- (ख) रात
- (ग) साँझ
- (घ) दिउँसो
उत्तर: (ख) रात
प्रश्न १०. "प्रेम" को विपरीतार्थक कुन हो?
- (क) माया
- (ख) घृणा
- (ग) स्नेह
- (घ) अनुराग
उत्तर: (ख) घृणा
अध्याय १२: उखान र टुक्का
१२.१ उखान (Proverbs)
उखान भनेको अनुभवबाट बनेको छोटो वाक्य हो जसमा गहिरो अर्थ लुकेको हुन्छ।
महत्त्वपूर्ण उखानहरू
| उखान | अर्थ |
|---|---|
| अभावले गरिबी, अनावृष्टिले दुःख | अभावमा पनि कष्ट हुन्छ |
| अल्छीको बाउ तीन वर्ष पुग्दैन | अल्छी मान्छे कहिल्यै सफल हुँदैन |
| अन्धाले हात्ती छामे झैं | अन्धाले नदेखी अनुमान गरेको |
| अघि आँखा पछि कान | आँखाले नदेखे पनि कानले सुन्न सकिने |
| अरुको भलो चित्तमा, आफ्नो भलो गोजीमा | आफ्नो स्वार्थ पहिले |
| अरुको हाँसोमा हाँस्ने, आँखामा आँसु | बाहिर हाँस्ने भित्र रुने |
| अँध्यारोमा सबै खालि उस्तै | अन्धकारमा सबै उस्तै देखिन्छ |
| अन्धालाई अँध्यारो | अन्धा मान्छेलाई जुनसुकै बेला उस्तै |
| आँखा देख्दैन भनेर मन पनि विश्वास गर्दैन | जब आँखाले देख्दैन तब मनले पनि विश्वास गर्दैन |
| आँखा नदेखे पनि मनले देख्छ | सद्भावले सबै देख्छ |
| आँसु पुछ्ने साथी | साँचो साथी |
| आकाशको फल आँखा ताक्ने | असम्भव कुरा चाहने |
| आफ्नो देश आफ्नै जस्तो | विदेश जति राम्रो भए पनि आफ्नो देश राम्रो |
| आमाको मुख हेर्ने, बाबुको जुध्ने | आमाको आशीर्वाद, बाबुको डर |
| उँभो लागेपछि मात्र खुट्टा देखिन्छ | सफल भएपछि मात्र साथीहरू देखिन्छन् |
| एक हातले ताली बज्दैन | दुई जना नभई काम हुँदैन |
| एकले अर्कालाई साथ दिन्छ, अर्कोले अर्कोलाई | मिलेर काम गर्नुपर्छ |
| ओठमा राम नाम, कलिजोमा कुटुम्ब | बोलीमा राम्रो, भित्र खराब |
| करले गर्ने हेला, पापले गर्ने केला | नराम्रो कामको फल पछि आउँछ |
| काठको कुकुर काठै हान्ने | काठको कुकुरलाई काठले हान्दा आवाज आउँदैन |
| कुकुरलाई काँध्यो भन्दैमा सुँघ्ने स्वभाव हराउँदैन | स्वभाव कहिल्यै बदलिँदैन |
| कुकुरले हाँस देखेर पुच्छर हल्लाउँछ | सजिलोमा सबै साथी |
| कुम्लो माटोले माटो काढ्ने | उस्तैले उस्तैलाई |
| के गर्नु, के नगर्नु | अन्योलमा पर्दा |
| खाएपछि मात्र जुँगा मुछ्ने | पछुतो गर्ने |
| गाउँ गाउँमा सिंह, जहाँ पुगे त्यहाँ शेर | आफू सबैतिर बहादुर |
| गाली गर्नु स्वभाव हो, मन पराउनु दुर्लभ | मन नपराउने मान्छे राम्रो |
| गोरु खोज्ने र गोरु पाउने | इच्छा र पूर्ति |
| घरको भात पनि तातो, घरको लुगा पनि | आफ्नै राम्रो |
| चोरको मुन्दरी भन्दैमा हराउँदैन | चोरी गरेको सम्पत्ति गुम्दैन |
| छोरा हुर्काउनु छोराको, बुबा हुर्काउनु संसारको | बाबु बढेपछि अरूको भर पर्नुपर्छ |
| जसको लाठी उसको भैंसी | शक्तिशालीको जित |
| जहाँ गए पनि आफ्नै बाटो | आफ्नो बाटो नछोड्ने |
| जे गरे पनि राम्ररी गर | जुनसुकै काम गरे पनि राम्रो गर्नुपर्छ |
| झमक्क बाजा, झ्याम्म गीत | बाहिर राम्रो, भित्र खराब |
| टाउको नभएको मान्छे टाउको नभएको भैंसी | अरूलाई आफ्नो जस्तो देख्ने |
| ठूलो मान्छेको ठूलै कुरा, सानो मान्छेको सानो कुरा | ठूला मान्छेका कुरा ठूला |
| डोकोमा डोको, बोकोमा बोको | सँधै सँगै |
| ढुङ्गा खोज्दै गए पहाड भेटिन्छ | खोज्दै जाँदा ठूलो कुरा भेटिन्छ |
| तरुनो मरुवा, बूढो सिकारु | नयाँ मान्छेलाई सिक्ने बानी हुन्छ |
| दुधले नुहाए झैं | राम्ररी |
| दैलोमा आँगन, आँगनमा खेत | गरिबी |
| नअध्याएको पनि गुरु, अग्लो मान्छेलाई घुँडा टेकाउने | अरूको दर्जा नबुझ्ने |
| नक्कली भिक्षु, नक्कली पण्डित | नक्कली ज्ञानी |
| नचाहिँदो कुरा कान पनि सुन्दैन | जुन कुरा चाहिँदैन त्यो सुन्न पनि मन लाग्दैन |
| नबुझेको कुरा सोध्नु, बुझेको कुरा भन्नु | ज्ञानको बाटो |
| नयाँ घरमा, नयाँ भान्सा | नयाँ ठाउँमा नयाँ नयाँ कुरा |
| निन्दा गर्ने मुख पनि आफ्नै | आफूले आफैलाई गाली गर्ने |
| पछ्याउने पनि पछि, अगाडि जाने पनि अगाडि | दुवैतिर अनुशासन |
| पहिले आफ्नो, पछि अरूको | पहिले आफू हेर्ने |
| पानी बिनाको माछा | असहाय |
| पापीको पाप, पुण्यको पुण्य | जसको गुण उसैको |
| पेटको लागि पाप, पेटको लागि पुण्य | भोकले मान्छेलाई जे गर्न पनि बाध्य पार्छ |
| फट्याइँमा फेरि | बारम्बार उस्तै |
| बाँदरलाई बाँसरी, अँगुरोलाई अँगुरी | सबैलाई आफ्नो जस्तै |
| बाटोमा नपर्ने, घरमा पर्ने | अनपेक्षित कुरा |
| बिरालोलाई बाघ बनाउनु | सानो कुरालाई ठूलो बनाउनु |
| बूढो मान्छे, जवान विचार | उमेर ठूलो भए पनि विचार जवान |
| भेडालाई भेडा, बाघलाई बाघ | उस्तैलाई उस्तै |
| भेडी भेडी, बाघी बाघ | स्वभाव अनुसारको |
| मरे पनि किराँती मरे, नमरे पनि किराँती नमरे | हिम्मत गर्ने |
| मुखमा मुख | एकै प्रकारको |
| रुखलाई रुख, माटोलाई माटो | आफ्नो जाति अनुसारको |
| लाज नभएको मान्छेलाई कुकुरले पनि टोक्दैन | निर्लज्ज मान्छे |
| लोभले पाप, लोभले दुःख | लोभमा सबै बिग्रन्छ |
| शत्रुको मुखमा स्याउ, मित्रको मुखमा विष | शत्रु र मित्रको भेद |
| साँचो साथी सङ्गी, झूटो साथी फटाहा | साँचो र झूटो साथीको भेद |
| सानो जुकोटी, ठूलो भकारी | सानो घर, ठूलो भकारी |
| सुखमा साथी, दुःखमा कसैले पनि | सुखमा साथी धेरै, दुःखमा कोही हुँदैन |
| सेतो भयो भन्दैमा दूध हुँदैन | बाहिर सेतो देखिए पनि दूध नहुन सक्छ |
| हाँस उठ्नु भन्दैमा मुख बिग्रिँदैन | हाँस्ने मान्छे कहिल्यै बिग्रिँदैन |
| हावा खानु, धुलो खानु | बेकारमा समय बिताउनु |
| हिँड्ने लाटो, उभिने लाटो | न अगाडि न पछाडि |
| हात्ती आए, हात्ती गए, मुसो पनि मरे | ठूला कुरा आउँदा साना कुरा हराउँछन् |
| हिजो पनि म, आज पनि म, भोलि पनि म | सधैं आफ्नै स्वार्थ |
| होस् हुनेले होस् गर्छ, होस् नहुनेलाई लाग्छ | सम्झनशील मान्छेले सोच्छ |
| अरूको काम गर्नु आफ्नो काम, आफ्नो काम गर्नु पनि अरूको काम | सदैव सबैको काम गर्ने |
१२.२ टुक्का (Saying/Couplets)
टुक्का भनेको छोटो, तीखो र व्यङ्ग्यात्मक वाक्य हो।
महत्त्वपूर्ण टुक्काहरू
| टुक्का | अर्थ |
|---|---|
| अघि खोला, पछि खोला, बीचमा ताल | अप्ठ्यारो अवस्था |
| अरूको जुँगा पोल्ने, आफ्नो जुँगा नदेख्ने | अरूको दोष देख्ने, आफ्नो नदेख्ने |
| आँखा छ, देख्दैन; कान छ, सुन्दैन | अन्जान मान्छे |
| आफ्नो गोबर गन्हाउँदैन | आफ्नो दोष नदेख्ने |
| उँडेको कुखुरालाई बाघले पनि खान्छ | जोखिममा हिँड्ने |
| ओठमा राम राम, हातमा कटार | बोली र काम बेग्लै |
| कानमा मन, मनमा सर्प | षड्यन्त्र |
| काँधको कुखुरो, छातीको खुर्सानी | अरूको कुरा अरूलाई |
| घर न घरको, डेरा न डेराको | न ठाउँको |
| डाँडा डाँडा, पाखा पाखा, हात्तीको मुख जत्रो फराक | हेर्दा ठूलो, हेर्दैन जत्रो |
| न त मरेको, न त बाँचेको | अनिर्णीत अवस्था |
| पेट पोले पनि मुख पोल्दैन | भोकै भए पनि अरूलाई खुवाउने |
| बाटोमा बाघ, घरमा स्याल | दुवैतिर खतरा |
| बाघको मुखमा पुगेपछि आँखा ठूलो | डराएको |
| मुखमा राम राम, पेटमा छुरा | बाहिर राम्रो, भित्र खराब |
| मुख हेरेर कुरा गर्नु, कान हेरेर सुन्नु | अरूको सङ्केत बुझ्ने |
| लुगा सफा, मन मैलो | बाहिर राम्रो, भित्र खराब |
| सुँगुरको जुँगा हुँदैन, हुँदैन भन्नेलाई पत्याउँदैन | अन्धविश्वास |
| हात्ती पनि फट्याइँ गर्छ, मुसो पनि फट्याइँ गर्छ | सबैले ठूलो कुरा गर्छन् |
| हात्तीलाई बाँधे पनि बाँध, नबाँधे पनि बाँध | जे गरे पनि उस्तै |
| अल्छीलाई आकाशको फल | अल्छी मान्छे असम्भव चाहन्छ |
| न नुनको जाति, न मिठाको जाति | अरूको दोष देख्ने |
| ओठ चाटेर बस्ने, काम गर्दा अल्छी | सजिलो काम मात्र गर्ने |
| माटोमा कुटे पनि पानीमा पखाले पनि | जे भए पनि |
१२.३ MCQ खण्ड: उखान र टुक्का
प्रश्न १. "अल्छीको बाउ तीन वर्ष पुग्दैन" उखानको अर्थ कुन हो?
- (क) अल्छी मान्छे सफल हुन्छ
- (ख) अल्छी मान्छे सफल हुँदैन
- (ग) अल्छी मान्छे कडा परिश्रम गर्छ
- (घ) अल्छी मान्छे धनी हुन्छ
उत्तर: (ख) अल्छी मान्छे सफल हुँदैन
प्रश्न २. "एक हातले ताली बज्दैन" को अर्थ कुन हो?
- (क) एक्लै काम गर्न सकिन्छ
- (ख) दुई जना नभई काम हुँदैन
- (ग) ताली बजाउन सजिलो छ
- (घ) हातले काम गर्नुपर्छ
उत्तर: (ख) दुई जना नभई काम हुँदैन
प्रश्न ३. "जसको लाठी उसको भैंसी" को अर्थ कुन हो?
- (क) शक्तिशालीको जित
- (ख) कमजोरको जित
- (ग) भैंसी बलियो हुन्छ
- (घ) लाठीले भैंसी मार्छ
उत्तर: (क) शक्तिशालीको जित
प्रश्न ४. "ओठमा राम नाम, कलिजोमा कुटुम्ब" को अर्थ कुन हो?
- (क) बोलीमा राम्रो, भित्र खराब
- (ख) राम र कुटुम्ब दुवै राम्रो
- (ग) ओठले राम्रो कुरा गर्छ
- (घ) कलिजोमा राम बस्छ
उत्तर: (क) बोलीमा राम्रो, भित्र खराब
प्रश्न ५. "हात्ती आए हात्ती गए मुसो पनि मरे" को अर्थ कुन हो?
- (क) हात्ती मर्छ
- (ख) ठूला कुरा आउँदा साना हराउँछन्
- (ग) मुसा सधैं मर्छ
- (घ) सबै जनावर मर्छन्
उत्तर: (ख) ठूला कुरा आउँदा साना हराउँछन्
अध्याय १३: विगत लोकसेवा प्रश्नहरू
१३.१ प्रि-क्वालिफाइङ्ग परीक्षा २०८२
प्रश्न १. "रामले किताब पढ्यो" मा कुन वाच्य हो?
- (क) कर्मवाच्य
- (ख) कर्तृवाच्य
- (ग) भाववाच्य
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) कर्तृवाच्य
प्रश्न २. "किताब पढियो" कुन वाच्य हो?
- (क) कर्तृवाच्य
- (ख) कर्मवाच्य
- (ग) भाववाच्य
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) कर्मवाच्य
प्रश्न ३. "राम र श्याम पढ्छन्" मा क्रिया कस्तो छ?
- (क) एकवचन
- (ख) बहुवचन
- (ग) दुवै
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) बहुवचन (दुई जना कर्ता)
प्रश्न ४. "दाजु" शब्दमा कुन स्वर प्रयोग भएको छ?
- (क) ह्रस्व इ
- (ख) दीर्घ ई
- (ग) ह्रस्व उ
- (घ) दीर्घ ऊ
उत्तर: (ग) ह्रस्व उ
प्रश्न ५. "दिदी" शब्दमा कुन स्वर प्रयोग भएको छ?
- (क) ह्रस्व इ
- (ख) दीर्घ ई
- (ग) ह्रस्व उ
- (घ) दीर्घ ऊ
उत्तर: (ख) दीर्घ ई
प्रश्न ६. "शिक्षा" शब्दमा कुन वर्ण प्रयोग भएको छ?
- (क) श
- (ख) ष
- (ग) स
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (क) श
प्रश्न ७. "संवाद" शब्दमा कुन वर्ण प्रयोग भएको छ?
- (क) ब
- (ख) व
- (ग) दुवै
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) व
प्रश्न ८. "प्रतिदिन" मा कुन उपसर्ग छ?
- (क) प्र
- (ख) प्रति
- (ग) दिन
- (घ) ति
उत्तर: (ख) प्रति
प्रश्न ९. "असभ्य" मा कुन उपसर्ग छ?
- (क) स
- (ख) अ
- (ग) भ्य
- (घ) सभ्य
उत्तर: (ख) अ
प्रश्न १०. "म पढ्दैछु" कुन पक्ष हो?
- (क) सामान्य
- (ख) अपूर्ण
- (ग) पूर्ण
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) अपूर्ण
१३.२ खरिदार/नायब सुब्बा विगत प्रश्नहरू
प्रश्न १. "घरबाट आयो" मा कुन कारक हो?
- (क) कर्ता
- (ख) कर्म
- (ग) अपादान
- (घ) अधिकरण
उत्तर: (ग) अपादान (बाट = अपादान)
प्रश्न २. "कलमले लेख" मा "कलम" कुन कारक हो?
- (क) कर्ता
- (ख) कर्म
- (ग) करण
- (घ) सम्प्रदान
उत्तर: (ग) करण (साधन)
प्रश्न ३. "रामलाई किताब दियो" मा "रामलाई" कुन कारक हो?
- (क) कर्म
- (ख) सम्प्रदान
- (ग) करण
- (घ) अधिकरण
उत्तर: (ख) सम्प्रदान
प्रश्न ४. "मैले गरेको" मा कुन काल हो?
- (क) सामान्य वर्तमान
- (ख) पूर्ण वर्तमान
- (ग) सामान्य भूत
- (घ) पूर्ण भूत
उत्तर: (ख) पूर्ण वर्तमान
प्रश्न ५. "ऊ पढेछ" कुन काल हो?
- (क) अज्ञात वर्तमान
- (ख) अज्ञात भूत
- (ग) सामान्य वर्तमान
- (घ) सामान्य भूत
उत्तर: (ख) अज्ञात भूत
प्रश्न ६. "सूर्य" को पर्यायवाची कुन हो?
- (क) चन्द्र
- (ख) रवि
- (ग) तारा
- (घ) पृथ्वी
उत्तर: (ख) रवि
प्रश्न ७. "पानी" को पर्यायवाची कुन हो?
- (क) अग्नि
- (ख) जल
- (ग) पवन
- (घ) माटो
उत्तर: (ख) जल
प्रश्न ८. "सुख" को विपरीतार्थक कुन हो?
- (क) आनन्द
- (ख) दुःख
- (ग) शान्ति
- (घ) प्रेम
उत्तर: (ख) दुःख
प्रश्न ९. "नयाँ" को विपरीतार्थक कुन हो?
- (क) राम्रो
- (ख) पुरानो
- (ग) ठूलो
- (घ) सानो
उत्तर: (ख) पुरानो
प्रश्न १०. "एक हातले ताली बज्दैन" भन्ने उखानको अर्थ कुन हो?
- (क) एक्लै काम गर्न सकिन्छ
- (ख) दुई जना नभई काम हुँदैन
- (ग) ताली बजाउन सजिलो
- (घ) हातले काम गर्नुपर्छ
उत्तर: (ख) दुई जना नभई काम हुँदैन
१३.३ अधिकृत/उपसचिव विगत प्रश्नहरू
प्रश्न १. कुन शब्दमा ह्रस्व इ प्रयोग भएको छ?
- (क) दिदी
- (ख) किताब
- (ग) नदी
- (घ) कार्की
उत्तर: (ख) किताब (शब्दको सुरुमा)
प्रश्न २. कुन शब्दमा दीर्घ ऊ प्रयोग भएको छ?
- (क) बाबु
- (ख) दाजु
- (ग) ऊ
- (घ) भाइ
उत्तर: (ग) ऊ (सर्वनाम, सुरुमा)
प्रश्न ३. "पढाइ" मा कुन प्रत्यय छ?
- (क) पढ
- (ख) आइ
- (ग) ाइ
- (घ) इ
उत्तर: (ख) आइ
प्रश्न ४. "सामाजिक" मा कुन प्रत्यय छ?
- (क) सामा
- (ख) जिक
- (ग) इक
- (घ) क
उत्तर: (ग) इक
प्रश्न ५. "राम पढ्छ" लाई कर्मवाच्यमा कसरी बदलिन्छ?
- (क) रामले पढिन्छ
- (ख) पढिन्छ
- (ग) पढाइन्छ
- (घ) पढाइएको
उत्तर: (ख) पढिन्छ (कर्ता छैन)
प्रश्न ६. "पढिन्छ" कुन वाच्य हो?
- (क) कर्तृवाच्य
- (ख) कर्मवाच्य
- (ग) भाववाच्य
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) कर्मवाच्य
प्रश्न ७. कुन शब्द द्वन्द्व समास हो?
- (क) कक्षाकोठा
- (ख) त्रिभुवन
- (ग) सुखदुःख
- (घ) बेखर्ची
उत्तर: (ग) सुखदुःख (सुख + दुःख)
प्रश्न �. "त्रिभुवन" कुन समास हो?
- (क) तत्पुरुष
- (ख) कर्मधारय
- (ग) द्विगु
- (घ) द्वन्द्व
उत्तर: (ग) द्विगु (तीन + भुवन)
प्रश्न ९. "म रामलाई चिन्छु" मा "रामलाई" कुन कारक हो?
- (क) कर्ता
- (ख) कर्म
- (ग) सम्प्रदान
- (घ) अधिकरण
उत्तर: (ख) कर्म (चिन्ने कार्य राममा पर्छ)
प्रश्न १०. "रामको किताब" मा "रामको" कुन कारक हो?
- (क) कर्ता
- (ख) सम्बन्ध
- (ग) करण
- (घ) अधिकरण
उत्तर: (ख) सम्बन्ध
१३.४ अतिरिक्त अभ्यास प्रश्नहरू (२० वटा)
प्रश्न १. "राम र श्याम" मा दुई नाम जोडिएका छन्, क्रिया कस्तो हुन्छ?
- (क) एकवचन
- (ख) बहुवचन
- (ग) दुवै
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) बहुवचन
प्रश्न २. "म र ऊ आयौं" मा क्रिया कुन पुरुषको हो?
- (क) प्रथम
- (ख) द्वितीय
- (ग) तृतीय
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (क) प्रथम पुरुष (म = उत्तम पुरुष)
प्रश्न ३. "तँ र ऊ जान्छौं" मा क्रिया कुन पुरुषको हो?
- (क) प्रथम
- (ख) द्वितीय
- (ग) तृतीय
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) द्वितीय पुरुष (तँ = मध्यम पुरुष)
प्रश्न ४. "सीता गीत गाउँछिन्" कस्तो वाक्य हो?
- (क) सरल
- (ख) संयुक्त
- (ग) मिश्र
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (क) सरल
प्रश्न ५. "ऊ पढ्छ र म लेख्छु" कस्तो वाक्य हो?
- (क) सरल
- (ख) संयुक्त
- (ग) मिश्र
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) संयुक्त
प्रश्न ६. "जब ऊ आयो, म गएँ" कस्तो वाक्य हो?
- (क) सरल
- (ख) संयुक्त
- (ग) मिश्र
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ग) मिश्र
प्रश्न ७. "चुप लाग" कस्तो वाक्य हो?
- (क) विधिवाचक
- (ख) प्रश्नवाचक
- (ग) आज्ञार्थक
- (घ) विस्मयादिबोधक
उत्तर: (ग) आज्ञार्थक
प्रश्न ८. "कस्तो राम्रो दिन!" कस्तो वाक्य हो?
- (क) विधिवाचक
- (ख) प्रश्नवाचक
- (ग) आज्ञार्थक
- (घ) विस्मयादिबोधक
उत्तर: (घ) विस्मयादिबोधक
प्रश्न ९. "गाउँले" मा कुन प्रत्यय छ?
- (क) गाउँ
- (ख) ले
- (ग) लो
- (घ) ाउँ
उत्तर: (ख) ले (वा लो)
प्रश्न १०. "सहरी" मा कुन प्रत्यय छ?
- (क) सहर
- (ख) री
- (ग) ई
- (घ) स
उत्तर: (ग) ई
प्रश्न ११. "निरर्थक" मा कुन उपसर्ग छ?
- (क) न
- (ख) निर
- (ग) र्थक
- (घ) क
उत्तर: (ख) निर
प्रश्न १२. "प्रतिनिधि" मा कुन उपसर्ग छ?
- (क) प्रति
- (ख) निधि
- (ग) नि
- (घ) प्र
उत्तर: (क) प्रति
प्रश्न १३. "अध्यक्ष" मा कुन उपसर्ग छ?
- (क) अ
- (ख) अधि
- (ग) अध्य
- (घ) क्ष
उत्तर: (ख) अधि
प्रश्न १४. "उपनगर" मा कुन उपसर्ग छ?
- (क) उप
- (ख) नगर
- (ग) उ
- (घ) प
उत्तर: (क) उप
प्रश्न १५. "विदेश" मा कुन उपसर्ग छ?
- (क) वि
- (ख) देश
- (ग) वि
- (घ) दे
उत्तर: (क) वि
प्रश्न १६. "सुशासन" मा कुन उपसर्ग छ?
- (क) शासन
- (ख) सु
- (ग) स
- (घ) न
उत्तर: (ख) सु
प्रश्न १७. "दुर्गुण" मा कुन उपसर्ग छ?
- (क) दु
- (ख) दुर्
- (ग) गुण
- (घ) द
उत्तर: (ख) दुर्
प्रश्न १८. "कुमारी" मा कुन उपसर्ग छ?
- (क) कु
- (ख) मारी
- (ग) क
- (घ) री
उत्तर: (क) कु
प्रश्न १९. "अनुपम" मा कुन उपसर्ग छ?
- (क) अ
- (ख) अनु
- (ग) पम
- (घ) म
उत्तर: (ख) अनु
प्रश्न २०. "उत्सव" मा कुन उपसर्ग छ?
- (क) उत्
- (ख) सव
- (ग) उ
- (घ) त
उत्तर: (क) उत्
अध्याय १४: उत्तर कुञ्जी
१४.१ वर्णविन्यास (अध्याय १)
- प्र.१: (ख) - प्र.२: (ख) - प्र.३: (ख) - प्र.४: (ख) - प्र.५: (ख)
- प्र.६: (ग) - प्र.७: (क) - प्र.८: (क) - प्र.९: (ख) - प्र.१०: (ख)
- प्र.११: (ख) - प्र.१२: (क) - प्र.१३: (ख) - प्र.१४: (ख) - प्र.१५: (क)
- प्र.१६: (ख) - प्र.१७: (क) - प्र.१८: (ख) - प्र.१९: (ख) - प्र.२०: (ग)
१४.२ पदसङ्गति (अध्याय २)
- प्र.१: (ख) - प्र.२: (क) - प्र.३: (ख) - प्र.४: (ख) - प्र.५: (ख)
- प्र.६: (ख) - प्र.७: (ख) - प्र.८: (ख) - प्र.९: (ख) - प्र.१०: (क)
१४.३ पदवर्ग (अध्याय ३)
- प्र.१: (ख) - प्र.२: (ख) - प्र.३: (ग) - प्र.४: (ख) - प्र.५: (क)
- प्र.६: (ख) - प्र.७: (ग) - प्र.८: (क) - प्र.९: (ख) - प्र.१०: (ग)
१४.४ धातु (अध्याय ४)
- प्र.१: (ख) - प्र.२: (ग) - प्र.३: (क) - प्र.४: (क) - प्र.५: (ख)
- प्र.६: (क) - प्र.७: (ग) - प्र.८: (ग) - प्र.९: (ग) - प्र.१०: (ग)
१४.५ क्रिया (अध्याय ५)
- प्र.१: (ख) - प्र.२: (ख) - प्र.३: (क) - प्र.४: (ख) - प्र.५: (ग)
- प्र.६: (घ) - प्र.७: (ख) - प्र.८: (ख) - प्र.९: (ख) - प्र.१०: (ग)
१४.६ काल र पक्ष (अध्याय ६)
- प्र.१: (क) - प्र.२: (ख) - प्र.३: (ख) - प्र.४: (क) - प्र.५: (ग)
- प्र.६: (ख) - प्र.७: (घ) - प्र.८: (ख) - प्र.९: (ग) - प्र.१०: (ग)
१४.७ कारक र विभक्ति (अध्याय ७)
- प्र.१: (क) - प्र.२: (ख) - प्र.३: (ग) - प्र.४: (ख) - प्र.५: (ग)
- प्र.६: (ख) - प्र.७: (ग) - प्र.८: (ग) - प्र.९: (ख) - प्र.१०: (ख)
१४.८ वाच्य (अध्याय ८)
- प्र.१: (ख) - प्र.२: (ख) - प्र.३: (ग) - प्र.४: (ख) - प्र.५: (ख)
- प्र.६: (क) - प्र.७: (ख) - प्र.८: (ख) - प्र.९: (ख) - प्र.१०: (क)
१४.९ वाक्य संरचना (अध्याय ९)
- प्र.१: (क) - प्र.२: (ख) - प्र.३: (ग) - प्र.४: (ख) - प्र.५: (ख)
- प्र.६: (ख) - प्र.७: (ग) - प्र.८: (घ) - प्र.९: (क) - प्र.१०: (ग)
१४.१० शब्दनिर्माण (अध्याय १०)
- प्र.१: (क) - प्र.२: (क) - प्र.३: (ख) - प्र.४: (ख) - प्र.५: (ख)
- प्र.६: (क) - प्र.७: (ग) - प्र.८: (घ) - प्र.९: (क) - प्र.१०: (ग)
१४.११ पर्यायवाची र विपरीतार्थक (अध्याय ११)
- प्र.१: (ख) - प्र.२: (ख) - प्र.३: (ख) - प्र.४: (ख) - प्र.५: (ख)
- प्र.६: (ख) - प्र.७: (ख) - प्र.८: (क) - प्र.९: (ख) - प्र.१०: (ख)
१४.१२ उखान र टुक्का (अध्याय १२)
- प्र.१: (ख) - प्र.२: (ख) - प्र.३: (क) - प्र.४: (क) - प्र.५: (ख)
१४.१३ विगत लोकसेवा (अध्याय १३)
- प्रि-क्वालिफाइङ्ग: १(ख) २(ख) ३(ख) ४(ग) ५(ख) ६(क) ७(ख) ८(ख) ९(ख) १०(ख)
- खरिदार/नायब: १(ग) २(ग) ३(ख) ४(ख) ५(ख) ६(ख) ७(ख) ८(ख) ९(ख) १०(ख)
- अधिकृत/उपसचिव: १(ख) २(ग) ३(ख) ४(ग) ५(ख) ६(ख) ७(ग) ८(ग) ९(ख) १०(ख)
- अतिरिक्त: १(ख) २(क) ३(ख) ४(क) ५(ख) ६(ग) ७(ग) ८(घ) ९(ग) १०(ग) ११(ख) १२(क) १३(ख) १४(क) १५(क) १६(ख) १७(ख) १८(क) १९(ख) २०(क)
अध्याय १५: परीक्षा तयारी रणनीति
१५.१ परीक्षा अगाडि
१. पाठ्यक्रम राम्ररी पढ्नुहोस्: पाठ्यक्रममा भएका सबै विषयहरू राम्ररी पढ्नुहोस् र नियमहरू राम्ररी बुझ्नुहोस्।
२. अभ्यास प्रश्नहरू समाधान गर्नुहोस्: धेरै अभ्यास प्रश्नहरू गरेर आफ्नो ज्ञान परीक्षण गर्नुहोस्।
३. उखान र टुक्का रट्नुहोस्: महत्त्वपूर्ण उखान र टुक्का र तिनका अर्थ याद गर्नुहोस्।
४. पर्यायवाची र विपरीतार्थक शब्द: साझा शब्दहरू र तिनका पर्यायवाची र विपरीतार्थक शब्द याद गर्नुहोस्।
१५.२ परीक्षाको समयमा
१. प्रश्न राम्ररी पढ्नुहोस्: प्रश्नमा भएका शब्दहरू जस्तै "EXCEPT", "NOT" जस्ता शब्दमा ध्यान दिनुहोस्।
२. विकल्पहरू विश्लेषण गर्नुहोस्: चार विकल्पमध्ये सबैभन्दा उपयुक्त उत्तर छान्नुहोस्।
३. समयको व्यवस्थापन: प्रत्येक प्रश्नमा ३०-४५ सेकेन्ड मात्र समय दिनुहोस्।
४. अनुमान नलगाउनुहोस्: यदि उत्तर थाहा छैन भने खाली छोड्नुहोस् (नकारात्मक अङ्ककरण छ भने)।
१५.३ महत्त्वपूर्ण सुझावहरू
१. वर्णविन्यासमा ध्यान दिनुहोस्: ह्रस्व/दीर्घ, श/ष/स, ब/व, पदयोग/पदवियोगका नियम राम्ररी बुझ्नुहोस्।
२. पदसङ्गतिका नियमहरू: लिङ्ग, वचन र पुरुष अनुसार क्रियाको रूप बदलिने नियम राम्ररी सिक्नुहोस्।
३. कारक र विभक्ति: कर्ता, कर्म, करण, सम्प्रदान, अपादान, सम्बन्ध, अधिकरण कारक र तिनका विभक्ति चिन्हहरू राम्ररी याद गर्नुहोस्।
४. काल र पक्ष: वर्तमान, भूत, भविष्यत् कालका सूत्र र सामान्य, अपूर्ण, पूर्ण पक्ष राम्ररी बुझ्नुहोस्।
५. वाच्य बदल्ने नियम: कर्तृवाच्य → कर्मवाच्य, कर्मवाच्य → कर्तृवाच्य बदल्ने नियम राम्ररी सिक्नुहोस्।
अन्तिम शब्द
पाठ्यक्रम समेटिने सामग्री:
- १४ अध्याय (वर्णविन्यास, पदसङ्गति, पदवर्ग, धातु, क्रिया, काल र पक्ष, कारक र विभक्ति, वाच्य, वाक्य संरचना, शब्दनिर्माण, पर्यायवाची र विपरीतार्थक, उखान र टुक्का, विगत प्रश्नहरू, उत्तर कुञ्जी)
- २५०+ वस्तुगत प्रश्न (MCQ) उत्तरसहित
- ५०+ उखान र टुक्का
- १५०+ पर्यायवाची र विपरीतार्थक शब्द
- ३०+ उपसर्ग र प्रत्यय
- विस्तृत नियम र उदाहरणहरू
- विगत लोकसेवा प्रश्नहरू
- परीक्षा तयारी रणनीति
कुल पृष्ठ: १००+ (मुद्रण योग्य)
शुभकामना!
तपाईंको ५ औं तह सङ्गठित संस्था प्रि-टेस्टमा सफलताको शुभकामना!
यो नोट विभिन्न स्रोतहरूबाट तयार पारिएको हो, जसमा नेपाली व्याकरण पुस्तकहरू, लोकसेवा तयारी सामग्री, र कक्षा १० को पाठ्यपुस्तकहरू समावेश छन्।
अन्तिम अद्यावधिक: २०२६
अध्याय १६: विस्तृत वर्णविन्यास (शुद्ध लेखन) - थप नियमहरू र अभ्यास
१६.१ ह्रस्व-दीर्घको विस्तृत अध्ययन
ह्रस्व (इ, उ) प्रयोग हुने थप स्थानहरू
क) क्रियापदको रूपमा नु आउँदा:
- पढ्नु, लेख्नु, हेर्नु, खानु, जानु, आउनु, गर्नु, बस्नु, उठ्नु, सुत्नु
- सिक्नु, खेल्नु, हाँस्नु, रुनु, हिँड्नु, दौड्नु, नाच्नु, गाउनु, पिउनु
- कुद्नु, फर्कनु, हेर्नु, पछ्याउनु, पुग्नु, अड्कनु
ख) एकअर्काको सम्बन्ध बताउने शब्दमा:
- दाजु, भाइ, काका, बाबु, हजुरबुबा, नानी
- मामा, फुपू (कति पुस्तामा हेर्ने), काकी, आमा (पुलिङ्गी)
- भान्जा, भान्जी, छोरा, छोरी (पुलिङ्गी/स्त्रीलिङ्गी)
ग) सङ्ख्यावाचकमा:
- एक, दुई, तीन, चार, पाँच, छ, सात, आठ, नौ, दश
- बीस, तीस, चालीस, पचास, साठी, सत्तरी, असी, नब्बे, सय
- हजार, लाख, करोड (ठूला सङ्ख्या ह्रस्व)
घ) रङ वाचक शब्दमा:
- नीलो, कालो, सेतो, रातो, पहेँलो, हरियो, सुन्तला
- रातो (केही सन्दर्भमा), गुलाबी
दीर्घ (ई, ऊ) प्रयोग हुने थप स्थानहरू
क) स्त्रीलिङ्गी सम्बन्धमा:
- दिदी, बहिनी, आमा, काकी, फुपी, ठूलीआमा
- सासू, जेठानी, कान्छी, देवरानी
- छोरी, नातिनी, भान्जी, भतिजी
ख) थर वा वंशको नाममा:
- कार्की, गुरुङ, मगर, राई, लिम्बू, शेर्पा, तामाङ
- देवी, शर्मा, आचार्य, पाण्डे, जोशी
- गौतम, बुद्ध, कृष्ण (पुरुषनाम भए पनि)
ग) नदी र स्थानको नाममा:
- कोसी, गण्डकी, कर्णाली, मेची, त्रिशुली, भेरी, सेती, बुढी
- काली, राप्ती, मर्स्याङ्दी, दूधकोसी
- पोखरी, भञ्ज्याङ (ठाउँ), सहरी
घ) प्रत्यय लागेका शब्दमा:
- मिठाई, भलाई, कमाइ, पढाइ, लेखाइ
- गराई, देखाइ, सुनाइ, बनाई
- गरी, खाई, पिई, हेरी (क्रियायोगीमा)
१६.२ श, ष, स को विस्तृत अध्ययन
'श' प्रयोग हुने थप उदाहरणहरू
- शास्त्र, शिक्षा, शरीर, शब्द, शक्ति, शान्ति
- शुद्ध, शोभा, शिखर, शिव, शत्रु, शिष्य
- शिल्प, शिला, शीत, शीतल, शीघ्र, शोक
- शुभ, शौच, श्वास, श्री, श्रम, श्रद्धा
- प्रश्न, प्रशासन, प्रशंसा, दर्शन, दर्शक
- सूचना, सूची, सूत्र, सूर्य, सूचक
- अशुद्ध, विशुद्ध, शुद्ध
'ष' प्रयोग हुने थप उदाहरणहरू
- षड्यन्त्र, षड्ऋतु, षष्ठी (छैटौँ), षोडश (१६)
- पञ्चष (५ + ६ = ५६), नवरत्न (विशेष), त्रिरत्न
- षोष्ठी (व्रत), षड्भुज, षट्कोण, षट्पद
- ध्वनि, ध्वनिक, अन्तर्ध्वनि (विशेष)
- कृषि, कृषक, कृषिजन्य, कृष्ण
'स' प्रयोग हुने थप उदाहरणहरू
- सभा, सरकार, समाज, सङ्घ, सहयोग
- साहित्य, सहर, समाचार, सन्देश
- संस्कृति, संस्कृत, स्वदेशी
- सम्पत्ति, सम्पर्क, समाधान
- सफा, सानो, सीधा, सत्य, सत्
- असत्य, असल, असफल, असम्भव
- प्रसन्न, प्रसार, प्रसिद्ध, प्रसूत
सम्झने सूत्र (विस्तृत)
- तत्सम शब्दमा - संस्कृतबाट आएका शब्दमा प्रायः 'श' वा 'ष'
- तद्भव शब्दमा - नेपाली मौलिक शब्दमा 'स'
- आगन्तुक शब्दमा - विदेशी भाषाबाट आएका शब्दमा 'स' (कहिलेकाहीँ 'श')
- क्रियापदमा - सामान्यतया 'छ' (छ) आउँछ
१६.३ ब, व को विस्तृत अध्ययन
'ब' प्रयोग हुने थप उदाहरणहरू
- कवि, रवि, सवारी, कविता, कवि
- नभ, सभ, अभाव, उभिनु
- बच्चा, बबर, बबल, बबाई
- बबुर, बबु, बबलाहा
- पबन, पभा, डब्बा, गबर
- लभ (पुरानो नभएको, प्रेमिलु), तभ
'व' प्रयोग हुने थप उदाहरणहरू
- संवाद, सर्वत्र, पर्वत, विश्व, विद्वान
- सम्वत्, सम्वाद, सम्वत्सर
- संविधान, सर्वशक्तिमान, सर्वज्ञ
- ज्ञानवर्द्धक, अन्वेषण, निवेदन
- प्रवचन, प्रवेश, प्रवाह, प्रवीण
- आशीर्वाद, सवारी, गवारो, हवाई
- दिव, भव, शिव, रवि (कतै 'व' कतै 'ब')
सम्झने तरिका (विस्तृत)
- 'ब' = कडा: स्वरपछि वा 'र' पछि 'ब' आउँछ
- र + वि = रवि (वा र + बि = रबि? - यो गलत, रवि नै हुन्छ)
- क + वि = कवि
- 'व' = मृदु: अनुस्वार, 'न्' वा 'म्' पछि 'व' आउँछ
- सं + वाद = संवाद
- सर्व + त्र = सर्वत्र
- पर्व + त = पर्वत
१६.४ अ, आ को विस्तृत अध्ययन
ह्रस्व 'अ' प्रयोग हुने थप उदाहरणहरू
- अगाडि, अचम्म, अनौठो, अप्ठ्यारो
- कमल, नमस्ते, गरिब, महिना
- राम, हरि, गोपी, कृष्ण (नामान्त)
- सत, असत, नभ, सभ
दीर्घ 'आ' प्रयोग हुने थप उदाहरणहरू
- रमा, सीता, गीता, गंगा, यमुना
- कार्की, थापा, गुरुङ, मगर (थर)
- गंगा, यमुना, काली, मन्दाकिनी (नदी)
- कथा, दशा, माया, चर्चा
- सभा, महाभारत, रामायण
अ, आ को नियम (सारांश)
- शब्दको सुरुमा: प्रायः ह्रस्व 'अ'
- शब्दको अन्त्यमा:
- पुलिङ्ग नाममा ह्रस्व: राम, हरि
- स्त्रीलिङ्ग नाममा दीर्घ: रमा, सीता
- बीचमा: सन्दर्भ अनुसार
१६.५ पदयोग र पदवियोगका थप नियमहरू
पदयोगका थप उदाहरणहरू
- व्यक्तिवाचक नाममा: लक्ष्मीप्रसाद, भरतकुमार, सोमबहादुर
- सङ्ख्या + जना/वटा: दशजना, पाँचवटा, हजारौं
- सर्वनाम + सर्वनाम: मेरो, तेरो, हाम्रो, तिम्रो
- विशेषण + विशेष्य: सदाबहार, अनन्तकाल
- पुनरुक्त शब्द: हल्लोखल्लो, भागाभाग
- अनुकरणात्मक: ठूल्ठूलो, सानोसानो
पदवियोगका थप उदाहरणहरू
- क्रियायोगी: हिजो, आज, भोलि, पर्सि, पोहोर
- नामयोगी: माथि, तल, भित्र, बाहिर, अगाडि
- संयोजक: र, वा, तर, किन्तु, तापनि
- संकेत शब्द: यो, त्यो, यस्तो, त्यस्तो
- विशेषण-विशेष्य: कालो मान्छे, रातो कपडा
१६.६ वर्णविन्यास - थप MCQ खण्ड (२५ प्रश्न)
प्रश्न १. "महिना" शब्दमा कुन स्वर प्रयोग भएको छ?
- (क) ह्रस्व इ
- (ख) दीर्घ ई
- (ग) ह्रस्व उ
- (घ) दीर्घ ऊ
उत्तर: (क) ह्रस्व इ (शब्दको बीचमा)
प्रश्न २. "गरिब" शब्दमा कुन स्वर प्रयोग भएको छ?
- (क) ह्रस्व इ
- (ख) दीर्घ ई
- (ग) ह्रस्व उ
- (घ) दीर्घ ऊ
उत्तर: (क) ह्रस्व इ (शब्दको बीचमा)
प्रश्न ३. "नातिनी" शब्दमा कुन स्वर प्रयोग भएको छ?
- (क) ह्रस्व इ
- (ख) दीर्घ ई
- (ग) ह्रस्व उ
- (घ) दीर्घ ऊ
उत्तर: (ख) दीर्घ ई (स्त्रीलिङ्गी)
प्रश्न ४. "हजुरबुबा" शब्दमा कुन स्वर प्रयोग भएको छ?
- (क) ह्रस्व इ
- (ख) दीर्घ ई
- (ग) ह्रस्व उ
- (घ) दीर्घ ऊ
उत्तर: (ग) ह्रस्व उ (पुलिङ्गी)
प्रश्न ५. "शिव" शब्दमा कुन वर्ण प्रयोग भएको छ?
- (क) श
- (ख) ष
- (ग) स
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (क) श (तत्सम)
प्रश्न ६. "साहित्य" शब्दमा कुन वर्ण प्रयोग भएको छ?
- (क) श
- (ख) ष
- (ग) स
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ग) स (आगन्तुक)
प्रश्न ७. "सङ्घर्ष" शब्दमा कुन वर्ण प्रयोग भएको छ?
- (क) श
- (ख) ष
- (ग) स
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) ष (तत्सम, युद्ध सम्बन्धी)
प्रश्न ८. "सम्वाद" शब्दमा कुन वर्ण प्रयोग भएको छ?
- (क) ब
- (ख) व
- (ग) दुवै हुन सक्छ
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) व (अनुस्वार पछि)
प्रश्न ९. "अभाव" शब्दमा कुन वर्ण प्रयोग भएको छ?
- (क) ब
- (ख) व
- (ग) दुवै हुन सक्छ
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (क) ब (स्वरपछि)
प्रश्न १०. "पर्वत" शब्दमा कुन वर्ण प्रयोग भएको छ?
- (क) ब
- (ख) व
- (ग) दुवै हुन सक्छ
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) व (अनुस्वार पछि)
प्रश्न ११. "उभिनु" शब्दमा कुन वर्ण प्रयोग भएको छ?
- (क) ब
- (ख) व
- (ग) दुवै हुन सक्छ
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (क) ब (शब्दको बीचमा, स्वर पछि)
प्रश्न १२. "सभा" शब्दमा कुन वर्ण प्रयोग भएको छ?
- (क) ब
- (ख) व
- (ग) दुवै हुन सक्छ
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (क) ब (शब्दको अन्त्यमा)
प्रश्न १३. "भव" शब्दमा कुन वर्ण प्रयोग भएको छ?
- (क) ब
- (ख) व
- (ग) दुवै हुन सक्छ
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) व (शब्दको अन्त्यमा)
प्रश्न १४. "रमा" शब्दमा कुन स्वर प्रयोग भएको छ?
- (क) ह्रस्व अ
- (ख) दीर्घ आ
- (ग) दुवै हुन सक्छ
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) दीर्घ आ (स्त्रीलिङ्गी नाम)
प्रश्न १५. "राम" शब्दमा कुन स्वर प्रयोग भएको छ?
- (क) ह्रस्व अ
- (ख) दीर्घ आ
- (ग) दुवै हुन सक्छ
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (क) ह्रस्व अ (पुलिङ्गी नाम)
प्रश्न १६. "कथा" शब्दमा कुन स्वर प्रयोग भएको छ?
- (क) ह्रस्व अ
- (ख) दीर्घ आ
- (ग) दुवै हुन सक्छ
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) दीर्घ आ (स्त्रीलिङ्गी, भाववाचक)
प्रश्न १७. "सुन्दर" शब्दमा कुन वर्ण प्रयोग भएको छ?
- (क) श
- (ख) ष
- (ग) स
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ग) स (तद्भव)
प्रश्न १८. "शिक्षक" शब्दमा कुन वर्ण प्रयोग भएको छ?
- (क) श
- (ख) ष
- (ग) स
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (क) श (तत्सम)
प्रश्न १९. "श्रीमान्" शब्दमा कुन वर्ण प्रयोग भएको छ?
- (क) श
- (ख) ष
- (ग) स
- (घ) श्र
उत्तर: (घ) श्र (संयुक्ताक्षर, तत्सम)
प्रश्न २०. "शत्रु" शब्दमा कुन वर्ण प्रयोग भएको छ?
- (क) श
- (ख) ष
- (ग) स
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (क) श (तत्सम)
प्रश्न २१. "नदीकोसी" मा कुन स्वर प्रयोग भएको छ?
- (क) ह्रस्व इ
- (ख) दीर्घ ई
- (ग) ह्रस्व उ
- (घ) दीर्घ ऊ
उत्तर: (ख) दीर्घ ई (नदीको नाम)
प्रश्न २२. "भेडी" शब्दमा कुन स्वर प्रयोग भएको छ?
- (क) ह्रस्व इ
- (ख) दीर्घ ई
- (ग) ह्रस्व उ
- (घ) दीर्घ ऊ
उत्तर: (ख) दीर्घ ई (स्त्रीलिङ्गी)
प्रश्न २३. "बाख्रो" शब्दमा कुन वर्ण प्रयोग भएको छ?
- (क) ब
- (ख) व
- (ग) दुवै हुन सक्छ
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (क) ब (स्वरपछि)
प्रश्न २४. "बिरालो" शब्दमा कुन वर्ण प्रयोग भएको छ?
- (क) ब
- (ख) व
- (ग) दुवै हुन सक्छ
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (क) ब (स्वरपछि, शब्दको सुरुमा)
प्रश्न २५. "वन" शब्दमा कुन वर्ण प्रयोग भएको छ?
- (क) ब
- (ख) व
- (ग) दुवै हुन सक्छ
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) व (स्वरपछि, तर यो 'वन' मा 'व' नै)
अध्याय १७: विस्तृत पदवर्ग - थप नियम र अभ्यास
१७.१ नाम (संज्ञा) - विस्तृत अध्ययन
व्यक्तिवाचक नामका थप उदाहरणहरू
पुरुषका नाम: राम, श्याम, हरि, कृष्ण, बुद्ध, महावीर, गोरख, प्रचण्ड
महिलाका नाम: सीता, गीता, राधा, सावित्री, दुर्गा, लक्ष्मी, सरस्वती
थर/वंश: कार्की, गुरुङ, मगर, राई, लिम्बू, शेर्पा, तामाङ, नेवार
स्थान: काठमाडौं, पोखरा, ललितपुर, भक्तपुर, विराटनगर, नेपालगञ्ज
देश: नेपाल, भारत, चीन, अमेरिका, बेलायत, जापान
नदी: गंगा, यमुना, कोसी, गण्डकी, कर्णाली, नारायणी
पर्वत: हिमालय, सगरमाथा, कञ्चनजङ्घा, अन्नपूर्ण
ग्रन्थ: रामायण, महाभारत, गीता, कुरान, बाइबल
जातिवाचक नामका थप उदाहरणहरू
मान्छे: बालक, वृद्ध, युवक, विद्यार्थी, शिक्षक, किसान
वस्तु: किताब, कलम, टेबुल, कुर्सी, घर, गाडी
स्थान: शहर, गाउँ, देश, गल्ली, चोक, बजार
जनावर: कुकुर, बिरालो, गाई, भैंसी, हात्ती, बाघ
बोटबिरुवा: रूख, फूल, झार, घाँस, पात
भाववाचक नामका थप उदाहरणहरू
भाव: सुख, दुःख, प्रेम, घृणा, क्रोध, शान्ति
गुण: राम्रो, नराम्रो, साहस, कायरता, बुद्धि, मूर्खता
दशा: बिमारी, स्वास्थ्य, यौवन, बुढ्यौली, गरिबी, धनीपन
क्रिया: पढाइ, लेखाइ, हिँडाइ, गराइ, बनाइ
समूहवाचक नामका थप उदाहरणहरू
- सरकार, मन्त्रिपरिषद्, संसद्, अदालत, न्यायालय
- समिति, उपसमिति, कार्यसमिति, सल्लाहकार समिति
- कुटुम्ब, परिवार, समाज, जात, सम्प्रदाय
- जनता, मजदुर, किसान, विद्यार्थी
- सेना, फौज, पुलिस, प्रहरी
- कक्षा, विभाग, शाखा, महाशाखा, टोली
द्रव्यवाचक नामका थप उदाहरणहरू
- पानी, दूध, तेल, मट्टीतेल, मह, घिउ
- सुन, चाँदी, तामा, फलाम, पित्तल
- हावा, अक्सिजन, नाइट्रोजन, कार्बनडाइअक्साइड
- माटो, बालुवा, माटो, कंकड, ढुङ्गा
- चामल, गहुँ, मकै, कोदो, फापर
सङ्ख्यावाचक नामका थप उदाहरणहरू
- एक, दुई, तीन, चार, पाँच, छ, सात, आठ, नौ, दश
- बीस, तीस, चालीस, पचास, साठी, सत्तरी, असी, नब्बे, सय
- हजार, दशहजार, लाख, दशलाख, करोड, अर्ब
- पहिलो, दोस्रो, तेस्रो, चौथो, पाँचौँ, छैटौँ
- दोब्बर, तेब्बर, चौबर, पाँचबर
- आधा, पौना, सवा, डेढ, साढे
१७.२ सर्वनाम - विस्तृत अध्ययन
पुरुषवाचक सर्वनामको विस्तृत तालिका
| पुरुष | एकवचन (नजिक) | एकवचन (आदर) | बहुवचन (नजिक) | बहुवचन (आदर) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| प्रथम (उत्तम) | म | - | हामी | हामीहरू |
| द्वितीय (मध्यम) | तँ | तिमी, तपाईं | तिमीहरू | तपाईंहरू |
| तृतीय (अन्य) | ऊ, यो | उनी, उहाँ | उनीहरू, तिनीहरू | वे |
निजवाचक सर्वनामका थप उदाहरणहरू
- आफू, आफैं, स्वयं, आफ्नै, स्वयंको, आफ्नो
- "म आफैं गर्छु" (म स्वयं गर्छु)
- "ऊ आफ्नो काम गर्छ" (आफ्नो = निजवाचक)
निश्चयवाचक सर्वनामका थप उदाहरणहरू
- यो, त्यो, यी, ती (नजिक/टाढा)
- यस्तो, त्यस्तो (गुण)
- यत्रो, त्यत्रो (आकार)
- यत्ति, त्यत्ति (परिमाण)
- यति, त्यति (मात्रा)
- यहाँ, त्यहाँ (स्थान)
- यताबाट, त्यताबाट (दिशा)
- यतिबेला, त्यतिबेला (समय)
अनिश्चयवाचक सर्वनामका थप उदाहरणहरू
- कोही, केही, कसै, कुनै
- जो कोही, जुनसुकै, जे पनि
- कुनै न कुनै, केही न केही
- सबै, सबैजना, सबैथोक
- हरेक, प्रत्येक, प्रत्येक जना
- अरू, अरूले, अर्को, अर्काले
प्रश्नवाचक सर्वनामका थप उदाहरणहरू
- कुन, कस्तो, कत्रो, कतिओटा, कति
- कसले, कसको, कसलाई, कससँग
- के, केको, केलाई
- कहाँ, कहाँबाट, कहाँसम्म
- कहिले, कहिलेदेखि, कहिलेसम्म
- किन, किनकि, कसरी
- कसरी, कुनरीतिले
सम्बन्धवाचक सर्वनामका थप उदाहरणहरू
- जो, जुन, जसले, जसको, जसलाई
- जति, जत्रो, जस्तो, जत्रो
- जहाँ, जहाँबाट, जहाँसम्म
- जहिले, जहिलेदेखि
- जसरी, जुनरीतिले
- जसको, जसको निम्ति, जसको लागि
१७.३ विशेषण - विस्तृत अध्ययन
गुणवाचक विशेषणका थप उदाहरणहरू
रङ: कालो, सेतो, रातो, पहेँलो, नीलो, हरियो, सुन्तला, गुलाबी, खैरो
आकार: ठूलो, सानो, अग्लो, होचो, गोलो, चेप्टो, लामो, छोटो
गुण: राम्रो, नराम्रो, सुन्दर, कुरूप, मिठो, गुलियो, तीतो, अमिलो
अवस्था: नयाँ, पुरानो, राम्रो, खराब, सफा, फोहोर, ठीक, बिग्रिएको
भाव: साहसी, कायर, बुद्धिमान, मूर्ख, मिहेनती, अल्छी
सङ्ख्यावाचक विशेषणका थप उदाहरणहरू
- एक, दुई, तीन, ... (गणनावाचक)
- पहिलो, दोस्रो, तेस्रो, ... (क्रमवाचक)
- एकल, दोहोरो, तेहेरो, ... (पुनरुक्तिवाचक)
- दुवै, तीनवटै, चारैवटा, सबै (समुच्चयवाचक)
- आधा, पौना, डेढ, साढे, पुरै (अंशवाचक)
- थोरै, धेरै, अलिकति, अनगिन्ती (परिमाणवाचक)
तुलनात्मक रूप - विस्तृत अध्ययन
मूल अवस्था (Positive Degree):
- राम्रो, ठूलो, सानो, अग्लो, होचो
- राम्रो मान्छे (सामान्य गुण)
तुलनात्मक अवस्था (Comparative Degree):
- राम्रो + ईयर = राम्रीयर (अर्कासँग तुलना)
- "राम श्यामभन्दा राम्रीयर छ"
- ठूलो + ओ = ठूलो (नै रहन्छ, ठूलो भन्दा ठूलो)
- "यो घर त्यो घरभन्दा ठूलो छ"
- 'ईयर' प्रत्यय तुलनाका लागि प्रयोग हुन्छ
उत्कर्ष अवस्था (Superlative Degree):
- राम्रो + ईयर + मध्ये = सबैभन्दा राम्रीयर
- "राम सबैभन्दा राम्रीयर छ"
- ठूलो + मध्ये = सबैभन्दा ठूलो
- "यो सबैभन्दा ठूलो घर हो"
- 'ईयर' + 'मध्ये' = सबैभन्दा
विशेषणको क्रम (Order of Adjectives)
जब एउटै नामसँग धेरै विशेषणहरू प्रयोग हुन्छन्, यो क्रम पालना हुन्छ:
- परिमाण/सङ्ख्या: पाँच, धेरै, थोरै
- गुण/राय: राम्रो, नराम्रो, सुन्दर
- आकार: ठूलो, सानो, लामो
- उमेर: नयाँ, पुरानो, बूढो
- रङ: कालो, सेतो, रातो
- उत्पत्ति: नेपाली, भारतीय
- सामग्री: सुनको, काठको
- उद्देश्य: पढ्ने, खेल्ने
उदाहरण: पाँचवटा राम्रा ठूला नयाँ काला नेपाली सुनका गहना
१७.४ क्रियापद - विस्तृत अध्ययन
क्रियापदको वर्गीकरण (विस्तृत)
क) सरल क्रिया (एउटा धातु):
- पढ्नु, खानु, जानु, आउनु, गर्नु
- सरल क्रियामा एउटा मात्र धातु हुन्छ
ख) संयुक्त क्रिया (दुई वा बढी धातु):
- पढिसक्नु, हेरिहाल्नु, गइरहनु
- "जा + सक् = गइसक्नु"
- "हेर् + हाल् = हेरिहाल्नु"
ग) नामधातु संयुक्त क्रिया:
- युद्ध गर्नु, भोज खानु, नाच गर्नु
- गीत गाउनु, खेल खेल्नु, रमाइलो गर्नु
घ) क्रियायोगी संयुक्त क्रिया:
- बिहानै उठ्नु, राति नसुत्नु
- भोलि आउनु, अहिले जानु
ङ) सहायक क्रिया सहितको संयुक्त क्रिया:
- पढ्न थाल्नु, खान सक्नु
- गर्न पाउनु, हेर्न लाग्नु
प्रयोगका आधारमा क्रियाको वर्गीकरण
क) सकर्मक क्रिया: कर्म लिने
- पढ्नु, खानु, लेख्नु, हेर्नु, सुन्नु
- "रामले किताब पढ्यो" (किताब = कर्म)
ख) अकर्मक क्रिया: कर्म नलिने
- रुनु, हाँस्नु, सुत्नु, मर्नु, उठ्नु
- "बच्चा रोयो" (कर्म छैन)
ग) दुकर्मक क्रिया: दुई ओटा कर्म लिने
- दिनु, देखाउनु, सिकाउनु, बनाउनु
- "उसले मलाई किताब दियो" (मलाई + किताब)
घ) प्रेरणार्थक क्रिया: अरूलाई काम गराउने
- पढाउनु, खुवाउनु, लेखाउनु, हेराउनु
- "शिक्षकले पढाए" (विद्यार्थीलाई पढ्न लगाए)
१७.५ क्रियाविशेषण - विस्तृत अध्ययन
स्थानवाचक क्रियाविशेषणका थप उदाहरणहरू
- माथि, तल, अगाडि, पछाडि, भित्र, बाहिर
- यहाँ, त्यहाँ, जहाँ, जहाँसुकै
- माथितिर, तलतिर, अगाडितिर
- नजिक, टाढा, वरिपरि, छेउमा
- देब्रे, दायाँ, बीचमा
- उत्तर, दक्षिण, पूर्व, पश्चिम
- अगि, पछि, मुनि, पारि, तर्फ
कालवाचक क्रियाविशेषणका थप उदाहरणहरू
- आज, हिजो, भोलि, पर्सि, पोहोर
- अहिले, अचेल, हाल, पहिले, पछि
- बिहान, दिउँसो, साँझ, बेलुका, राति
- बिहानै, साँझै, राति नै
- सधैं, सदा, निरन्तर, सबैदा
- कहिले, कहिलेकाहीँ, कहिल्यै, जहिल्यै
- पहिल्यै, पछ्याउनु, अघि, पछि
- भर्खर, तुरुन्तै, छिट्टै, बिस्तारै
रीतिवाचक क्रियाविशेषणका थप उदाहरणहरू
- राम्ररी, सफासँग, बिस्तारै, छिट्टै
- सजिलै, गाह्रोसँग, कठिनाइले
- मिहेनतपूर्वक, इमानदारीसाथ, सत्यनिष्ठापूर्वक
- ठूलो स्वरमा, सानो स्वरमा, मीठोसँग
- रिसाएर, खुसी हुँदै, रुँदै, हाँस्दै
- कुदेर, हिँडेर, दौडेर, उफ्रेर
परिमाणवाचक क्रियाविशेषणका थप उदाहरणहरू
- अत्यधिक, अलिकति, धेरै, थोरै
- प्रशस्त, प्रचुर, अनगिन्ती, असीमित
- मात्र, लगभग, करिब, झण्डै
- ठ्याम्मै, रत्तै, एकदम, पुरै
- पूरै, आधा, केही, अलि
कारणवाचक क्रियाविशेषणका थप उदाहरणहरू
- किनभने, किनकि, यसकारण, त्यसैले
- अतः, तसर्थ, त्यसकारण, यसैले
- किन, किनभनेर, कुन कारणले
१७.६ पदवर्ग - थप MCQ खण्ड (२५ प्रश्न)
प्रश्न १. "नेपाल" कुन पद हो?
- (क) जातिवाचक नाम
- (ख) व्यक्तिवाचक नाम
- (ग) भाववाचक नाम
- (घ) समूहवाचक नाम
उत्तर: (ख) व्यक्तिवाचक नाम (देश)
प्रश्न २. "कुकुर" कुन पद हो?
- (क) व्यक्तिवाचक नाम
- (ख) जातिवाचक नाम
- (ग) भाववाचक नाम
- (घ) द्रव्यवाचक नाम
उत्तर: (ख) जातिवाचक नाम
प्रश्न ३. "सुख" कुन पद हो?
- (क) जातिवाचक नाम
- (ख) भाववाचक नाम
- (ग) समूहवाचक नाम
- (घ) द्रव्यवाचक नाम
उत्तर: (ख) भाववाचक नाम
प्रश्न ४. "सरकार" कुन पद हो?
- (क) जातिवाचक नाम
- (ख) भाववाचक नाम
- (ग) समूहवाचक नाम
- (घ) व्यक्तिवाचक नाम
उत्तर: (ग) समूहवाचक नाम
प्रश्न ५. "पानी" कुन पद हो?
- (क) जातिवाचक नाम
- (ख) द्रव्यवाचक नाम
- (ग) भाववाचक नाम
- (घ) समूहवाचक नाम
उत्तर: (ख) द्रव्यवाचक नाम
प्रश्न ६. "प्रत्येक" कुन सर्वनाम हो?
- (क) पुरुषवाचक
- (ख) निश्चयवाचक
- (ग) अनिश्चयवाचक
- (घ) प्रश्नवाचक
उत्तर: (ग) अनिश्चयवाचक
प्रश्न ७. "जो" कुन सर्वनाम हो?
- (क) पुरुषवाचक
- (ख) निश्चयवाचक
- (ग) सम्बन्धवाचक
- (घ) प्रश्नवाचक
उत्तर: (ग) सम्बन्धवाचक
प्रश्न ८. "तिम्रो" कुन सर्वनाम हो?
- (क) पुरुषवाचक
- (ख) निजवाचक
- (ग) निश्चयवाचक
- (घ) अनिश्चयवाचक
उत्तर: (ख) निजवाचक (स्वामित्व)
प्रश्न ९. "कस्तो" कुन सर्वनाम हो?
- (क) पुरुषवाचक
- (ख) निश्चयवाचक
- (ग) प्रश्नवाचक
- (घ) सम्बन्धवाचक
उत्तर: (ग) प्रश्नवाचक
प्रश्न १०. "सबै" कुन सर्वनाम हो?
- (क) निश्चयवाचक
- (ख) अनिश्चयवाचक
- (ग) पुरुषवाचक
- (घ) प्रश्नवाचक
उत्तर: (ख) अनिश्चयवाचक
प्रश्न ११. "नीलो" कुन विशेषण हो?
- (क) गुणवाचक
- (ख) सङ्ख्यावाचक
- (ग) परिमाणवाचक
- (घ) सङ्केतवाचक
उत्तर: (क) गुणवाचक (रङ)
प्रश्न १२. "पहिलो" कुन विशेषण हो?
- (क) गुणवाचक
- (ख) सङ्ख्यावाचक
- (ग) सङ्केतवाचक
- (घ) सम्बन्धवाचक
उत्तर: (ख) सङ्ख्यावाचक (क्रम)
प्रश्न १३. "यो" कुन विशेषण हो?
- (क) गुणवाचक
- (ख) सङ्ख्यावाचक
- (ग) सङ्केतवाचक
- (घ) अनिश्चयवाचक
उत्तर: (ग) सङ्केतवाचक
प्रश्न १४. "धेरै" कुन विशेषण हो?
- (क) गुणवाचक
- (ख) सङ्ख्यावाचक
- (ग) परिमाणवाचक
- (घ) सङ्केतवाचक
उत्तर: (ग) परिमाणवाचक
प्रश्न १५. "कति" कुन विशेषण हो?
- (क) गुणवाचक
- (ख) सङ्ख्यावाचक
- (ग) प्रश्नवाचक
- (घ) सङ्केतवाचक
उत्तर: (ग) प्रश्नवाचक
प्रश्न १६. "राम्रो" कुन विशेषण हो?
- (क) गुणवाचक
- (ख) सङ्ख्यावाचक
- (ग) सङ्केतवाचक
- (घ) परिमाणवाचक
उत्तर: (क) गुणवाचक
प्रश्न १७. "छिटो" कुन पद हो?
- (क) विशेषण
- (ख) क्रियाविशेषण
- (ग) नामयोगी
- (घ) संयोजक
उत्तर: (ख) क्रियाविशेषण (कसरी भन्ने)
प्रश्न १८. "माथि" कुन पद हो?
- (क) विशेषण
- (ख) क्रियाविशेषण
- (ग) नामयोगी
- (घ) सर्वनाम
उत्तर: (ग) नामयोगी (नाम पछि)
प्रश्न १९. "किनभने" कुन पद हो?
- (क) विशेषण
- (ख) क्रियाविशेषण
- (ग) नामयोगी
- (घ) संयोजक
उत्तर: (घ) संयोजक (वाक्य जोड्ने)
प्रश्न २०. "ओहो" कुन पद हो?
- (क) नाम
- (ख) विशेषण
- (ग) विस्मयादिबोधक
- (घ) संयोजक
उत्तर: (ग) विस्मयादिबोधक
प्रश्न २१. "लेख्नु" कुन पद हो?
- (क) नाम
- (ख) क्रियापद
- (ग) विशेषण
- (घ) सर्वनाम
उत्तर: (ख) क्रियापद
प्रश्न २२. "पढाइ" कुन पद हो?
- (क) क्रियापद
- (ख) नाम (भाववाचक)
- (ग) विशेषण
- (घ) क्रियाविशेषण
उत्तर: (ख) नाम (भाववाचक, क्रियार्थक नाम)
प्रश्न २३. "कालो मान्छे" मा "कालो" कुन विशेषण हो?
- (क) रङ बताउने
- (ख) आकार बताउने
- (ग) गुण बताउने
- (घ) सङ्ख्या बताउने
उत्तर: (क) रङ बताउने (गुणवाचक विशेषणको उपप्रकार)
प्रश्न २४. "कक्षाकोठा" मा "कक्षा" कुन पद हो?
- (क) विशेषण
- (ख) नाम
- (ग) सर्वनाम
- (घ) क्रियापद
उत्तर: (ख) नाम
प्रश्न २५. "म रामलाई चिन्छु" मा "म" कुन पद हो?
- (क) नाम
- (ख) सर्वनाम
- (ग) विशेषण
- (घ) क्रियापद
उत्तर: (ख) सर्वनाम (पुरुषवाचक)
अध्याय १८: विस्तृत धातु र क्रिया अध्ययन
१८.१ धातुका विस्तृत प्रकार
स्वरान्त धातु (विस्तृत सूची)
अन्तमा 'आ' स्वर:
- खा (खानु), पिउ (पिउनु), गा (गाउनु)
- बचा (बचाउनु), हेरा (हेर्नु? - होइन, हेर्)
- दा (दिनु), धा (राख्नु), पा (पाउनु)
अन्तमा 'इ' वा 'ई' स्वर:
- गरि (गर्नु), भनि (भन्नु), हेरि (हेर्नु)
- किनि (किन्नु), बुनि (बुन्नु), धुनि (धुनु)
अन्तमा 'उ' वा 'ऊ' स्वर:
- पिउ (पिउनु), गाउ (गाउनु)
- बाउ (बग्नु), धाउ (धाउनु)
अन्तमा 'ए' वा 'ऐ' स्वर:
- गे (गर्नु? - होइन), दे (दिनु)
- ले (लेख्नु? - होइन, लेख्)
- भे (हुनु? - होइन)
अन्तमा 'ओ' वा 'औ' स्वर:
- ओ (हुनु? - होइन), बो (बोल्नु? - होइन)
- पो (पोल्नु? - होइन)
व्यञ्जनान्त धातु (विस्तृत सूची)
अन्तमा 'द्' व्यञ्जन:
- पढ् (पढ्नु), बढ् (बढ्नु), गढ् (गढ्नु)
- रढ् (रढ्नु), सङ्ढ् (सङ्ढ्नु)
अन्तमा 'न्' व्यञ्जन:
- सुन् (सुन्नु), बुन् (बुन्नु)
- गुन् (गुन्नु), धुन् (धुनु)
अन्तमा 'स्' व्यञ्जन:
- बस् (बस्नु), उस् (उस्नु)
- फस् (फस्नु), रस् (रस्नु)
अन्तमा 'त्' व्यञ्जन:
- पठ् (पठाउनु), लठ् (लठ्ठिनु)
- कुट् (कुट्नु), रुट् (रुट्नु)
अन्तमा 'ल्' व्यञ्जन:
- खेल् (खेल्नु), पेल् (पेल्नु)
- फेल् (फेल्नु), गेल् (गेल्नु)
अन्तमा 'र्' व्यञ्जन:
- गर् (गर्नु), हेर् (हेर्नु), फेर् (फेर्नु)
- डेर् (डेर्नु), खोर् (खोर्नु)
अन्तमा 'म्' व्यञ्जन:
- नाम् (नाम्नु? - होइन), साम् (साम्नु)
- काम् (काम गर्नु), राम् (राम्रो हुनु? - होइन)
अन्तमा 'ह्' व्यञ्जन:
- रह् (रहनु), बह् (बहनु)
- कह् (कहनु), चह् (चहनु)
१८.२ तत्सम धातु (विस्तृत सूची)
| तत्सम धातु | अर्थ | उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|
| कुर् | गर्न, कर्तव्य | कुरु, कुर्या, कुर्वा |
| चल् | हिँड्न, गतिशील | चलन, चाल, चलायमान |
| भ्राम् | भुल्न, भ्रम | भ्रान्त, भ्रमण, भ्रामक |
| स्था | रहन, उभिन | स्थान, स्थिर, स्थापित |
| पा | पाउन, प्राप्त | प्राप्त, प्राप्ति, पाना |
| हन् | मार्न, हटाउन | हत्या, हनन, हन्ता |
| दा | दिन, प्रदान | दान, दाता, दानी |
| धा | राख्न, धारण | धारणा, धारा, आधार |
| नी | ल्याउन, नेतृत्व | नेता, नयन, नीति |
| जीव् | जिउन, जीवन | जीवन, जीवित, जैविक |
| प्रच्छ् | सोध्न, जिज्ञासा | पृच्छा, प्रश्न, पृच्छक |
| शील् | आचरण, स्वभाव | शील, शीलन, शीलित |
| भू | हुन, अस्तित्व | भूत, भविष्य, भवन |
| कृ | गर्न, सिर्जना | कृति, कार्य, कर्ता |
| सृज् | सिर्जना, रचना | सृजना, सृष्टि, सर्जक |
| गम् | जान, गमन | गमन, गन्तव्य, आगमन |
| दृश् | देख्न, अवलोकन | दर्शन, दृश्य, द्रष्टा |
| श्रु | सुन्न, श्रवण | श्रवण, श्रोता, श्रवणीय |
| वद् | बोल्न, कथन | वाद, वक्ता, वचन |
| पठ् | पढ्न, पठन | पठन, पाठ, पठनीय |
| लिख् | लेख्न, अङ्कन | लेखन, लिपि, लिखित |
| पा (पिब्) | पिउन | पान, पानी, पेय |
| दह् | जलाउन, भस्म | दाह, दहन, दग्ध |
| त्यज् | छोड्न, त्याग | त्याग, त्यक्त, त्यजन |
| युध् | लड्न, युद्ध | युद्ध, योद्धा, सङ्ग्राम |
१८.३ आगन्तुक धातु (विस्तृत सूची)
| आगन्तुक धातु | भाषा | अर्थ |
|---|---|---|
| रेडियो गर्नु | अङ्ग्रेजी | रेडियो बजाउनु/सुन्नु |
| टेलिफोन गर्नु | अङ्ग्रेजी | फोन गर्नु |
| फ्याक्स गर्नु | अङ्ग्रेजी | फ्याक्स पठाउनु |
| इमेल गर्नु | अङ्ग्रेजी | इमेल पठाउनु |
| प्रिन्ट गर्नु | अङ्ग्रेजी | छाप्नु |
| स्क्यान गर्नु | अङ्ग्रेजी | स्क्यान गर्नु |
| फोटो खिच्नु | अङ्ग्रेजी | फोटो लिनु |
| भिडियो बनाउनु | अङ्ग्रेजी | भिडियो बनाउनु |
| च्याट गर्नु | अङ्ग्रेजी | कुराकानी गर्नु |
| डाउनलोड गर्नु | अङ्ग्रेजी | डाउनलोड गर्नु |
| अपलोड गर्नु | अङ्ग्रेजी | अपलोड गर्नु |
| ब्राउज गर्नु | अङ्ग्रेजी | हेर्नु |
| ट्विट गर्नु | अङ्ग्रेजी | ट्विट गर्नु |
| लगइन गर्नु | अङ्ग्रेजी | प्रवेश गर्नु |
| लगआउट गर्नु | अङ्ग्रेजी | बाहिर निस्कनु |
| साइन इन गर्नु | अङ्ग्रेजी | दस्तखत गर्नु |
| सब्स्क्राइब गर्नु | अङ्ग्रेजी | सदस्य बन्नु |
| अनसब्स्क्राइब गर्नु | अङ्ग्रेजी | सदस्यता रद्द गर्नु |
| अपडेट गर्नु | अङ्ग्रेजी | अद्यावधिक गर्नु |
| कमेन्ट गर्नु | अङ्ग्रेजी | टिप्पणी गर्नु |
| शेयर गर्नु | अङ्ग्रेजी | साझा गर्नु |
| लाइक गर्नु | अङ्ग्रेजी | मनपराउनु |
| ट्याग गर्नु | अङ्ग्रेजी | चिन्ह लगाउनु |
| पोस्ट गर्नु | अङ्ग्रेजी | प्रकाशित गर्नु |
१८.४ धातुको रूपायन - थप तालिका
पुलिङ्गी कर्ताका लागि वर्तमान कालको रूपायन
| धातु | म | तँ | ऊ | हामी | तिमी | उनी | उनीहरू |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| पढ् | पढ्छु | पढ्छस् | पढ्छ | पढ्छौं | पढ्छौ | पढ्नुहुन्छ | पढ्छन् |
| खा | खान्छु | खान्छस् | खान्छ | खान्छौं | खान्छौ | खानुहुन्छ | खान्छन् |
| जा | जान्छु | जान्छस् | जान्छ | जान्छौं | जान्छौ | जानुहुन्छ | जान्छन् |
| आउ | आउँछु | आउँछस् | आउँछ | आउँछौं | आउँछौ | आउनुहुन्छ | आउँछन् |
| गर् | गर्छु | गर्छस् | गर्छ | गर्छौं | गर्छौ | गर्नुहुन्छ | गर्छन् |
| हेर् | हेर्छु | हेर्छस् | हेर्छ | हेर्छौं | हेर्छौ | हेर्नुहुन्छ | हेर्छन् |
| सुन् | सुन्छु | सुन्छस् | सुन्छ | सुन्छौं | सुन्छौ | सुन्नुहुन्छ | सुन्छन् |
| भन् | भन्छु | भन्छस् | भन्छ | भन्छौं | भन्छौ | भन्नुहुन्छ | भन्छन् |
| बस् | बस्छु | बस्छस् | बस्छ | बस्छौं | बस्छौ | बस्नुहुन्छ | बस्छन् |
| उठ् | उठ्छु | उठ्छस् | उठ्छ | उठ्छौं | उठ्छौ | उठ्नुहुन्छ | उठ्छन् |
| सुत् | सुत्छु | सुत्छस् | सुत्छ | सुत्छौं | सुत्छौ | सुत्नुहुन्छ | सुत्छन् |
| हिँड् | हिँड्छु | हिँड्छस् | हिँड्छ | हिँड्छौं | हिँड्छौ | हिँड्नुहुन्छ | हिँड्छन् |
| नाच् | नाच्छु | नाच्छस् | नाच्छ | नाच्छौं | नाच्छौ | नाच्नुहुन्छ | नाच्छन् |
| गाउ | गाउँछु | गाउँछस् | गाउँछ | गाउँछौं | गाउँछौ | गाउनुहुन्छ | गाउँछन् |
| खेल् | खेल्छु | खेल्छस् | खेल्छ | खेल्छौं | खेल्छौ | खेल्नुहुन्छ | खेल्छन् |
| फर्क् | फर्कन्छु | फर्कन्छस् | फर्कन्छ | फर्कन्छौं | फर्कन्छौ | फर्कनुहुन्छ | फर्कन्छन् |
| मर् | मर्छु | मर्छस् | मर्छ | मर्छौं | मर्छौ | मर्नुहुन्छ | मर्छन् |
| हाँस् | हाँस्छु | हाँस्छस् | हाँस्छ | हाँस्छौं | हाँस्छौ | हाँस्नुहुन्छ | हाँस्छन् |
| राख् | राख्छु | राख्छस् | राख्छ | राख्छौं | राख्छौ | राख्नुहुन्छ | राख्छन् |
| पठाउ | पठाउँछु | पठाउँछस् | पठाउँछ | पठाउँछौं | पठाउँछौ | पठाउनुहुन्छ | पठाउँछन् |
| ल्याउ | ल्याउँछु | ल्याउँछस् | ल्याउँछ | ल्याउँछौं | ल्याउँछौ | ल्याउनुहुन्छ | ल्याउँछन् |
| बोल् | बोल्छु | बोल्छस् | बोल्छ | बोल्छौं | बोल्छौ | बोल्नुहुन्छ | बोल्छन् |
भूत कालको रूपायन (विस्तृत)
| धातु | म | तँ | ऊ | हामी | तिमी | उनी | उनीहरू |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| पढ् | पढेँ | पढेस् | पढ्यो | पढ्यौं | पढ्यौ | पढ्नुभयो | पढे |
| खा | खाएँ | खाएस् | खायो | खायौं | खायौ | खानुभयो | खाए |
| जा | गएँ | गएस् | गयो | गय्यौं | गय्यौ | जानुभयो | गए |
| आउ | आएँ | आएस् | आयो | आयौं | आयौ | आउनुभयो | आए |
| गर् | गरेँ | गरेस् | ग¥यो | ग¥य्यौं | ग¥य्यौ | गर्नुभयो | गरे |
| हेर् | हेरेँ | हेरेस् | हेर्यो | हेर्यौं | हेर्यौ | हेर्नुभयो | हेरे |
| सुन् | सुनेँ | सुनेस् | सुन्यो | सुन्यौं | सुन्यौ | सुन्नुभयो | सुने |
| भन् | भनेँ | भनेस् | भन्यो | भन्यौं | भन्यौ | भन्नुभयो | भने |
| बस् | बसेँ | बसेस् | बस्यो | बस्यौं | बस्यौ | बस्नुभयो | बसे |
| उठ् | उठेँ | उठेस् | उठ्यो | उठ्यौं | उठ्यौ | उठ्नुभयो | उठे |
| सुत् | सुतेँ | सुतेस् | सुत्यो | सुत्यौं | सुत्यौ | सुत्नुभयो | सुते |
| हिँड् | हिँडेँ | हिँडेस् | हिँड्यो | हिँड्यौं | हिँड्यौ | हिँड्नुभयो | हिँडे |
| नाच् | नाचेँ | नाचेस् | नाच्यो | नाच्यौं | नाच्यौ | नाच्नुभयो | नाचे |
| गाउ | गाएँ | गाएस् | गायो | गायौं | गायौ | गाउनुभयो | गाए |
| खेल् | खेलेँ | खेलेस् | खेल्यो | खेल्यौं | खेल्यौ | खेल्नुभयो | खेले |
| मर् | मरेँ | मरेस् | म¥यो | म¥य्यौं | म¥य्यौ | मर्नुभयो | मरे |
१८.५ क्रिया - विस्तृत अध्ययन
क्रियाको वर्गीकरण (विस्तृत)
क) सरल क्रिया (Simple Verb):
- परिभाषा: एउटा मात्र धातु वा क्रियापद भएको
- उदाहरण: राम पढ्छ, सीता गाउँछिन्, ऊ हिँड्छ
- पहिचान: वाक्यमा एउटा मात्र क्रियापद हुन्छ
ख) संयुक्त क्रिया (Compound Verb):
- परिभाषा: दुई वा बढी धातु मिलेर बनेको
- उदाहरण: हेरिहाल्नु, पढिसक्नु, गइरहनु
- पहिचान: "धातु + धातु" को संयोजन
ग) सहायक क्रिया (Auxiliary Verb):
- परिभाषा: मुख्य क्रियालाई सहयोग गर्ने
- उदाहरण: छ, छु, छौं, छस्, छे, छेस्, छन्
- अरू: हुन्छ, भन्छ, हुन्थ्यो, भन्थ्यो
- पहिचान: मुख्य क्रियाको अन्तिमा वा छेउमा
घ) मुख्य क्रिया (Main Verb):
- परिभाषा: वाक्यको मुख्य अर्थ बताउने
- उदाहरण: पढ्नु, खानु, जानु
- पहिचान: वाक्यको अर्थ सबैभन्दा बढी यसमा निर्भर
प्रेरणार्थक क्रिया (Causative Verb) - विस्तृत
परिभाषा: अरूलाई कुनै काम गराउने क्रिया
बनोट: मूल धातु + आउ/एन/उन/आउनु/उनु
मूल क्रिया → प्रेरणार्थक:
- पढ् → पढाउ (पढ्न लगाउनु)
- खा → खुवाउ (खान लगाउनु)
- हेर् → हेराउ (हेर्न लगाउनु)
- सुन् → सुनाउ (सुन्न लगाउनु)
- बुझ् → बुझाउ (बुझ्न लगाउनु)
- लेख् → लेखाउ (लेख्न लगाउनु)
- बस् → बसाउ (बस्न लगाउनु)
- उठ् → उठाउ (उठ्न लगाउनु)
- सुत् → सुलाउ (सुत्न लगाउनु)
- हिँड् → हिँडाउ (हिँड्न लगाउनु)
- नाच् → नचाउ (नाच्न लगाउनु)
- गाउ → गाउँँ (गाउन लगाउनु) - गाउँँ वा गवाउँ
- खेल् → खेलाउ (खेल्न लगाउनु)
- भन् → भनाउ (भन्न लगाउनु)
- गर् → गराउ (गर्न लगाउनु)
- जा → पठाउ (जान लगाउनु)
- आउ → ल्याउ (आउन लगाउनु)
- मर् → मार् (मर्न लगाउनु)
- रुन् → रुवाउ (रुने लगाउनु)
- हाँस् → हँसाउ (हाँस्न लगाउनु)
विशेष: मर् → मार् (अपवाद)
१८.६ धातु र क्रिया - थप MCQ खण्ड (२५ प्रश्न)
प्रश्न १. "पढ्छ" मा कुन धातु छ?
- (क) पढ
- (ख) पढ्
- (ग) पढ्नु
- (घ) पढे
उत्तर: (ख) पढ् (व्यञ्जनान्त)
प्रश्न २. "गर्छ" मा कुन धातु छ?
- (क) ग
- (ख) गर
- (ग) गर्
- (घ) गर्नु
उत्तर: (ग) गर् (व्यञ्जनान्त)
प्रश्न ३. "खुवाउनु" कस्तो क्रिया हो?
- (क) सरल
- (ख) प्रेरणार्थक
- (ग) संयुक्त
- (घ) सहायक
उत्तर: (ख) प्रेरणार्थक (खा → खुवाउ)
प्रश्न ४. "पठाउनु" कस्तो क्रिया हो?
- (क) सरल
- (ख) प्रेरणार्थक
- (ग) संयुक्त
- (घ) सहायक
उत्तर: (ख) प्रेरणार्थक (जा → पठाउ)
प्रश्न ५. "ल्याउनु" कस्तो क्रिया हो?
- (क) सरल
- (ख) प्रेरणार्थक
- (ग) संयुक्त
- (घ) सहायक
उत्तर: (ख) प्रेरणार्थक (आउ → ल्याउ)
प्रश्न ६. "छ" कस्तो क्रिया हो?
- (क) मुख्य
- (ख) सहायक
- (ग) प्रेरणार्थक
- (घ) संयुक्त
उत्तर: (ख) सहायक क्रिया
प्रश्न ७. "पढ्दैछ" कस्तो क्रिया हो?
- (क) सरल
- (ख) संयुक्त
- (ग) प्रेरणार्थक
- (घ) सहायक
उत्तर: (ख) संयुक्त क्रिया (पढ् + दै + छ)
प्रश्न ८. "हेरिहाल्छ" कस्तो क्रिया हो?
- (क) सरल
- (ख) संयुक्त
- (ग) प्रेरणार्थक
- (घ) सहायक
उत्तर: (ख) संयुक्त क्रिया (हेर् + हाल्)
प्रश्न ९. "पढाइन्छ" कस्तो क्रिया हो?
- (क) सरल
- (ख) संयुक्त
- (ग) कर्मवाच्य
- (घ) सहायक
उत्तर: (ग) कर्मवाच्य (कर्तृवाच्यको रूपान्तर)
प्रश्न १०. "मर्छ" मा कुन धातु छ?
- (क) म
- (ख) मर
- (ग) मर्
- (घ) मर्नु
उत्तर: (ग) मर् (व्यञ्जनान्त)
प्रश्न ११. "मार्छ" मा कुन धातु छ?
- (क) मर
- (ख) मार
- (ग) मार्
- (घ) मार्नु
उत्तर: (ग) मार् (प्रेरणार्थक, मर् → मार्)
प्रश्न १२. "नाच्छ" मा कुन धातु छ?
- (क) ना
- (ख) नाच
- (ग) नाच्
- (घ) नाच्नु
उत्तर: (ग) नाच् (व्यञ्जनान्त)
प्रश्न १३. "नचाउँछ" मा कुन धातु छ?
- (क) नाच
- (ख) नचा
- (ग) नचा (प्रेरणार्थक)
- (घ) नचाउनु
उत्तर: (ग) नचा (प्रेरणार्थक, नाच् → नचा)
प्रश्न १४. "गाउँछ" मा कुन धातु छ?
- (क) गा
- (ख) गाउ
- (ग) गा (स्वरान्त)
- (घ) गाउनु
उत्तर: (ग) गा (स्वरान्त, 'उ' ले दीर्घ)
प्रश्न १५. "गाउँँछ" कस्तो क्रिया हो?
- (क) सरल
- (ख) प्रेरणार्थक
- (ग) संयुक्त
- (घ) सहायक
उत्तर: (ख) प्रेरणार्थक (गा → गाउँँ)
प्रश्न १६. "सुत्छ" मा कुन धातु छ?
- (क) सु
- (ख) सुत
- (ग) सुत्
- (घ) सुता
उत्तर: (ग) सुत् (व्यञ्जनान्त)
प्रश्न १७. "सुलाउँछ" कस्तो क्रिया हो?
- (क) सरल
- (ख) प्रेरणार्थक
- (ग) संयुक्त
- (घ) सहायक
उत्तर: (ख) प्रेरणार्थक (सुत् → सुला)
प्रश्न १८. "हिँड्छ" मा कुन धातु छ?
- (क) हिँड
- (ख) हिँड्
- (ग) हिँड्नु
- (घ) हिँडे
उत्तर: (ख) हिँड् (व्यञ्जनान्त)
प्रश्न १९. "हिँडाउँछ" कस्तो क्रिया हो?
- (क) सरल
- (ख) प्रेरणार्थक
- (ग) संयुक्त
- (घ) सहायक
उत्तर: (ख) प्रेरणार्थक (हिँड् → हिँडा)
प्रश्न २०. "रुन्छ" मा कुन धातु छ?
- (क) रु
- (ख) रुन
- (ग) रुन्
- (घ) रुने
उत्तर: (ग) रुन् (व्यञ्जनान्त)
प्रश्न २१. "रुवाउँछ" कस्तो क्रिया हो?
- (क) सरल
- (ख) प्रेरणार्थक
- (ग) संयुक्त
- (घ) सहायक
उत्तर: (ख) प्रेरणार्थक (रुन् → रुवा)
प्रश्न २२. "बुझ्छ" मा कुन धातु छ?
- (क) बुझ
- (ख) बुझ्
- (ग) बुझ्नु
- (घ) बुझे
उत्तर: (ख) बुझ् (व्यञ्जनान्त)
प्रश्न २३. "बुझाउँछ" कस्तो क्रिया हो?
- (क) सरल
- (ख) प्रेरणार्थक
- (ग) संयुक्त
- (घ) सहायक
उत्तर: (ख) प्रेरणार्थक (बुझ् → बुझा)
प्रश्न २४. "देख्छ" मा कुन धातु छ?
- (क) देख
- (ख) देख्
- (ग) देख्नु
- (घ) देखे
उत्तर: (ख) देख् (व्यञ्जनान्त)
प्रश्न २५. "देखाउँछ" कस्तो क्रिया हो?
- (क) सरल
- (ख) प्रेरणार्थक
- (ग) संयुक्त
- (घ) सहायक
उत्तर: (ख) प्रेरणार्थक (देख् → देखा)
अध्याय १९: विस्तृत काल र पक्ष - थप अभ्यास
१९.१ कालका थप उदाहरण र नियम
वर्तमान काल - विस्तृत अध्ययन
क) सामान्य वर्तमान काल (Simple Present):
- परिभाषा: नियमित, सत्य, बानीपूर्वक कार्य
- समयका सूचक: रोज, सधैं, सबैदा, हरेक दिन, सामान्यतया
- उदाहरणहरू:
- सूर्य पूर्वमा उदाउँछ। (सत्य)
- म रोज बिहान उठ्छु। (बानी)
- पानी १०० डिग्रीमा उम्लिन्छ। (वैज्ञानिक सत्य)
- उसले रोज दूध पिउँछ। (नियमित कार्य)
- म स्कूल जान्छु। (नियमित)
ख) अपूर्ण वर्तमान काल (Present Continuous):
- परिभाषा: कार्य अहिले भइरहेको
- समयका सूचक: अहिले, हाल, यतिबेला, यो बेला
- बनोट: धातु + दै/तै + छ/छु/छस्/छ/छौं/छौ/नुहुन्छ/छन्
- उदाहरणहरू:
- म अहिले पढ्दैछु।
- ऊ खेल्दैछ।
- हामी काम गरिरहेका छौं।
- उनी गाउँदैछन्।
- बच्चा रोइरहेको छ।
- उसले भात खाँदैछ।
- सीता गीत गाउँदैछिन्।
ग) पूर्ण वर्तमान काल (Present Perfect):
- परिभाषा: कार्य पूरा भइसकेको छ तर प्रभाव अहिले पनि छ
- समयका सूचक: अहिलेसम्म, अहिलेसम्म पनि, भर्खरै, सकिएको
- बनोट: धातु + एको/एकी/एका + छ/छु/छस्/छ/छौं/छौ/नुहुन्छ/छन्
- उदाहरणहरू:
- म पढेको छु।
- उसले खाएको छ।
- ऊ गएकी छन्।
- हामी आइसकेका छौं।
- उसले किताब पढेको छ।
- काम सकिएको छ।
- मैले चिठ्ठी लेखेको छु।
घ) अज्ञात वर्तमान काल (Unknown Present):
- परिभाषा: कार्य कहिले भयो भन्ने थाहा नभएको
- बनोट: धातु + छ/छन् (जस्तै सामान्य वर्तमान)
- उदाहरणहरू:
- ऊ पढ्छ (उसको बानी जस्तो)।
- उसले खाएछ (उसले खाएको रहेछ)।
- ऊ हिँडेछ।
- उनीहरू गएछन्।
भूत काल - विस्तृत अध्ययन
क) सामान्य भूत काल (Simple Past):
- परिभाषा: विगतमा पूरा भएको कार्य
- समयका सूचक: हिजो, अस्ति, गत हप्ता, गत वर्ष, पोहोर
- बनोट: धातु + यो/ए/यौं/यौ/इन्/भयो/भए
- उदाहरणहरू:
- मैले पढेँ।
- ऊ गयो।
- उसले खायो।
- हामी आयौं।
- उनीहरू गए।
- मैले किताब पढेको थिएँ (पूर्ण भूत)।
- उसले चिठ्ठी लेखेछ (अज्ञात भूत)।
ख) अपूर्ण भूत काल (Past Continuous):
- परिभाषा: विगतमा कार्य जारी थियो
- समयका सूचक: त्यतिबेला, जब..., त्यसबेला
- बनोट: धातु + दै/तै + थिएँ/थियो/थियौं/थिए/थिइन्/नुभएको थियो
- उदाहरणहरू:
- म पढ्दै थिएँ।
- ऊ खेल्दै थियो।
- हामी गाउँदै थियौं।
- उनीहरू हिँड्दै थिए।
- म भात खाँदै थिएँ जब ऊ आयो।
- बच्चा रोइरहेको थियो।
ग) पूर्ण भूत काल (Past Perfect):
- परिभाषा: विगतको अर्को विगत कार्य अगाडि भएको
- बनोट: धातु + एको/एकी/एका + थिएँ/थियो/थियौं/थिए/थिइन्
- उदाहरणहरू:
- म पढेको थिएँ।
- ऊ गएको थियो।
- उसले खाएको थियो।
- हामी आइसकेका थियौं।
- म स्कूल पुग्दा ऊ गइसकेको थियो।
- ऊ आउँदा म खाइसकेको थिएँ।
घ) अभ्यस्त भूत काल (Past Habitual):
- परिभाषा: विगतमा निरन्तर/बानीपूर्वक हुने कार्य
- बनोट: धातु + थ्यो/थे/थिन्/थ्यौं/थें
- उदाहरणहरू:
- ऊ पढ्थ्यो। (विगतमा पढ्ने बानी)
- म रोज जान्थें।
- उसले खान्थ्यो।
- हामी खेल्थ्यौं।
- बूढो मान्छे धेरै कुरा भन्थ्यो।
- पहिले ऊ धेरै हिँड्थ्यो।
ङ) अज्ञात भूत काल (Unknown Past):
- परिभाषा: विगतमा भएको कार्य थाहा नभएको
- बनोट: धातु + छ/छन् (जस्तै सामान्य वर्तमान)
- उदाहरणहरू:
- ऊ पढेछ (भर्खर थाहा भयो)।
- उसले खाएछ।
- ऊ हिँडेछ।
- उनीहरू गएछन्।
- रामले किताब पढेछ।
- उसले पैसा लगेछ।
भविष्यत् काल - विस्तृत अध्ययन
क) सामान्य भविष्यत् काल (Simple Future):
- परिभाषा: भविष्यमा हुने कार्य
- समयका सूचक: भोलि, पर्सि, अब, आउँदो हप्ता, अगाडि
- बनोट: धातु + नेछ/नेछु/नेछस्/नेछ/नेछौं/नेछौ/नुहुनेछ/नेछन्
- उदाहरणहरू:
- म पढ्नेछु।
- ऊ जानेछ।
- हामी आउनेछौं।
- उनीहरू खानेछन्।
- भोलि म स्कूल जानेछु।
- अब ऊ आउनेछ।
ख) अपूर्ण भविष्यत् काल (Future Continuous):
- परिभाषा: भविष्यमा कार्य जारी रहने
- बनोट: धातु + दै/तै + हुनेछ/हुनेछु/हुनेछौं
- उदाहरणहरू:
- म पढ्दै हुनेछु।
- ऊ खेल्दै हुनेछ।
- हामी गाउँदै हुनेछौं।
- भोलि म पढ्दै हुनेछु।
ग) पूर्ण भविष्यत् काल (Future Perfect):
- परिभाषा: भविष्यमा कार्य पूरा भइसकेको
- बनोट: धातु + सकेको + हुनेछ/हुनेछु/हुनेछौं
- उदाहरणहरू:
- म पढिसकेको हुनेछु।
- ऊ गइसकेको हुनेछ।
- हामी आइसकेका हुनेछौं।
- भोलि सम्म म काम सकिसकेको हुनेछु।
१९.२ पक्ष (Aspect) - विस्तृत अध्ययन
पक्षको परिचय
पक्ष भनेको कार्य कस्तो अवस्थामा छ भन्ने बताउने तरिका हो। नेपालीमा तीन पक्ष हुन्छन्:
- सामान्य पक्ष (Simple)
- अपूर्ण पक्ष (Continuous/Progressive)
- पूर्ण पक्ष (Perfect)
पक्ष र कालको सम्बन्ध (विस्तृत तालिका)
| काल \\ पक्ष | सामान्य | अपूर्ण | पूर्ण |
|---|---|---|---|
| वर्तमान | पढ्छु | पढ्दैछु | पढेको छु |
| भूत | पढेँ | पढ्दै थिएँ | पढेको थिएँ |
| भविष्यत् | पढ्नेछु | पढ्दै हुनेछु | पढिसकेको हुनेछु |
पक्ष चिन्ने सूत्र
सामान्य पक्ष:
- वर्तमान: धातु + छ/छु/छस्/छ/छौं/छौ/नुहुन्छ/छन्
- भूत: धातु + यो/ए/यौं/यौ/नुभयो/भए
- भविष्यत्: धातु + नेछ/नेछु/नेछौं/नुहुनेछ/नेछन्
अपूर्ण पक्ष:
- वर्तमान: धातु + दै/तै + छ/छु/छस्/छ/छौं/छौ/नुहुन्छ/छन्
- भूत: धातु + दै/तै + थिएँ/थियो/थियौं/थिए/थिइन्
- भविष्यत्: धातु + दै/तै + हुनेछ/हुनेछु/हुनेछौं
पूर्ण पक्ष:
- वर्तमान: धातु + एको/एकी/एका + छ/छु/छस्/छ/छौं/छौ/नुहुन्छ/छन्
- भूत: धातु + एको/एकी/एका + थिएँ/थियो/थियौं/थिए/थिइन्
- भविष्यत्: धातु + सकेको + हुनेछ/हुनेछु/हुनेछौं
१९.३ काल र पक्ष - थप MCQ खण्ड (२५ प्रश्न)
प्रश्न १. "म पढ्छु" कुन काल र पक्ष हो?
- (क) सामान्य वर्तमान
- (ख) अपूर्ण वर्तमान
- (ग) पूर्ण वर्तमान
- (घ) सामान्य भूत
उत्तर: (क) सामान्य वर्तमान
प्रश्न २. "म पढ्दैछु" कुन पक्ष हो?
- (क) सामान्य
- (ख) अपूर्ण
- (ग) पूर्ण
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) अपूर्ण पक्ष (वर्तमान)
प्रश्न ३. "म पढेको छु" कुन पक्ष हो?
- (क) सामान्य
- (ख) अपूर्ण
- (ग) पूर्ण
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ग) पूर्ण पक्ष (वर्तमान)
प्रश्न ४. "म पढ्दै थिएँ" कुन काल हो?
- (क) सामान्य भूत
- (ख) अपूर्ण भूत
- (ग) पूर्ण भूत
- (घ) अज्ञात भूत
उत्तर: (ख) अपूर्ण भूत
प्रश्न ५. "म पढेको थिएँ" कुन काल हो?
- (क) सामान्य भूत
- (ख) अपूर्ण भूत
- (ग) पूर्ण भूत
- (घ) अज्ञात भूत
उत्तर: (ग) पूर्ण भूत
प्रश्न ६. "ऊ पढ्थ्यो" कुन काल हो?
- (क) सामान्य भूत
- (ख) अभ्यस्त भूत
- (ग) पूर्ण भूत
- (घ) अज्ञात भूत
उत्तर: (ख) अभ्यस्त भूत (बानी)
प्रश्न ७. "ऊ पढेछ" कुन काल हो?
- (क) सामान्य भूत
- (ख) अभ्यस्त भूत
- (ग) पूर्ण भूत
- (घ) अज्ञात भूत
उत्तर: (घ) अज्ञात भूत (थाहा नभएको)
प्रश्न ८. "म पढ्नेछु" कुन काल हो?
- (क) सामान्य भविष्यत्
- (ख) अपूर्ण भविष्यत्
- (ग) पूर्ण भविष्यत्
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (क) सामान्य भविष्यत्
प्रश्न ९. "म पढ्दै हुनेछु" कुन काल हो?
- (क) सामान्य भविष्यत्
- (ख) अपूर्ण भविष्यत्
- (ग) पूर्ण भविष्यत्
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) अपूर्ण भविष्यत्
प्रश्न १०. "म पढिसकेको हुनेछु" कुन काल हो?
- (क) सामान्य भविष्यत्
- (ख) अपूर्ण भविष्यत्
- (ग) पूर्ण भविष्यत्
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ग) पूर्ण भविष्यत्
प्रश्न ११. "सूर्य पूर्वमा उदाउँछ" कुन काल हो?
- (क) अपूर्ण वर्तमान
- (ख) सामान्य वर्तमान
- (ग) पूर्ण वर्तमान
- (घ) सामान्य भूत
उत्तर: (ख) सामान्य वर्तमान (सत्य)
प्रश्न १२. "म भात खाँदैछु" कुन काल हो?
- (क) सामान्य वर्तमान
- (ख) अपूर्ण वर्तमान
- (ग) पूर्ण वर्तमान
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) अपूर्ण वर्तमान (अहिले भइरहेको)
प्रश्न १३. "मैले किताब पढेको छु" कुन काल हो?
- (क) सामान्य वर्तमान
- (ख) अपूर्ण वर्तमान
- (ग) पूर्ण वर्तमान
- (घ) सामान्य भूत
उत्तर: (ग) पूर्ण वर्तमान (पूरा भइसकेको)
प्रश्न १४. "हिजो म स्कूल गएँ" कुन काल हो?
- (क) सामान्य वर्तमान
- (ख) सामान्य भूत
- (ग) पूर्ण भूत
- (घ) अज्ञात भूत
उत्तर: (ख) सामान्य भूत
प्रश्न १५. "ऊ पहिले धेरै हिँड्थ्यो" कुन काल हो?
- (क) सामान्य भूत
- (ख) अभ्यस्त भूत
- (ग) पूर्ण भूत
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) अभ्यस्त भूत (विगतको बानी)
प्रश्न १६. "भोलि म आउनेछु" कुन काल हो?
- (क) सामान्य वर्तमान
- (ख) सामान्य भविष्यत्
- (ग) पूर्ण भविष्यत्
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) सामान्य भविष्यत्
प्रश्न १७. "ऊ खेल्दै थियो" कुन पक्ष हो?
- (क) सामान्य
- (ख) अपूर्ण
- (ग) पूर्ण
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) अपूर्ण (भूत कालमा)
प्रश्न १८. "म काम गरिसकेको छु" कुन पक्ष हो?
- (क) सामान्य
- (ख) अपूर्ण
- (ग) पूर्ण
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ग) पूर्ण
प्रश्न १९. "हिजोदेखि म बिरामी छु" कुन काल हो?
- (क) सामान्य वर्तमान
- (ख) अपूर्ण वर्तमान
- (ग) पूर्ण वर्तमान
- (घ) सामान्य भूत
उत्तर: (क) सामान्य वर्तमान (अवस्था)
प्रश्न २०. "ऊ रोइरहेको थियो" कुन पक्ष हो?
- (क) सामान्य भूत
- (ख) अपूर्ण भूत
- (ग) पूर्ण भूत
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) अपूर्ण भूत (जारी थियो)
प्रश्न २१. "म स्कूल पुग्दा ऊ गइसकेको थियो" कुन काल हो?
- (क) सामान्य भूत
- (ख) अपूर्ण भूत
- (ग) पूर्ण भूत
- (घ) अज्ञात भूत
उत्तर: (ग) पूर्ण भूत (अगाडि भएको)
प्रश्न २२. "पहिले ऊ धेरै खान्थ्यो" कुन काल हो?
- (क) सामान्य भूत
- (ख) अभ्यस्त भूत
- (ग) पूर्ण भूत
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) अभ्यस्त भूत (विगतको बानी)
प्रश्न २३. "ऊ हिँडेछ" कुन काल हो?
- (क) सामान्य भूत
- (ख) अभ्यस्त भूत
- (ग) पूर्ण भूत
- (घ) अज्ञात भूत
उत्तर: (घ) अज्ञात भूत (थाहा भएको/अनुमान)
प्रश्न २४. "भोलिसम्म म काम सकिसकेको हुनेछु" कुन काल हो?
- (क) सामान्य भविष्यत्
- (ख) अपूर्ण भविष्यत्
- (ग) पूर्ण भविष्यत्
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ग) पूर्ण भविष्यत्
प्रश्न २५. "अहिले म पढ्दैछु" कुन काल हो?
- (क) सामान्य वर्तमान
- (ख) अपूर्ण वर्तमान
- (ग) पूर्ण वर्तमान
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) अपूर्ण वर्तमान (जारी)
अध्याय २०: विस्तृत कारक र विभक्ति अध्ययन
२०.१ कर्ता कारक (विस्तृत)
परिचय
कर्ता कारक भनेको क्रिया गर्ने व्यक्ति, वस्तु वा कुरा हो। वाक्यमा काम कसले ग¥यो भन्ने सोधेको उत्तर कर्ता हो।
कर्ता कारकका विशेषताहरू
- क्रिया गर्ने प्रधान शक्ति
- वाक्यमा सबैभन्दा पहिले आउँछ
- कर्तामा 'ले' विभक्ति लाग्छ (भूत कालमा)
- वर्तमान र भविष्यत् कालमा 'ले' को प्रयोग हुँदैन
कर्ता कारक चिन्ने तरिका
- "कसले" भन्ने प्रश्नको उत्तर
- क्रिया गर्ने व्यक्ति/वस्तु
- "ले" विभक्ति भएको
कर्ता कारकका उदाहरणहरू
- रामले पढ्यो। (राम = कर्ता)
- सीताले गीत गाइन्। (सीता = कर्ता)
- शिक्षकले पढाए। (शिक्षक = कर्ता)
- बालकले खायो। (बालक = कर्ता)
- कुकुरले टोक्यो। (कुकुर = कर्ता)
- मले गरेँ। (म = कर्ता)
- हामीले ग¥यौं। (हामी = कर्ता)
- उसले भन्यो। (ऊ = कर्ता)
विशेष अवस्थाहरू
- वर्तमान कालमा: राम पढ्छ (रामले होइन)
- भविष्यत् कालमा: राम पढ्नेछ (रामले होइन)
- नामको सट्टामा सर्वनाम: उसले, मैले, हामीले
२०.२ कर्म कारक (विस्तृत)
परिचय
कर्म कारक भनेको जुन वस्तु वा व्यक्तिमाथि क्रिया भइरहेको छ, त्यो हो। "कसलाई/के लाई" भन्ने प्रश्नको उत्तर कर्म हो।
कर्म कारकका विशेषताहरू
- क्रियाको प्रभाव पर्ने वस्तु/व्यक्ति
- कर्ता पछि आउँछ
- 'लाई' विभक्ति लाग्छ
- अकर्मक क्रियामा कर्म हुँदैन
कर्म कारक चिन्ने तरिका
- "कसलाई" / "के लाई" भन्ने प्रश्नको उत्तर
- 'लाई' विभक्ति भएको
- क्रियाको असर पर्ने
कर्म कारकका उदाहरणहरू
- रामले किताबलाई पढ्यो। (किताब = कर्म)
- उसले भातलाई खायो। (भात = कर्म)
- मैले कलमलाई समातेँ। (कलम = कर्म)
- बालकलाई बोलाऊ। (बालक = कर्म)
- सीतालाई हेर। (सीता = कर्म)
- उसलाई सहयोग गर। (ऊ = कर्म)
कर्म कारकका प्रकार
- एक कर्म: एउटा मात्र कर्म
- दुई कर्म: दुई ओटा कर्म
- बहु कर्म: दुईभन्दा बढी कर्म
२०.३ करण कारक (विस्तृत)
परिचय
करण कारक भनेको जसको सहायताले कार्य सम्पन्न हुन्छ, त्यो हो। "कसले/के ले/कसरी" भन्ने प्रश्नको उत्तर करण हो।
करण कारकका विशेषताहरू
- कार्य गर्ने साधन
- 'ले', 'बाट', 'द्वारा' विभक्ति लाग्छ
- अमूर्त कुरा पनि करण हुन सक्छ
करण कारक चिन्ने तरिका
- "कसले" / "कसरी" / "कसको सहायताले" भन्ने प्रश्नको उत्तर
- साधन, माध्यम, उपकरण
करण कारकका उदाहरणहरू
- उसले हातले खायो। (हात = करण)
- कलमले लेख। (कलम = करण)
- रेलबाट आयो। (रेल = करण)
- सरकारद्वारा काम भयो। (सरकार = करण)
- पेनले लेख्यो। (पेन = करण)
- सडकबाट हिँडे। (सडक = करण)
- इमेलबाट पठायो। (इमेल = करण)
- हावाले उडायो। (हावा = करण)
- पानीले भिजायो। (पानी = करण)
२०.४ सम्प्रदान कारक (विस्तृत)
परिचय
सम्प्रदान कारक भनेको जसलाई कुनै कुरा दिइन्छ वा समर्पित गरिन्छ, त्यो हो। "कसलाई/को निम्ति" भन्ने प्रश्नको उत्तर सम्प्रदान हो।
सम्प्रदान कारकका विशेषताहरू
- दिने/पाउने व्यक्ति
- 'लाई', 'निम्ति', 'लागि' विभक्ति लाग्छ
- 'को लागि' / 'को निम्ति' पनि प्रयोग हुन्छ
सम्प्रदान कारक चिन्ने तरिका
- "कसलाई दियो" / "कसले पायो" भन्ने प्रश्नको उत्तर
- दान, उपहार, समर्पण
सम्प्रदान कारकका उदाहरणहरू
- मैले रामलाई किताब दिएँ। (रामलाई = सम्प्रदान)
- उसको निम्ति म आएको। (उसको निम्ति = सम्प्रदान)
- बालकको लागि खाना ल्याएँ। (बालकको लागि = सम्प्रदान)
- शिक्षकलाई फूल दिएँ। (शिक्षकलाई = सम्प्रदान)
- ऊलाई सहयोग गर। (ऊलाई = सम्प्रदान)
२०.५ अपादान कारक (विस्तृत)
परिचय
अपादान कारक भनेको जहाँबाट अलग हुन्छ, जुन ठाउँबाट सुरु हुन्छ, वा जससँग तुलना हुन्छ, त्यो हो।
अपादान कारकका विशेषताहरू
- विच्छेद, आरम्भ, भय, तुलना
- 'बाट', 'देखि', 'भन्दा' विभक्ति लाग्छ
- 'बाट पनि' प्रयोग हुन्छ
अपादान कारक चिन्ने तरिका
- "कहाँबाट" / "कहिलेदेखि" / "कसभन्दा" भन्ने प्रश्नको उत्तर
- छुट्टिने, सुरु हुने, डराउने, तुलना
अपादान कारकका उदाहरणहरू
- घरबाट आयो। (घरबाट = अपादान, विच्छेद)
- हिजोदेखि सुरु भयो। (हिजोदेखि = अपादान, आरम्भ)
- काठमाडौंबाट पोखरा। (काठमाडौंबाट = अपादान)
- उसबाट डर लाग्छ। (उसबाट = अपादान, भय)
- उसभन्दा अग्लो। (उसभन्दा = अपादान, तुलना)
- बिहानदेखि बेलुकासम्म। (सम्म पनि अपादान)
- रामबाट श्याम अग्लो छैन। (तुलना)
- बिमारीबाट मुक्त भयो। (विच्छेद)
२०.६ सम्बन्ध कारक (विस्तृत)
परिचय
सम्बन्ध कारक भनेको दुई वस्तुबीचको सम्बन्ध बताउने हो। "कसको" भन्ने प्रश्नको उत्तर सम्बन्ध हो।
सम्बन्ध कारकका विशेषताहरू
- स्वामित्व, सम्बन्ध, अधिकार
- 'को', 'का', 'की', 'रो', 'रा', 'री' विभक्ति लाग्छ
- लिङ्ग र वचन अनुसार रूप बदलिन्छ
सम्बन्ध कारकको लिङ्ग अनुसार रूपायन
| लिङ्ग \\ वचन | एकवचन | बहुवचन |
|---|---|---|
| पुलिङ्ग | को | का |
| स्त्रीलिङ्ग | की | की |
| उभयलिङ्गी | को/की | का/की |
सम्बन्ध कारक चिन्ने तरिका
- "कसको" भन्ने प्रश्नको उत्तर
- स्वामित्व, सम्बन्ध
- 'को/का/की' विभक्ति
सम्बन्ध कारकका उदाहरणहरू
- रामको घर। (रामको = सम्बन्ध)
- छोराको किताब। (छोराको = सम्बन्ध)
- छोरीको साडी। (छोरीको = सम्बन्ध)
- मको भाइ। (मेरो = सम्बन्ध)
- छोराका किताबहरू। (छोराका = सम्बन्ध, बहुवचन)
- छोरीका साडीहरू। (छोरीका = सम्बन्ध, बहुवचन)
- तेरो र मेरो (पुरानो रूप)
- हाम्रो, तिम्रो, उहाँको (आदर)
२०.७ अधिकरण कारक (विस्तृत)
परिचय
अधिकरण कारक भनेको जहाँ कार्य हुन्छ, जुन ठाउँमा कुरा छ, वा जुन समयमा कार्य हुन्छ, त्यो हो।
अधिकरण कारकका विशेषताहरू
- स्थान, समय, अवस्था
- 'मा', 'माथि', 'तल', 'भित्र', 'बाहिर' विभक्ति लाग्छ
- 'मा' सबैभन्दा बढी प्रयोग हुन्छ
अधिकरण कारक चिन्ने तरिका
- "कहाँ" / "कहिले" भन्ने प्रश्नको उत्तर
- स्थान वा समय बताउने
अधिकरण कारकका उदाहरणहरू
- घरमा छ। (घरमा = अधिकरण, स्थान)
- टेबुलमाथि राख। (टेबुलमाथि = अधिकरण)
- कोठाभित्र छिर। (कोठाभित्र = अधिकरण)
- पोखरामा बस्छु। (पोखरामा = अधिकरण)
- बिहानमा आउँछु। (बिहानमा = अधिकरण, समय)
- हप्तामा एकपटक। (हप्तामा = अधिकरण, समय)
- घरअगाडि बस। (घरअगाडि = अधिकरण)
- विद्यालयपछाडि खेल। (विद्यालयपछाडि = अधिकरण)
- खोलातिर जा। (खोलातिर = अधिकरण)
- घरनजिक बस। (घरनजिक = अधिकरण)
- जङ्गलछेउ बास। (जङ्गलछेउ = अधिकरण)
- खोलापारि गयो। (खोलापारि = अधिकरण)
- स्कूलमुनि बस्ने। (स्कूलमुनि = अधिकरण)
- पुस्तकबीचमा राख। (पुस्तकबीचमा = अधिकरण)
२०.८ कारक पहिचान गर्ने विस्तृत तरिका
| कारक | पहिचानको प्रश्न | विभक्ति | उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|---|
| कर्ता | कसले? | ले | रामले पढ्यो |
| कर्म | कसलाई/केलाई? | लाई, मा | किताब पढ्यो |
| करण | कसले/कसरी? | ले, बाट, द्वारा | कलमले लेख्यो |
| सम्प्रदान | कसलाई दियो? | लाई, निम्ति, लागि | रामलाई दिएँ |
| अपादान | कहाँबाट/कहिलेदेखि? | बाट, देखि, भन्दा | घरबाट आयो |
| सम्बन्ध | कसको? | को, का, की | रामको घर |
| अधिकरण | कहाँ/कहिले? | मा, माथि, तल | घरमा छ |
२०.९ कारक र विभक्ति - थप MCQ खण्ड (३० प्रश्न)
प्रश्न १. "रामले किताब पढ्यो" मा "राम" कुन कारक हो?
- (क) कर्ता
- (ख) कर्म
- (ग) करण
- (घ) सम्बन्ध
उत्तर: (क) कर्ता (ले = कर्ता)
प्रश्न २. "उसले किताब पढ्यो" मा "किताब" कुन कारक हो?
- (क) कर्ता
- (ख) कर्म
- (ग) करण
- (घ) सम्बन्ध
उत्तर: (ख) कर्म (पढ्ने कार्य किताबमा पर्छ)
प्रश्न ३. "कलमले लेख" मा "कलम" कुन कारक हो?
- (क) कर्ता
- (ख) कर्म
- (ग) करण
- (घ) सम्प्रदान
उत्तर: (ग) करण (साधन)
प्रश्न ४. "मैले रामलाई किताब दिएँ" मा "रामलाई" कुन कारक हो?
- (क) कर्म
- (ख) सम्प्रदान
- (ग) करण
- (घ) अधिकरण
उत्तर: (ख) सम्प्रदान (दिने)
प्रश्न ५. "घरबाट आयो" मा "घरबाट" कुन कारक हो?
- (क) कर्ता
- (ख) कर्म
- (ग) अपादान
- (घ) अधिकरण
उत्तर: (ग) अपादान (विच्छेद)
प्रश्न ६. "रामको घर" मा "रामको" कुन कारक हो?
- (क) कर्ता
- (ख) सम्बन्ध
- (ग) करण
- (घ) अधिकरण
उत्तर: (ख) सम्बन्ध
प्रश्न ७. "घरमा छ" मा "घरमा" कुन कारक हो?
- (क) कर्ता
- (ख) कर्म
- (ग) अधिकरण
- (घ) अपादान
उत्तर: (ग) अधिकरण (स्थान)
प्रश्न ८. "मैले हातले खाएँ" मा "हातले" कुन कारक हो?
- (क) कर्ता
- (ख) कर्म
- (ग) करण
- (घ) सम्बन्ध
उत्तर: (ग) करण (साधन)
प्रश्न ९. "हिजोदेखि सुरु भयो" मा "हिजोदेखि" कुन कारक हो?
- (क) अधिकरण
- (ख) अपादान
- (ग) करण
- (घ) सम्बन्ध
उत्तर: (ख) अपादान (आरम्भ)
प्रश्न १०. "छोराको किताब" मा "छोराको" कुन कारक हो?
- (क) कर्ता
- (ख) सम्बन्ध
- (ग) करण
- (घ) अधिकरण
उत्तर: (ख) सम्बन्ध
प्रश्न ११. "उसलाई बोलाऊ" मा "उसलाई" कुन कारक हो?
- (क) कर्म
- (ख) सम्प्रदान
- (ग) कर्ता
- (घ) अधिकरण
उत्तर: (क) कर्म (बोलाउने कार्य उसलाई)
प्रश्न १२. "सरकारद्वारा काम भयो" मा "सरकारद्वारा" कुन कारक हो?
- (क) कर्ता
- (ख) करण
- (ग) सम्प्रदान
- (घ) अधिकरण
उत्तर: (ख) करण (साधन, माध्यम)
प्रश्न १३. "रेलबाट आयो" मा "रेलबाट" कुन कारक हो?
- (क) कर्ता
- (ख) कर्म
- (ग) करण
- (घ) अधिकरण
उत्तर: (ग) करण (सवारी साधन)
प्रश्न १४. "बालकलाई खाजा दियो" मा "बालकलाई" कुन कारक हो?
- (क) कर्म
- (ख) सम्प्रदान
- (ग) करण
- (घ) अधिकरण
उत्तर: (ख) सम्प्रदान (खाजा दिने)
प्रश्न १५. "काठमाडौंबाट पोखरा" मा "काठमाडौंबाट" कुन कारक हो?
- (क) कर्ता
- (ख) अपादान
- (ग) अधिकरण
- (घ) करण
उत्तर: (ख) अपादान (आरम्भ स्थान)
प्रश्न १६. "उसभन्दा अग्लो" मा "उसभन्दा" कुन कारक हो?
- (क) अपादान (तुलना)
- (ख) अधिकरण
- (ग) सम्बन्ध
- (घ) कर्ता
उत्तर: (क) अपादान (तुलना)
प्रश्न १७. "टेबुलमाथि राख" मा "टेबुलमाथि" कुन कारक हो?
- (क) अधिकरण
- (ख) अपादान
- (ग) करण
- (घ) सम्बन्ध
उत्तर: (क) अधिकरण (स्थान)
प्रश्न १८. "पोखरामा बस्छु" मा "पोखरामा" कुन कारक हो?
- (क) कर्ता
- (ख) कर्म
- (ग) अधिकरण
- (घ) अपादान
उत्तर: (ग) अधिकरण (स्थान)
प्रश्न १९. "बिहानमा आउँछु" मा "बिहानमा" कुन कारक हो?
- (क) अधिकरण
- (ख) अपादान
- (ग) करण
- (घ) सम्बन्ध
उत्तर: (क) अधिकरण (समय)
प्रश्न २०. "शिक्षकले पढाए" मा "शिक्षकले" कुन कारक हो?
- (क) कर्ता
- (ख) कर्म
- (ग) करण
- (घ) अधिकरण
उत्तर: (क) कर्ता (पढाउने कार्य शिक्षकले गरे)
प्रश्न २१. "उसले मलाई किताब दियो" मा "मलाई" कुन कारक हो?
- (क) कर्म
- (ख) सम्प्रदान
- (ग) कर्ता
- (घ) करण
उत्तर: (ख) सम्प्रदान (किताब पाउने)
प्रश्न २२. "उसले मलाई किताब दियो" मा "किताब" कुन कारक हो?
- (क) कर्म
- (ख) सम्प्रदान
- (ग) कर्ता
- (घ) करण
उत्तर: (क) कर्म (किताब = दिने कुरा, पनि कर्म)
प्रश्न २३. "उसलाई रुन्छ" मा "उसलाई" कुन कारक हो?
- (क) कर्म
- (ख) सम्प्रदान
- (ग) कर्ता
- (घ) अधिकरण
उत्तर: (ख) सम्प्रदान (भाव)
प्रश्न २४. "छोराका किताबहरू" मा "छोराका" कुन कारक हो?
- (क) सम्बन्ध
- (ख) कर्ता
- (ग) कर्म
- (घ) अधिकरण
उत्तर: (क) सम्बन्ध (बहुवचन)
प्रश्न २५. "विद्यालयमा पढ्छु" मा "विद्यालयमा" कुन कारक हो?
- (क) अधिकरण
- (ख) अपादान
- (ग) करण
- (घ) सम्बन्ध
उत्तर: (क) अधिकरण (स्थान)
प्रश्न २६. "पानीबाट डर लाग्छ" मा "पानीबाट" कुन कारक हो?
- (क) अपादान (भय)
- (ख) अधिकरण
- (ग) करण
- (घ) सम्बन्ध
उत्तर: (क) अपादान (भय)
प्रश्न २७. "आमाको माया" मा "आमाको" कुन कारक हो?
- (क) कर्ता
- (ख) सम्बन्ध
- (ग) कर्म
- (घ) अधिकरण
उत्तर: (ख) सम्बन्ध
प्रश्न २८. "छुरीले काट्यो" मा "छुरीले" कुन कारक हो?
- (क) कर्ता
- (ख) कर्म
- (ग) करण
- (घ) अधिकरण
उत्तर: (ग) करण (साधन)
प्रश्न २९. "हावाले उडायो" मा "हावाले" कुन कारक हो?
- (क) कर्ता
- (ख) कर्म
- (ग) करण
- (घ) अधिकरण
उत्तर: (ग) करण (साधन)
प्रश्न ३०. "जरासुकको विष" मा "जरासुकको" कुन कारक हो?
- (क) कर्ता
- (ख) सम्बन्ध
- (ग) कर्म
- (घ) अधिकरण
उत्तर: (ख) सम्बन्ध (सर्पको)
अध्याय २१: विस्तृत वाच्य र वाक्य संरचना
२१.१ कर्तृवाच्य र कर्मवाच्य (विस्तृत)
कर्तृवाच्यलाई कर्मवाच्यमा बदल्ने नियमहरू (विस्तृत)
नियम १: कर्ता + ले हटाउने (वा गौण बनाउने)
- रामले किताब पढ्यो → किताब पढियो (रामले हट्यो)
- शिक्षकले पढाउँछन् → पढाइन्छ (शिक्षकले हट्यो)
नियम २: कर्मलाई कर्ता बनाउने
- रामले किताब पढ्यो → किताब पढियो (किताब अब कर्ता)
- उसले चिठ्ठी लेख्यो → चिठ्ठी लेखियो (चिठ्ठी अब कर्ता)
नियम ३: क्रियामा 'इ' / 'आइ' प्रत्यय लाग्छ
- पढ्यो → पढियो (इ + यो)
- खायो → खाइयो (आइ + यो)
- ग¥यो → गरियो (इ + यो)
- देख्यो → देखियो (इ + यो)
- लेख्यो → लेखियो (इ + यो)
- बुझ्यो → बुझियो (इ + यो)
- सिक्यो → सिकियो (इ + यो)
- पढाउँछ → पढाइन्छ (आइ + न्छ)
नियम ४: कर्तालाई 'बाट' / 'द्वारा' ले जोड्ने (वैकल्पिक)
- किताब पढियो → किताब रामद्वारा पढियो
- भात खाइयो → भात सीताद्वारा खाइयो
- चिठ्ठी लेखियो → चिठ्ठी उसद्वारा लेखियो
नियम ५: कर्ता 'म' भए 'आफू' हुन्छ
- म पढ्छु → आफू पढिन्छ
- मैले पढेँ → आफूद्वारा पढियो
- म पढ्नेछु → आफू पढिनेछ
- हामीले पढ्यौं → हामीद्वारा पढियो (वा हामी आफूद्वारा पढियो)
काल अनुसार कर्मवाच्य (विस्तृत तालिका)
| काल | कर्तृवाच्य | कर्मवाच्य |
|---|---|---|
| सामान्य वर्तमान | रामले पढ्छ | किताब पढिन्छ |
| अपूर्ण वर्तमान | राम पढ्दैछ | किताब पढिँदैछ |
| पूर्ण वर्तमान | रामले पढेको छ | किताब पढिएको छ |
| सामान्य भूत | रामले पढ्यो | किताब पढियो |
| अपूर्ण भूत | राम पढ्दै थियो | किताब पढिँदै थियो |
| पूर्ण भूत | रामले पढेको थियो | किताब पढिएको थियो |
| अभ्यस्त भूत | राम पढ्थ्यो | किताब पढिन्थ्यो |
| सामान्य भविष्यत् | रामले पढ्नेछ | किताब पढिनेछ |
| अपूर्ण भविष्यत् | राम पढ्दै हुनेछ | किताब पढिँदै हुनेछ |
| पूर्ण भविष्यत् | रामले पढिसकेको हुनेछ | किताब पढिसकिनेछ |
कर्मवाच्यमा अपवाद
- अकर्मक क्रिया: कर्मवाच्यमा बदल्न सकिँदैन
- रुनु, हाँस्नु, सुत्नु, मर्नु (कर्मवाच्य बन्दैन)
- दुकर्मक क्रिया: कर्मवाच्यमा बदल्न सकिन्छ
- उसले मलाई किताब दियो → मलाई किताब दिइयो / मलाई किताब दिइएँ
- प्रेरणार्थक क्रिया: कर्मवाच्यमा बदल्न सकिन्छ
- शिक्षकले पढाए → पढाइयो / पढाइए
२१.२ भाववाच्य (विस्तृत)
परिचय
भाववाच्यमा कर्ता नहुने वा नदेखिने, क्रियाको भाव मात्र बताइन्छ। यो अकर्मक क्रियाको कर्मवाच्य हो।
भाववाच्यको बनोट
अनुभव कर्ता (लाई) + अकर्मक क्रिया + भाव
भाववाच्यका उदाहरणहरू
- रामलाई रुन्छ। (कर्ता छैन, रुनु भाव)
- बालकलाई सुत्न मन लाग्छ।
- मलाई हिँड्न मन छ।
- उनलाई खुसी लाग्छ।
- तपाईंलाई कस्तो लाग्छ?
- उसलाई पढ्न मन लाग्छ।
- मलाई भोक लागेको छ।
- उसलाई प्यास लागेको छ।
- मलाई निन्द्रा लागेको छ।
- बालकलाई डर लाग्छ।
- उसलाई आश्चर्य लाग्यो।
- मलाई दुःख लाग्यो।
- उसलाई चिन्ता लाग्छ।
- मलाई थकान लागेको छ।
भाववाच्यमा प्रयोग हुने क्रियाहरू
- भाव/इच्छा: मन लाग्छ, मन छ, मन थियो
- भोक/प्यास: भोक लाग्छ, प्यास लाग्छ
- निद्रा: निन्द्रा लाग्छ, निद्रा पर्यो
- डर/आश्चर्य: डर लाग्छ, आश्चर्य लाग्यो
- दुःख/खुसी: दुःख लाग्छ, खुसी लाग्छ
- पीडा/सुख: पीडा हुन्छ, सुख हुन्छ
- रुनु/हाँस्नु: रुन्छ, हाँस्न मन लाग्छ
भाववाच्य र कर्मवाच्यको भिन्नता
| कर्मवाच्य | भाववाच्य |
|---|---|
| कर्म प्रधान हुन्छ | अनुभव कर्ता प्रधान |
| सकर्मक क्रिया प्रयोग | अकर्मक क्रिया प्रयोग |
| उदाहरण: किताब पढियो | उदाहरण: मलाई रुन्छ |
| कर्मलाई कर्ता बनाइन्छ | भाव/अवस्था बताइन्छ |
२१.३ वाक्य संरचना (विस्तृत)
वाक्यका प्रकार (रचनाका आधारमा)
क) सरल वाक्य (Simple Sentence):
- परिभाषा: एउटा मात्र उद्देश्य र एउटा मात्र विधेय
- पहिचान: एउटा मात्र कर्ता र एउटा मात्र क्रिया
- उदाहरण:
- राम पढ्छ।
- सीता गीत गाउँछिन्।
- बालक खेल्छ।
- ऊ हिँड्छ।
- हामी स्कूल जान्छौं।
- कुकुर भुक्छ।
- बच्चा रोए।
- शिक्षक आउनुभयो।
ख) संयुक्त वाक्य (Compound Sentence):
- परिभाषा: दुई वा बढी सरल वाक्यहरू संयोजकले जोडिएको
- पहिचान: दुई वा बढी कर्ता/क्रिया
- संयोजकहरू: र, वा, अथवा, तर, किन्तु, तापनि, तथापि, अनि, या, एवम्
- उदाहरण:
- राम पढ्छ र श्याम खेल्छ।
- म जान्छु तर ऊ आउँदैन।
- म आउँछु अनि तिमी जान्छौ।
- ऊ आउँछ किन्तु बस्दैन।
- तिमी पढ्छौ वा खेल्छौ।
- हामी हिँड्छौं अनि उनीहरू पनि हिँड्छन्।
- राम र श्याम गए।
- म पढ्छु अनि लेख्छु।
- ऊ आउँछ तापनि बस्दैन।
- तिमी जान्छौ अन्यथा म एक्लै जान्छु।
ग) मिश्र वाक्य (Complex Sentence):
- परिभाषा: एउटा प्रधान वाक्य र एक वा बढी आश्रित वाक्य
- पहिचान: जब, तब, कि, जुन, जो, किनकि, किनभने, यदि, यद्यपि
- उदाहरण:
- जब म आएँ, तब ऊ गयो।
- जुन किताब मन पर्छ, त्यो किन।
- यदि पढ्छौ भने पास हुन्छौ।
- जो गर्छ त्यो पाउँछ।
- किनकि ऊ आएन, म गएँ।
- ऊ भन्छ कि ऊ आउँछ।
- जहाँ पुग्छ, त्यहाँ बस्छ।
- जसले मेहनत ग¥यो, त्यो सफल भयो।
- यद्यपि ऊ गरिब छ, तापनि खुसी छ।
- जब समय आउँछ, त्यतिबेला म मिल्छु।
वाक्यका प्रकार (अर्थका आधारमा) - विस्तृत
क) विधिवाचक वाक्य (Assertive/Declarative):
- कथन/जानकारी दिने
- सामान्यतया पूर्ण विराम (।) ले अन्त्य हुन्छ
- उदाहरण:
- राम पढ्छ।
- म स्कूल जान्छु।
- ऊ आउँछ।
- हामी खान्छौं।
ख) प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य (Interrogative):
- प्रश्न गर्ने
- प्रश्नवाचक चिन्ह (?) ले अन्त्य हुन्छ
- उदाहरण:
- तिमी कहाँ जान्छौ?
- किताब कसको हो?
- के भयो?
- किन आएनौ?
- कसरी गर्ने?
- कहिले आउँछौ?
ग) आज्ञार्थक वाक्य (Imperative):
- आदेश, अनुरोध, सुझाव
- उदाहरण:
- पढ।
- यहाँ आउ।
- चुप लाग।
- जा।
- खाना खा।
- किताब ल्याऊ।
- राम्ररी लेख।
- सबैले मेहनत गर।
घ) विस्मयादिबोधक वाक्य (Exclamatory):
- आश्चर्य, खुसी, दुःख, क्रोध व्यक्त
- विस्मयादिबोधक चिन्ह (!) ले अन्त्य हुन्छ
- उदाहरण:
- अरे! कस्तो राम्रो!
- ओहो! कति सुन्दर!
- वाह! क्या राम्रो!
- हाय! कति दुःख भयो!
- छि! कस्तो नराम्रो!
- अफ! कति गाह्रो!
ङ) इच्छावाचक वाक्य (Optative):
- इच्छा, आशीर्वाद, प्रार्थना
- उदाहरण:
- यस्तै होस्!
- देशको भलो होस्!
- सबैको मङ्गल होस्!
- ईश्वरले रक्षा गरून्!
- सफलता मिलोस्!
च) सन्देहवाचक वाक्य (Interrogative-Dubious):
- सन्देह व्यक्त
- उदाहरण:
- ऊ आउँछ होला?
- पानी पर्ला?
- काम होला?
२१.४ वाक्य रूपान्तरण (विस्तृत अभ्यास)
सरल वाक्य → संयुक्त वाक्य (नियमहरू)
नियम: "र" संयोजक प्रयोग गरेर जोड्ने
- सरल: राम हाँस्दै आयो। → संयुक्त: राम हाँस्यो र आयो।
- सरल: ऊ पढेर गयो। → संयुक्त: ऊ पढ्यो र गयो।
- सरल: उसले खाएर सुत्यो। → संयुक्त: उसले खायो र सुत्यो।
- सरल: बालक रोएर सुत्यो। → संयुक्त: बालक रोयो र सुत्यो।
- सरल: म पढेर लेख्छु। → संयुक्त: म पढ्छु र लेख्छु।
नियम: "तर", "किन्तु" प्रयोग गरेर विपरीत जोड्ने
- सरल: ऊ गरिब तर खुसी छ। → संयुक्त: ऊ गरिब छ तर खुसी छ।
- सरल: म आएर बस्न सकिनँ। → संयुक्त: म आएँ तर बस्न सकिनँ।
सरल वाक्य → मिश्र वाक्य (नियमहरू)
नियम १: "जसले... त्यो" प्रयोग गरेर
- सरल: पढेको मान्छे सफल हुन्छ। → मिश्र: जसले पढ्छ, त्यो सफल हुन्छ।
- सरल: मेहनती मान्छे सफल हुन्छ। → मिश्र: जो मेहनती हुन्छ, त्यो सफल हुन्छ।
नियम २: "जब... तब" प्रयोग गरेर
- सरल: सूर्य उदाएपछि फूल फुल्छ। → मिश्र: जब सूर्य उदाउँछ, तब फूल फुल्छ।
- सरल: रात परेपछि मान्छे सुत्तछन्। → मिश्र: जब रात पर्छ, तब मान्छे सुत्तछन्।
नियम ३: "किनभने" / "किनकि" प्रयोग गरेर
- सरल: ऊ असफल भयो किनभने उसले मेहनत गरेन। → मिश्र: उसले मेहनत नगरेकाले ऊ असफल भयो।
- सरल: ऊ खुसी छ किनकि उसले जित्यो। → मिश्र: ऊ खुसी छ, किनभने उसले जित्यो।
नियम ४: "यदि... भने" प्रयोग गरेर
- सरल: पढेमा पास हुन्छौ। → मिश्र: यदि पढ्छौ भने पास हुन्छौ।
- सरल: मेहनत गरेमा सफल हुन्छौ। → मिश्र: यदि मेहनत गर्छौ भने सफल हुन्छौ।
नियम ५: "कि" प्रयोग गरेर
- सरल: ऊ आउँछ भन्ने कुरा मलाई थाहा छ। → मिश्र: मलाई थाहा छ कि ऊ आउँछ।
- सरल: ऊ सफल भयो भन्ने खबर आयो। → मिश्र: खबर आयो कि ऊ सफल भयो।
संयुक्त वाक्य → मिश्र वाक्य (नियमहरू)
नियम: "र" लाई "पछि", "जब", "कि" ले बदल्ने
- संयुक्त: ऊ आयो र म गएँ। → मिश्र: ऊ आएपछि म गएँ। / जब ऊ आयो तब म गएँ।
- संयुक्त: ऊ पढ्छ र पास हुन्छ। → मिश्र: ऊ पढ्नाले पास हुन्छ। / ऊ पढ्छ जसले गर्दा पास हुन्छ।
- संयुक्त: ऊ गयो तर आएन। → मिश्र: ऊ गए तर आएन। (उस्तै)
मिश्र वाक्य → सरल वाक्य (नियमहरू)
नियम: "जसले... त्यो" लाई "पढेको/गरेको" ले बदल्ने
- मिश्र: जब ऊ आयो, म गएँ। → सरल: ऊ आएपछि म गएँ।
- मिश्र: जसले मेहनत ग¥यो, त्यो सफल भयो। → सरल: मेहनती मान्छे सफल भयो।
- मिश्र: ऊ भन्छ कि ऊ आउँछ। → सरल: उसको भनाइ उसको आउने कुरा हो।
- मिश्र: यदि पढ्छौ भने पास हुन्छौ। → सरल: पढेमा पास हुन्छौ।
- मिश्र: जुन किताब मन पर्छ त्यो किन। → सरल: मन पर्ने किताब किन।
- मिश्र: किनभने ऊ आएन, म गएँ। → सरल: ऊ नआएकाले म गएँ।
२१.५ वाच्य र वाक्य - थप MCQ खण्ड (२५ प्रश्न)
प्रश्न १. "रामले किताब पढ्यो" कुन वाच्य हो?
- (क) कर्मवाच्य
- (ख) कर्तृवाच्य
- (ग) भाववाच्य
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) कर्तृवाच्य
प्रश्न २. "किताब पढियो" कुन वाच्य हो?
- (क) कर्तृवाच्य
- (ख) कर्मवाच्य
- (ग) भाववाच्य
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) कर्मवाच्य
प्रश्न ३. "रामलाई रुन्छ" कुन वाच्य हो?
- (क) कर्तृवाच्य
- (ख) कर्मवाच्य
- (ग) भाववाच्य
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ग) भाववाच्य
प्रश्न ४. "उसले भात खायो" लाई कर्मवाच्यमा बदल्नुहोस्।
- (क) भात उसले खायो
- (ख) भात खाइयो
- (ग) भात खान्छ
- (घ) भात खानेछ
उत्तर: (ख) भात खाइयो
प्रश्न ५. "किताब पढिन्छ" लाई कर्तृवाच्यमा बदल्नुहोस्।
- (क) किताब पढ्छ
- (ख) रामले किताब पढ्छ
- (ग) किताब पढे
- (घ) किताब पढिनेछ
उत्तर: (ख) रामले किताब पढ्छ
प्रश्न ६. कर्मवाच्यमा क्रियामा कुन प्रत्यय लाग्छ?
- (क) इ/आइ
- (ख) एको/एकी
- (ग) दै/तै
- (घ) नेछ
उत्तर: (क) इ/आइ
प्रश्न ७. कर्मवाच्यमा कर्तालाई कसरी जोडिन्छ?
- (क) ले
- (ख) बाट/द्वारा
- (ग) लाई
- (घ) मा
उत्तर: (ख) बाट/द्वारा
प्रश्न ८. "पढाइन्छ" मा कुन वाच्य हो?
- (क) कर्तृवाच्य
- (ख) कर्मवाच्य
- (ग) भाववाच्य
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) कर्मवाच्य
प्रश्न ९. "म पढ्छु" लाई कर्मवाच्यमा कसरी बदलिन्छ?
- (क) म पढिन्छ
- (ख) आफू पढिन्छ
- (ग) मलाई पढिन्छ
- (घ) मद्वारा पढिन्छ
उत्तर: (ख) आफू पढिन्छ (कर्ता 'म' → 'आफू')
प्रश्न १०. "किताब पढिन्छ" मा कर्म कारक कुन हो?
- (क) किताब
- (ख) पढिन्छ
- (ग) पढ
- (घ) न
उत्तर: (क) किताब
प्रश्न ११. "राम पढ्छ" कस्तो वाक्य हो?
- (क) सरल
- (ख) संयुक्त
- (ग) मिश्र
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (क) सरल (एउटा कर्ता, एउटा क्रिया)
प्रश्न १२. "राम पढ्छ र श्याम खेल्छ" कस्तो वाक्य हो?
- (क) सरल
- (ख) संयुक्त
- (ग) मिश्र
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) संयुक्त (दुई कर्ता, 'र' संयोजक)
प्रश्न १३. "जब ऊ आयो, म गएँ" कस्तो वाक्य हो?
- (क) सरल
- (ख) संयुक्त
- (ग) मिश्र
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ग) मिश्र (जब-तब = आश्रित-प्रधान)
प्रश्न १४. "ऊ पढेर गयो" लाई संयुक्त वाक्यमा बदल्नुहोस्।
- (क) ऊ पढ्छ र जान्छ
- (ख) ऊ पढ्यो र गयो
- (ग) ऊ पढ्थ्यो र जान्थ्यो
- (घ) ऊ पढ्नेछ र जानेछ
उत्तर: (ख) ऊ पढ्यो र गयो
प्रश्न १५. "जसले पढ्यो त्यो सफल भयो" लाई सरल वाक्यमा बदल्नुहोस्।
- (क) पढ्ने मान्छे सफल हुन्छ
- (ख) पढेको मान्छे सफल भयो
- (ग) सफल मान्छे पढ्थ्यो
- (घ) सबै सफल भए
उत्तर: (ख) पढेको मान्छे सफल भयो
प्रश्न १६. संयुक्त वाक्यमा कति उद्देश्य र विधेय हुन्छन्?
- (क) एक
- (ख) दुई वा बढी
- (ग) तीन
- (घ) कुनै पनि हुँदैन
उत्तर: (ख) दुई वा बढी
प्रश्न १७. "चुप लाग" कस्तो वाक्य हो?
- (क) विधिवाचक
- (ख) प्रश्नवाचक
- (ग) आज्ञार्थक
- (घ) विस्मयादिबोधक
उत्तर: (ग) आज्ञार्थक (आदेश)
प्रश्न १८. "कस्तो राम्रो दिन!" कस्तो वाक्य हो?
- (क) विधिवाचक
- (ख) प्रश्नवाचक
- (ग) आज्ञार्थक
- (घ) विस्मयादिबोधक
उत्तर: (घ) विस्मयादिबोधक
प्रश्न १९. मिश्र वाक्यमा कति प्रधान र आश्रित वाक्य हुन्छन्?
- (क) १ प्रधान, १ आश्रित
- (ख) २ प्रधान, १ आश्रित
- (ग) १ प्रधान, ० आश्रित
- (घ) ० प्रधान, १ आश्रित
उत्तर: (क) १ प्रधान, १ आश्रित (वा बढी)
प्रश्न २०. "ऊ पढ्छ र म लेख्छु" मा कुन संयोजक छ?
- (क) तर
- (ख) किन्तु
- (ग) र
- (घ) वा
उत्तर: (ग) र
प्रश्न २१. "बच्चा रोयो" कस्तो वाक्य हो?
- (क) सरल
- (ख) संयुक्त
- (ग) मिश्र
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (क) सरल
प्रश्न २२. "म पढ्छु किनभने मेरो परीक्षा छ" कस्तो वाक्य हो?
- (क) सरल
- (ख) संयुक्त
- (ग) मिश्र
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ग) मिश्र (किनभने = आश्रित)
प्रश्न २३. "कि ऊ आउँछ भन्ने कुरा" कस्तो वाक्य हो?
- (क) सरल
- (ख) संयुक्त
- (ग) मिश्र
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ग) मिश्र (कि = आश्रित)
प्रश्न २४. "यदि पढ्छौ भने पास हुन्छौ" कस्तो वाक्य हो?
- (क) सरल
- (ख) संयुक्त
- (ग) मिश्र
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ग) मिश्र (यदि-भने = आश्रित)
प्रश्न २५. "तिमी जान्छौ वा बस्छौ?" कस्तो वाक्य हो?
- (क) सरल
- (ख) संयुक्त
- (ग) मिश्र
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) संयुक्त (वा संयोजक)
अध्याय २२: विस्तृत शब्दनिर्माण - उपसर्ग, प्रत्यय, समास
२२.१ उपसर्ग (विस्तृत अध्ययन)
उपसर्गको परिचय
शब्दको अगाडि जोडिएर नयाँ शब्द बनाउने शब्दांशलाई उपसर्ग भनिन्छ। उपसर्गले मूल शब्दको अर्थलाई उल्टाउने, विशिष्ट बनाउने वा नयाँ अर्थ दिने काम गर्छ।
नेपालीका प्रमुख उपसर्गहरू (विस्तृत सूची)
१. अ (नकारात्मक अर्थ):
- अधर्म (धर्मको उल्टो)
- अज्ञान (ज्ञानको अभाव)
- अपवित्र (पवित्रको विपरीत)
- असाध्य (साध्यको विपरीत)
- असली (नक्कलीको विपरीत)
- असभ्य, असफल, असंभव, असुन्दर
- अरुचि, असन्तोष
- अनपढ, अनभिज्ञ, अनजान
- अड्कल, अड्डा, अडानी
- अलिखित, अनकहीं, अकल्पनीय
२. अधि (माथि वा मुख्य):
- अधिपति (पतिको मुख्य)
- अधिकार (कारको मुख्य)
- अधिराज (राजाको मुख्य)
- अधिराज्य
- अधिकारी
- अध्यक्ष (क्षको मुख्य)
- अध्ययन
- अध्यापन
- अधिवेशन
- अधिसूचना
- अधिनियम
- अधीन
- अध्यावधिक
- अधिपत्य
३. अनु (पछि, साथमा):
- अनुसार (सारको पछि)
- अनुकूल (कूलको पछि)
- अनुपम (उपमको पछि)
- अनुशासन (शासनको पछि)
- अनुभव (भवको पछि)
- अनुवाद (वादको पछि)
- अनुसन्धान
- अनुमान
- अनुष्ठान
- अनुकरण
- अनुरूप
- अनुक्रम
- अनुसूची
४. अप (विपरीत, नकारात्मक):
- अपमान (मानको उल्टो)
- अपशब्द (शब्दको उल्टो)
- अपव्यय (व्ययको उल्टो)
- अपठित
- अपूर्व
- अपेक्षा
- अप्लोड
- अपडेट
- अपूर्ण
५. अभि (विरुद्ध, तिर):
- अभिमुख (मुख तिर)
- अभियान (यान तिर)
- अभिवादन (वादन तिर)
- अभिव्यक्ति
- अभिभावक
- अभिलेख
- अभिनय
- अभिन्न
६. आ (नजिक, तिर):
- आशीर्वाद (शीर्वाद तिर)
- आमुख
- आह्वान
- आमन्त्रण
- आश्रय
- आवाहन
- आक्रमण
- आघात
- आविष्कार
७. उप (नजिक, सहायक):
- उपाध्यक्ष (अध्यक्षको सहायक)
- उपनगर (नगरको सहायक)
- उपकार (कारको सहायक)
- उपचार (चारको सहायक)
- उपहार (हारको सहायक)
- उपाय
- उपक्रम
- उपभोग
- उपदेश
- उपस्थिति
- उपस्थान
- उपज
८. उत् / उद् (माथि):
- उत्पत्ति (पत्ति माथि)
- उद्भव (भव माथि)
- उत्सव (सव माथि)
- उदार (आर माथि)
- उदय (दय माथि)
- उत्कर्ष
- उद्घोष
- उदाहरण
- उद्गम
- उत्कट
- उन्मुख
- उद्घाटन
- उत्पन्न
- उत्पीडन
९. कु (नराम्रो):
- कुकर्म (कर्म नराम्रो)
- कुरीति (रीति नराम्रो)
- कुपुत्र (पुत्र नराम्रो)
- कुशासन (शासन नराम्रो)
- कुसंग (संग नराम्रो)
- कुरूप
- कुलक्षण
- कुकुर
- कुहिनो
- कुसङ्गत
- कुख्यात
१०. चिर (लामो समयसम्म):
- चिरकाल (काल लामो)
- चिरञ्जीवी (जीवी लामो)
- चिरस्थायी
- चिरविच्छेद
- चिरकालिक
११. दुर् / दु (नराम्रो):
- दुर्गुण (गुण नराम्रो)
- दुर्दशा (दशा नराम्रो)
- दुर्जन (जन नराम्रो)
- दुःख (ख नराम्रो)
- दुर्लभ
- दुराचार
- दुर्दैव
- दुर्बल
- दुष्कर्म
- दुश्मन
- दुरुपयोग
- दुर्गम
- दुराशा
१२. नि (भित्र, तल):
- निकट (कट नजिक)
- निदान (दान भित्र)
- निरोग (रोग बिना)
- नियम (यम भित्र)
- निर्णय (र्णय भित्र)
- निरन्तर
- निश्चय
- निकास
- निवेदन
- नियुक्ति
- निवारण
- निम्न
१३. निर् / निः (बिना):
- निरर्थक (अर्थ बिना)
- निरपराध (पराध बिना)
- निर्जल (जल बिना)
- निडर (डर बिना)
- निःशुल्क (शुल्क बिना)
- निर्दोष
- निरपेक्ष
- निःसन्देह
- निर्वाह
- निरोग
- निर्मल
- निर्जीव
१४. परा (उल्टो, विपरीत):
- पराजय (जय उल्टो)
- पराक्रम (क्रम उल्टो)
- परावर्तन (वर्तन उल्टो)
- पराधीन (अधीन उल्टो)
- पराकाष्ठा
- परामर्श
- परिचय
- परिणाम
- परिवार
- परम्परा
१५. प (पनि):
- पचास (५०, ५ पनि = पाँच + पचास)
- पन्ध्र (१५)
- पैँतालीस (४५)
१६. प्र (धेरै वा अगाडि):
- प्रयत्न (यत्न अगाडि)
- प्रगति (गति अगाडि)
- प्रहार (हार अगाडि)
- प्रदर्शन (दर्शन अगाडि)
- प्रभाव (भाव अगाडि)
- प्रश्न, प्रसार, प्रकाश
- प्रचार, प्रसिद्ध, प्रसन्न
- प्रजातन्त्र, प्रतिनिधि
- प्रतिभा, प्रतिष्ठा
- प्रतिकूल, प्रतिदिन
१७. प्रति (उल्टो, विरुद्ध):
- प्रतिदिन (दिनको विरुद्ध)
- प्रतिकूल (कूलको विरुद्ध)
- प्रतिनिधि (निधिको प्रतिनिधि)
- प्रतिबद्ध (बद्धको प्रति)
- प्रतिक्रिया
- प्रतिपक्ष
- प्रतिज्ञा
- प्रतिरूप
- प्रतिकार
१८. ब (पनि):
- बत्तीस (३२, ३ पनि)
- बयालीस (४२, ४ पनि)
- बाउन्ने (५२)
१९. वि (विशेष वा विपरीत):
- विज्ञान (ज्ञान विशेष)
- विदेश (देश विशेष)
- विनाश (नाश विपरीत)
- विभाग (भाग विशेष)
- विशेष (शेष विशेष)
- विश्वास, विचार, विकास
- विरोध, विस्तार
- विनिमय, विनियोजन
- विरह
२०. सम् / स (राम्रो, साथमा):
- सम्पत्ति (पत्ति राम्रो)
- समाचार (आचार राम्रो)
- सङ्गीत (गीत साथमा)
- सहयोग (हयोग साथमा)
- सद्भाव (द्भाव राम्रो)
- समाज, समय, सम्बन्ध
- सम्मान, सहानुभूति
- सम्पर्क, सम्प्रदान
- सङ्घ, सङ्गठन
२१. सु (राम्रो):
- सुकर्म (कर्म राम्रो)
- सुशासन (शासन राम्रो)
- सुगम (गम राम्रो)
- सुलभ (लभ राम्रो)
- सुपुत्र (पुत्र राम्रो)
- सुन्दर, सुखी
- सुरक्षित, सुपरिचित
२२. अ (नकारात्मक):
- असभ्य, असफल, असंभव, असुन्दर
- अरुचि, असन्तोष
- अपमान, अपव्यय
उपसर्ग चिन्ने तरिका
- शब्दको अगाडि जोडिएको शब्दांश
- स्वतन्त्र रूपमा प्रयोग नहुने
- मूल शब्दको अर्थ बदलिने
- नयाँ शब्द बनाउने
२२.२ प्रत्यय (विस्तृत अध्ययन)
प्रत्ययको परिचय
शब्दको पछाडि जोडिएर नयाँ शब्द बनाउने शब्दांशलाई प्रत्यय भनिन्छ। नेपालीमा दुई प्रकारका प्रत्यय हुन्छन्:
१. कृत् प्रत्यय: धातुको पछाडि लाग्ने
- पढ् + आइ = पढाइ
- गर् + ई = गरी
२. तद्धित प्रत्यय: नाम, सर्वनाम वा विशेषणको पछाडि लाग्ने
- सहर + ई = सहरी
- बुद्धि + मान् = बुद्धिमान्
नेपालीका प्रमुख प्रत्ययहरू (विस्तृत)
१. आई / ई (भाववाचक नाम बनाउने):
- पढ् + आइ = पढाइ (पढ्ने कार्य/भाव)
- लेख् + ई = लेखी
- पिउ + ई = पिउने
- बुन् + ई = बुनाई
- गर् + ई = गरी
- खेल् + ई = खेली
- हेर् + ई = हेरी
- सुन् + ई = सुनी
- भन् + ई = भनी
- बस् + ई = बसी
- उठ् + ई = उठी
- सुत् + ई = सुती
- हिँड् + ई = हिँडी
- दौड् + ई = दौडी
- नाच् + ई = नाची
२. नु (क्रियार्थक नाम):
- पढ् + नु = पढ्नु
- खा + नु = खानु
- जा + नु = जानु
- गर् + नु = गर्नु
- हेर् + नु = हेर्नु
- सुन् + नु = सुन्नु
- भन् + नु = भन्नु
- बस् + नु = बस्नु
- उठ् + नु = उठ्नु
- सुत् + नु = सुत्नु
- हिँड् + नु = हिँड्नु
३. ई / लो / ली / लु (विशेषण वा नाम बनाउने):
- घर + लु = घरेलु
- गाउँ + लो = गाउँलो
- कृष्ण + ईय = कृष्णीय (कालो)
- सहर + ई = सहरी
- नगर + ईय = नागरिक (पुरानो)
- विदेश + ई = विदेशी
- पहाड + इया = पहाडिया
- मैदान + इया = मैदानी
- आँगन + इया = आँगनिया
- खेत + इया = खेतिया
- किसान + इया = किसानी
- छोरी + एली = छोरेली
४. मा / मा (संज्ञा बनाउने):
- गरि + मा = गरिमा
- महि + मा = महिमा
- लघि + मा = लघिमा
- सुख + मा = सुखमा
- दुःख + मा = दुःखमा
- पति + मा = पतिमा
५. ता / त्व (भाववाचक नाम):
- मानव + ता = मानवता
- मित्र + ता = मैत्री
- नेता + त्व = नेतृत्व
- गुरु + त्व = गुरुत्व
- बन्धु + त्व = बान्धवत्व
- देव + त्व = देवत्व
- मानव + त्व = मानवत्व
- बालक + ता = बालकता
- नारी + त्व = नारीत्व
- पिता + त्व = पितृत्व
- माता + त्व = मातृत्व
- राजा + त्व = राजत्व
- शिक्षा + ता = शिक्षिता
- नम्र + ता = नम्रता
६. इत (विशेषण वा नाम):
- हर्ष + इत = हर्षित
- कृष्ण + इत = कृष्णित
- वि + ज्ञ + ान = विज्ञान
- लज्ज + इत = लज्जित
- क्रुद्ध + इ = क्रुद्ध
- तृष्ण + इत = तृष्णित
- सन्तुष्ट + इ = सन्तुष्टि
- आश्चर्य + इत = आश्चर्यित
७. क (विशेषण बनाउने):
- पति + क = पतिक
- राज + क = राजक
- मानव + क = मानवक
- देव + क = दैविक
- मानव + क = मानविक
- आत्म + क = आत्मिक
- भौत + क = भौतिक
८. इक (विशेषण):
- सामाज + इक = सामाजिक
- ऐतिहास + इक = ऐतिहासिक
- आर्थ + इक = आर्थिक
- राजनीत + इक = राजनीतिक
- सांस्कृत + इक = सांस्कृतिक
- वैज्ञान + इक = वैज्ञानिक
- प्राकृत + इक = प्राकृतिक
- भौगोल + इक = भौगोलिक
- ऐतिहास + इक = ऐतिहासिक
- मानव + इक = मानवीय (केही)
- दार्शन + इक = दार्शनिक
- साहित्य + इक = साहित्यिक
९. ईय (विशेषण):
- कृष्ण + ईय = कृष्णीय
- जन + ईय = जनीय
- स्थान + ईय = स्थानीय
- देश + ईय = देशीय
- काल + ईय = कालीय
- राष्ट्र + ईय = राष्ट्रीय
- आधुन + इक = आधुनिक
- वार्ष + इक = वार्षिक
- मास + इक = मासिक
- दैन + इक = दैनिक
१०. मय / मयी (पूर्ण भएको):
- ज्ञान + मय = ज्ञानमय
- सुख + मय = सुखमय
- आनन्द + मय = आनन्दमय
- प्रेम + मय = प्रेममय
- करुणा + मय = करुणामय
- भय + मय = भयमय
- शोक + मय = शोकमय
- हर्ष + मय = हर्षमय
- कान्ति + मय = कान्तिमय
- तेज + मय = तेजमय
- वायु + मय = वायुमय
- जल + मय = जलमय
११. वान् / वती (पूर्ण भएको):
- गुण + वान् = गुणवान्
- धन + वान् = धनवान्
- लक्ष्मी + वती = लक्ष्मीवती
- भाग्य + वान् = भाग्यवान्
- बल + वान् = बलवान्
- तेज + वान् = तेजवान्
- यश + वान् = यशवान्
- कीर्ति + वान् = कीर्तिवान्
- विद्या + वती = विद्यावती
- शक्ति + वती = शक्तिवती
- सौन्दर्य + वती = सौन्दर्यवती
- धैर्य + वान् = धैर्यवान्
१२. आलु / एलु (सम्बन्ध):
- घर + एलु = घरेलु
- गाउँ + आलु = गाउँलु
- सहर + आलु = सहरालु
- ठाउँ + एलु = ठाउँलु
- पहाड + इया = पहाडिया
- मैदान + इया = मैदानी
- देश + ला = देशला
१३. हरू (बहुवचन):
- केटा + हरू = केटाहरू
- घर + हरू = घरहरू
- मान्छे + हरू = मान्छेहरू
- किताब + हरू = किताबहरू
- बच्चा + हरू = बच्चाहरू
१४. ओ / ओ (पुलिङ्गी कर्मधारय):
- कालो + मान्छे → कालेमान्छे
- नीलो + कमल → नीलेकमल
- रातो + गाय → रातेगाय
- सेतो + फूल → सेतेफूल
- पहेँलो + वस्त्र → पहेँले वस्त्र
१५. इलो / लो / ली (विशेषण):
- गरिब + लो = गरिबलो (पहाडी भाषामा)
- मीठो + लो = मीठोलो
- राम्रो + लो = राम्रोलो
- चाख्न + लो = चाखिलो
प्रत्यय चिन्ने तरिका
- शब्दको पछाडि जोडिएको शब्दांश
- स्वतन्त्र रूपमा प्रयोग नहुने
- नयाँ शब्द बनाउने
२२.३ समास (विस्तृत अध्ययन)
समासको परिचय
दुई वा दुईभन्दा बढी शब्दहरू जोडेर एउटा नयाँ शब्द बनाउने प्रक्रियालाई समास भनिन्छ।
समासका प्रकारहरू (विस्तृत)
१. तत्पुरुष समास:
परिचय: दोस्रो पद प्रधान हुन्छ, पहिलो पद विशेषता बताउँछ।
विभक्ति अनुसार तत्पुरुषका भेद:
- कर्मधारय/विशेष्यबोधक: (ले/लाई को)
- कक्षा + कोठा → कक्षाकोठा
- राजा + कुमार → राजकुमार
- गङ्गा + जल → गङ्गाजल
- हिम + आलय → हिमालय
- पुस्तक + आलय → पुस्तकालय
- महा + देव → महादेव
- सभा + पति → सभापति
- गृह + कार्य → गृहकार्य
- राज + दूत → राजदूत
- नगर + पालिका → नगरपालिका
- प्रधान + मन्त्री → प्रधानमन्त्री
- मुख्य + मन्त्री → मुख्यमन्त्री
- सम्बन्धबोधक: (को/का/की)
- राम + को = रामको
- पुस्तक + को = पुस्तकको
- विद्या + को = विद्याको
- अधिकरणबोधक: (मा/माथि)
- घर + मा = घरमा
- टेबुल + माथि = टेबुलमाथि
- हात + मा = हातमा
- कलम + मा = कलममा
- अपादानबोधक: (बाट/देखि)
- घर + बाट = घरबाट
- हिजो + देखि = हिजोदेखि
- काठमाडौं + बाट = काठमाडौंबाट
- सम्प्रदानबोधक: (लाई/निम्ति/लागि)
- राम + लाई = रामलाई
- देश + निम्ति = देशनिम्ति
- मोह + लागि = मोहलागि
२. कर्मधारय समास:
परिचय: दुवै पद प्रधान, विशेषण-विशेष्य सम्बन्ध (विशेषणले विशेष्यको गुण बताउँछ)
- कालो + मान्छे = कालोमान्छे (कालो गुण भएको मान्छे)
- नील + गाय = नीलगाय (नीलो रङको गाय)
- कमल + नयन = कमलनयन (कमल जस्तै आँखा)
- दीर्घ + काय = दीर्घकाय (लामो शरीर)
- महा + पुरुष = महापुरुष
- महा + भारत = महाभारत
- कु + कर्म = कुकर्म
- सु + कार्य = सुकार्य
- नील + वर्ण = नीलवर्ण
- शुक्ल + वस्त्र = शुक्लवस्त्र
- पीत + वर्ण = पीतवर्ण
- हरित + वर्ण = हरितवर्ण
- रक्त + वर्ण = रक्तवर्ण
कर्मधारयमा पुलिङ्गी विशेष्य हुँदा 'ए' प्रत्यय:
- कालो + मान्छे → कालेमान्छे
- नीलो + गाय → नीलेगाय
- रातो + कमल → रातेकमल
३. द्विगु समास:
परिचय: पहिलो पद सङ्ख्यावाचक
- दश + कुमार = दशकुमार
- चार + घेरा = चौघेरा
- तीन + भुवन = त्रिभुवन
- पाँच + वटी = पञ्चवटी
- दुई + आँखा = दुईआँखा
- तीन + कोठा = त्रिकोठा
- चार + पाटा = चौपाटा
- पाँच + गाउँ = पञ्चगाउँ
- सात + सुर = सप्तसुर
- नौ + रत्न = नवरत्न
- दश + अश्व = दशाश्व
- बाह्र + मासा = बाह्रमासा
- छत्तीस + वर्ष = छत्तीसवर्ष
- पचास + वर्ष = पचासवर्ष
४. द्वन्द्व समास:
परिचय: दुवै वा बढी पदहरू मिल्छन्, कुनै प्रधान हुँदैन
- राम + लक्ष्मण = रामलक्ष्मण
- सुख + दुःख = सुखदुःख
- हाँसी + खुसी = हाँसीखुसी
- लेखा + पढी = लेखापढी
- अनि + पानी = अनिपानी
- हात + खुट्टा = हातखुट्टा
- आमा + बाबु = आमाबाबु
- भाई + बहिनी = भाइबहिनी
- कलम + कापी = कलमकापी
- खाना + पानी = खानापानी
- लुगा + कपडा = लुगाकपडा
- राम + श्याम = रामश्याम
- बुबा + आमा = बुबाआमा
- माटो + पानी = माटोपानी
- दिन + रात = दिनरात
- आकाश + पाताल = आकाशपाताल
५. अव्ययीभाव समास:
परिचय: अव्यय (क्रियायोगी) पहिलो पद, सम्पूर्ण शब्द अव्ययको रूपमा प्रयोग
- बे + खर्ची = बेखर्ची (खर्च नगरी)
- यथा + शक्ति = यथाशक्ति (शक्ति अनुसार)
- प्रति + दिन = प्रतिदिन (हरेक दिन)
- हर + एक = हरेक (हरेक दिन)
- स + प्रसंग = सप्रसंग (प्रसंग साथमा)
- बे + मौसम = बेमौसम (मौसम नभएको)
- यथासमय = समय अनुसार
- यथास्थान = स्थान अनुसार
- यथाशीघ्र = शीघ्रता अनुसार
- बे + हिसाब = बेहिसाब
- बे + रंग = बेरंग
- अन + हिसाब = अनहिसाब
- स + मय = समय (मा + अ = सम् + अ = समय)
- प्रति + कूल = प्रतिकूल
- अनु + कूल = अनुकूल
- सर्व + दा = सर्वदा (सधैं)
- सर्व + था = सर्वथा (पूर्ण रूपमा)
- सर्व + भूत = सर्वभूत
- एक + दम = एकदम
- एक + मात्र = एकमात्र
- निर + पराध = निरपराध
६. बहुव्रीहि समास:
परिचय: तेस्रो पदलाई बुझाउने (कुनै अरू कुरालाई जनाउने)
- त्रि + लोचन = त्रिलोचन (तीन ओटा लोचन भएको = शिव)
- दश + आनन = दशानन (दश ओटा अनन भएको = रावण)
- चतुर् + भुज = चतुर्भुज (चार भुजा भएको = विष्णु)
- शत + हस्त = शतहस्त (सय हात भएको)
- नव + निधि = नवनिधि (नौ निधि भएको)
- दश + रथ = दशरथ (दश रथ भएको = राजा दशरथ)
- पञ्च + मुख = पञ्चमुख
- पञ्च + आनन = पञ्चानन
- षट् + कर्ण = षट्कर्ण
- षट् + पद = षट्पद (छ ओटा खुट्टा भएको = मौरी)
- पञ्च + शील = पञ्चशील
- त्रि + लोक = त्रिलोक
- त्रि + भुवन = त्रिभुवन
- चतुर् + वेद = चतुर्वेद
- पञ्च + वटी = पञ्चवटी
- पञ्च + कन्या = पञ्चकन्या
- अष्ट + मातृका = अष्टमातृका
- नव + दुर्गा = नवदुर्गा
द्वित्व (Reduplication) - विस्तृत
परिचय: शब्द दोहो¥याएर बनाइएको शब्दलाई द्वित्व शब्द भनिन्छ।
प्रकारहरू:
१. पूर्ण द्वित्व: पूरा शब्द दोहो¥याउने
- हल्लो + खल्लो = हल्लोखल्लो
- भागा + भाग = भागाभाग
- हुर्र + हुर्र = हुर्रुर
- लखर + लखर = लखरलखर
- झ्याउँ + झ्याउँ = झ्याउँझ्याउँ
- हुर्रुर, कुर्रुर
२. आंशिक द्वित्व: शब्दको केही भाग मात्र दोहो¥याउने
- चौ + घेरा = चौघेरा
- दश + कुमार = दशकुमार
- ठूला + ठूला = ठूलाठूला
- साना + साना = सानासाना
- राता + राता = राताराता
- काला + काला = कालाकाला
- सेता + सेता = सेतासेता
- नीला + नीला = नीलानीला
- हरिया + हरिया = हरियाहरिया
३. शब्दको पहिलो अक्षर दोहो¥याउने:
- प + प = पञ्च
- क + क = कुमार
- च + च = चक्र
अनुकरणात्मक शब्द (Onomatopoeia) - विस्तृत
शब्दको ध्वनिबाटै अर्थ बुझिने शब्दलाई अनुकरणात्मक शब्द भनिन्छ।
उदाहरणहरू:
- ठूल्ठूलो, सानोसानो, रातोरातो
- टूलटूल, फुस्रोफुस्रो, नीलोनीलो
- हुर्रुर, फुर्रुर, झ्याउँझ्याउँ
- भर्रर, भट्टभट्ट, खट्टखट्ट
- लट्टरलट्टर, छट्टछट्ट
- मुसुमुसु, गुदगुदे
- टाउँटाउँ, छिचोला
- किचकिच, बिचबिच
- चम्चम, झिलिमिली
- लिलिपुट, लटरपट्टर
- सिरसिर, गुडगुड
- हल्लोखल्लो, भागाभाग
२२.४ शब्दनिर्माण - थप MCQ खण्ड (३० प्रश्न)
प्रश्न १. "असभ्य" मा कुन उपसर्ग छ?
- (क) अ
- (ख) स
- (ग) सभ्य
- (घ) भ्य
उत्तर: (क) अ (नकारात्मक)
प्रश्न २. "प्रतिदिन" मा कुन उपसर्ग छ?
- (क) प्रति
- (ख) दिन
- (ग) प्र
- (घ) ति
उत्तर: (क) प्रति
प्रश्न ३. "सुकर्म" मा कुन उपसर्ग छ?
- (क) कर्म
- (ख) सु
- (ग) स
- (घ) म
उत्तर: (ख) सु (राम्रो)
प्रश्न ४. "पढाइ" मा कुन प्रत्यय छ?
- (क) पढ
- (ख) आइ
- (ग) ाइ
- (घ) इ
उत्तर: (ख) आइ (कृत् प्रत्यय)
प्रश्न ५. "घरेलु" मा कुन प्रत्यय छ?
- (क) घर
- (ख) एलु
- (ग) लु
- (घ) रे
उत्तर: (ख) एलु (तद्धित प्रत्यय)
प्रश्न ६. "कक्षाकोठा" कुन समास हो?
- (क) तत्पुरुष
- (ख) कर्मधारय
- (ग) द्विगु
- (घ) द्वन्द्व
उत्तर: (क) तत्पुरुष (कक्षाको + कोठा)
प्रश्न ७. "त्रिभुवन" कुन समास हो?
- (क) तत्पुरुष
- (ख) कर्मधारय
- (ग) द्विगु
- (घ) द्वन्द्व
उत्तर: (ग) द्विगु (तीन + भुवन)
प्रश्न ८. "सुखदुःख" कुन समास हो?
- (क) तत्पुरुष
- (ख) कर्मधारय
- (ग) द्विगु
- (घ) द्वन्द्व
उत्तर: (घ) द्वन्द्व (सुख + दुःख)
प्रश्न ९. "चिरञ्जीवी" मा कुन उपसर्ग छ?
- (क) चिर
- (ख) जीवी
- (ग) चिरन्
- (घ) जी
उत्तर: (क) चिर (लामो समय)
प्रश्न १०. "सामाजिक" मा कुन प्रत्यय छ?
- (क) सामा
- (ख) जिक
- (ग) इक
- (घ) क
उत्तर: (ग) इक (तद्धित प्रत्यय)
प्रश्न ११. "कालेमान्छे" कुन समास हो?
- (क) तत्पुरुष
- (ख) कर्मधारय
- (ग) द्विगु
- (घ) द्वन्द्व
उत्तर: (ख) कर्मधारय (कालो + मान्छे)
प्रश्न १२. "चौघेरा" कुन समास हो?
- (क) तत्पुरुष
- (ख) कर्मधारय
- (ग) द्विगु
- (घ) द्वन्द्व
उत्तर: (ग) द्विगु (चार + घेरा)
प्रश्न १३. "बेखर्ची" कुन समास हो?
- (क) तत्पुरुष
- (ख) कर्मधारय
- (ग) अव्ययीभाव
- (घ) बहुव्रीहि
उत्तर: (ग) अव्ययीभाव (बे + खर्ची)
प्रश्न १४. "त्रिलोचन" कुन समास हो?
- (क) तत्पुरुष
- (ख) कर्मधारय
- (ग) द्विगु
- (घ) बहुव्रीहि
उत्तर: (घ) बहुव्रीहि (तीन लोचन भएको = शिव)
प्रश्न १५. "गुणवान्" मा कुन प्रत्यय छ?
- (क) गुण
- (ख) वान्
- (ग) अन्
- (घ) गु
उत्तर: (ख) वान्
प्रश्न १६. "गरिमा" मा कुन प्रत्यय छ?
- (क) गरि
- (ख) इमा
- (ग) मा
- (घ) ग
उत्तर: (ख) इमा (तद्धित प्रत्यय)
प्रश्न १७. "दशानन" कुन समास हो?
- (क) तत्पुरुष
- (ख) कर्मधारय
- (ग) द्विगु
- (घ) बहुव्रीहि
उत्तर: (घ) बहुव्रीहि (दश अनन भएको = रावण)
प्रश्न १८. "हल्लोखल्लो" कस्तो शब्द हो?
- (क) समास
- (ख) द्वित्व
- (ग) अनुकरण
- (घ) उपसर्ग
उत्तर: (ख) द्वित्व (पूर्ण द्वित्व)
प्रश्न १९. "रामलक्ष्मण" कुन समास हो?
- (क) तत्पुरुष
- (ख) कर्मधारय
- (ग) द्विगु
- (घ) द्वन्द्व
उत्तर: (घ) द्वन्द्व (राम + लक्ष्मण)
प्रश्न २०. "अध्यक्ष" मा कुन उपसर्ग छ?
- (क) अ
- (ख) अधि
- (ग) अध्य
- (घ) क्ष
उत्तर: (ख) अधि
प्रश्न २१. "उपनगर" मा कुन उपसर्ग छ?
- (क) उप
- (ख) नगर
- (ग) उ
- (घ) प
उत्तर: (क) उप
प्रश्न २२. "विदेश" मा कुन उपसर्ग छ?
- (क) वि
- (ख) देश
- (ग) वि
- (घ) दे
उत्तर: (क) वि
प्रश्न २३. "सुशासन" मा कुन उपसर्ग छ?
- (क) शासन
- (ख) सु
- (ग) स
- (घ) न
उत्तर: (ख) सु (राम्रो)
प्रश्न २४. "दुर्गुण" मा कुन उपसर्ग छ?
- (क) दु
- (ख) दुर्
- (ग) गुण
- (घ) द
उत्तर: (ख) दुर् (नराम्रो)
प्रश्न २५. "कुमारी" मा कुन उपसर्ग छ?
- (क) कु
- (ख) मारी
- (ग) क
- (घ) री
उत्तर: (क) कु (नराम्रो)
प्रश्न २६. "अनुपम" मा कुन उपसर्ग छ?
- (क) अ
- (ख) अनु
- (ग) पम
- (घ) म
उत्तर: (ख) अनु (साथमा)
प्रश्न २७. "उत्सव" मा कुन उपसर्ग छ?
- (क) उत्
- (ख) सव
- (ग) उ
- (घ) त
उत्तर: (क) उत् (माथि)
प्रश्न २८. "ज्ञानमय" मा कुन प्रत्यय छ?
- (क) ज्ञान
- (ख) मय
- (ग) अन
- (घ) म
उत्तर: (ख) मय (पूर्ण भएको)
प्रश्न २९. "गाउँलो" मा कुन प्रत्यय छ?
- (क) गाउँ
- (ख) लो
- (ग) ाउँ
- (घ) ँलो
उत्तर: (ख) लो (तद्धित प्रत्यय)
प्रश्न ३०. "यथाशक्ति" कुन समास हो?
- (क) तत्पुरुष
- (ख) कर्मधारय
- (ग) अव्ययीभाव
- (घ) द्वन्द्व
उत्तर: (ग) अव्ययीभाव (यथा + शक्ति)
अध्याय २३: विस्तृत पर्यायवाची र विपरीतार्थक शब्दकोष
२३.१ पर्यायवाची शब्दकोष (विस्तृत सूची)
प्रकृति र प्राकृतिक वस्तुहरू
| मूल शब्द | पर्यायवाची शब्दहरू |
|---|---|
| सूर्य | रवि, भानु, आदित्य, दिनकर, प्रभाकर, मार्तण्ड, सविता, भास्कर, अर्क, हेलि, दिवाकर, सूरज |
| चन्द्रमा | शशी, रजनीपति, इन्दु, सोम, कलाधर, निशाकर, चन्द्र, विधु, शशधर, राकेश, कलानाथ, मृगाङ्क, निशानाथ |
| पृथ्वी | भू, भूमि, धरा, धरित्री, वसुधा, मही, क्षिति, भूमण्डल, जगती, क्षोणी, रसा, उर्वी, पृथ्वी, वसुन्धरा |
| पानी | जल, नीर, अम्बु, तोय, सलिल, पय, वारि, अप्, पानी, जीवन, पाथस्, कलश, कमल, पयस् |
| अग्नि | आगो, पावक, अनल, वह्नि, कृशानु, ज्वाला, हुताशन, धूमकेतु, शिखी, रोहित, वैश्वानर, अग्नि |
| हावा | वायु, पवन, समीर, अनिल, मरुत, वात, पवमान, प्रवात, समीरण, अनिल, वायु |
| आकाश | गगन, नभ, अम्बर, व्योम, अन्तरिक्ष, ख, अभ्र, वियत्, नाक, द्यौ, स्वर, आकाश |
| पर्वत | गिरि, अचल, भूधर, शैल, नग, अद्रि, महीधर, धात्री, गोत्र, शिलोच्चय, कूट, ग्रावन् |
| नदी | सरिता, तटिनी, निर्झरिणी, कूलम्भसा, आपगा, स्रोतस्विनी, नदी, निम्नगा, सिन्धु, नीरवाहिनी |
| समुद्र | सागर, सिन्धु, रत्नाकर, सिंधु, उदधि, पारावार, अर्णव, सलिलनिधि, नीरनिधि, जलधि, कम्पित, वाडव |
| अन्धकार | तम, तमस, अन्धकार, अँधेरी, रात्रि, तिमिर, तमोराज, श्याम, ध्वान्त, कृष्ण, तमिस्रा |
| प्रकाश | ज्योति, आलोक, कान्ति, दीप्ति, उज्यालो, प्रभा, तेज, दीप, भा, रोचि, मरीचि, भानु |
| तारा | तारक, नक्षत्र, सितारा, सारका, भ, रोहिणी, कृत्तिका, अश्विनी, भरणी, सोमा |
| बिजुली | विद्युत्, चपला, चित्रा, बिजुली, तडित्, सौदामिनी, ह्रद, विद्युल्लेखा |
| मेघ | मेघ, घन, जलधर, नीरद, जलमुच्, अम्बुद, वारिवाह, माहेन्द्र, जलद, घनगर्जन |
| वर्षा | वर्षा, झरी, पानी पर्ने, वृष्टि, मेघ, देवौघ, पर्जन्य, वरुण |
| कुहिरो | कुहिरो, कोहरा, धुवाँ, धूम्र, पयोद, अभ्र |
| हिउँ | हिम, तुषार, शीत, हेमन्त, हिउँ, नीहार, हिमगर्भ |
| चिसो | शीत, ठण्डा, शिशिर, शीतल, हिम, सार्द्ध |
| तातो | उष्ण, ताप्त, गरम, तातो, दीप्त |
| आँधी | आँधी, झञ्झा, तूफान, वात, प्रभञ्जन, प्रचण्ड वायु |
| ओसिलो | ओसिलो, आर्द्र, सिकत, सिञ्चित, ओस |
| पहाड | पहाड, गिरि, पर्वत, अचल, भूधर, शैल, नग, अद्रि |
मानव र सम्बन्ध
| मूल शब्द | पर्यायवाची शब्दहरू |
|---|---|
| सत्य | ठीक, सच, यथार्थ, सत्यता, तथ्य, वास्तविकता, सत्, ऋत, सत्यम् |
| झूठो | मिथ्या, असत्य, कपट, छल, मिथ्यावाद, कूट, अनृत |
| मन | हृदय, चित्त, अन्तर, हियो, मानस, दिल, हृद, स्वान्त, लावण्य, उर |
| आँखा | नेत्र, चक्षु, लोचन, नयन, अक्षि, दृग, अक्ष, लोच, चक्षुष्, विलोचन |
| मुख | आनन, वदन, मुख, आस्य, वक्त्र, मुखड़ा, तुण्ड, आनन, मुखर, वारवदन |
| शरीर | शरीर, देह, काय, तन, वपु, अङ्ग, गात्र, मूर्ति, कलेवर, विग्रह, शरीर, देह, काया |
| हात | हस्त, कर, भुजा, पाणि, हाथ, पञ्जर, प्रकोष्ठ |
| खुट्टा | पाद, चरण, पैर, पद, पदाति, अङ्गुली, पाद, श्रोणि, जङ्घा |
| कान | कर्ण, श्रुति, श्रवण, श्रोत्र, कान |
| नाक | नासा, घ्राण, नासिका, नाक |
| जिब्रो | जिह्वा, रसना, जिब्रो, रसज्ञ |
| दाँत | दन्त, दाँत, रदन, दशन |
| कपाल | केश, चिकुर, कच, कपाल, शिरोरुह, अलक, बाल |
| रगत | रक्त, रुधिर, लोहित, शोणित, असृक्, रगत, रक्त |
| हड्डी | अस्थि, हड्डी, कङ्काल, हनु |
| मासु | मांस, पिशित, मास, मांस, आमिष |
| मुटु | हृदय, हृद्, मुटु, हियो, चित्त, मानस |
| रगतगाँठा | नस, सिरा, धमनी, रगतगाँठा |
| पसिना | स्वेद, पसिना, घर्म, लाला, वमन |
| आँसु | अश्रु, नेत्रजल, आँसु, बाष्प, नयनाम्बु |
| मल | मल, पुरीष, विष्ठा, गोबर, उत्सर्ग |
| पिसाब | मूत्र, प्रस्राव, पिसाब, वारि |
परिवार र सम्बन्ध
| मूल शब्द | पर्यायवाची शब्दहरू |
|---|---|
| बाबु | पिता, पितृ, बाबा, जनक, तात, पिदा, पिता, अब्ज, स्वामी |
| आमा | माता, जननी, माई, अम्बा, जनयित्री, माता, मैया, मम्मी |
| छोरा | पुत्र, सुत, आत्मज, तनय, बेटा, सोम, पुत्रक |
| छोरी | पुत्री, कन्या, आत्मजा, तनया, बेटी, सुता, कन्यका |
| दाजु | दाइ, अग्रज, ज्येष्ठ, ठूलो भाइ, भ्राता |
| दिदी | अग्रजा, ज्येष्ठा, ठूली बहिनी, भगिनी |
| भाइ | भ्राता, सहोदर, भ्रातृ, बन्धु, भाइ |
| बहिनी | भगिनी, सहोदरा, स्वसा |
| पति | पति, भर्ता, कान्त, स्वामी, नाथ, पोइ |
| पत्नी | पत्नी, भार्या, कान्ता, अर्धाङ्गिनी, दारा, स्त्री, जोय |
| नाति | पौत्र, नाति, अपत्य |
| नातिनी | पौत्री, नातिनी |
| काका | काका, पितृभ्राता, काक, तातक |
| मामा | मामा, मातुल, मातृभ्राता |
| फुपू | फुपू, पितृभगिनी, पितृस्वसा |
| सासू | श्वसुरी, सासू, मातृस्वसा |
| ससुरा | श्वसुर, ससुरा, पितृस्वसुर |
| ज्वाइँ | जामाता, ज्वाइँ, वर |
| बुहारी | स्नुषा, बुहारी, पुत्रवधू |
| देवर | देवर, पतिदेवर |
| जेठानी | जेठानी, पतिज्येष्ठभार्या |
| कान्छी | कनिष्ठा, कान्छी, छोटी |
| वृद्ध | बूढो, वृद्ध, वयोवृद्ध, पाको, ज्येष्ठ, स्थविर |
| युवा | जवान, युवा, तरुण, नवयुवक, किशोर |
| बालक | केटाकेटी, बालक, बालबालिका, शिशु, बच्चा, कुमार, किशोर |
भाव र गुण
| मूल शब्द | पर्यायवाची शब्दहरू |
|---|---|
| सुख | आनन्द, हर्ष, प्रसन्नता, खुसी, सुख, सन्तोष, आमोद, प्रमोद, हर्ष, मुदिता |
| दुःख | पीडा, कष्ट, तकलीफ, दुःख, शोक, खेद, विषाद, वेदना, व्यथा, शोक, खेद |
| प्रेम | माया, स्नेह, प्रेम, अनुराग, अनन्य, प्रीति, अनुरक्ति, लगाव, आसक्ति |
| घृणा | द्वेष, घृणा, विद्वेष, रागद्वेष, अरुचि, अप्रीति, विरक्ति, अनिच्छा |
| क्रोध | रिस, क्रोध, कोप, रोष, प्रकोप, अमर्ष, रोष, चण्ड, तीक्ष्ण |
| शान्ति | सुख, शान्ति, निर्वाण, उपशम, प्रशम, नैराश्य, क्षमा |
| कलह | झगडा, कलह, विवाद, कलुष, वैमनस्य, कलेश, अनबन |
| साहस | हिम्मत, पराक्रम, वीरता, साहस, शौर्य, ओज, धैर्य, विक्रम |
| कायरता | डरपोकपन, भीरुता, कायरता, भीरुत्व, भीरु, भी |
| यश | कीर्ति, प्रतिष्ठा, यश, प्रसिद्धि, ख्याति, गौरव, कीर्ति, प्रताप |
| अपयश | बदनामी, अपयश, अपकीर्ति, कुख्याति, कलङ्क |
| मित्र | साथी, सखा, मित्र, बन्धु, सहयोगी, मीत, सुहृद्, सखा |
| शत्रु | दुश्मन, वैरी, शत्रु, अरि, रिपु, प्रतिपक्षी, वैरिन् |
| विश्वास | आस्था, भरोसा, निष्ठा, विश्वास, श्रद्धा, प्रतीति, भरोसा |
| अविश्वास | सन्देह, शङ्का, अविश्वास, अपत्ति, सन्देह |
ज्ञान र शिक्षा
| मूल शब्द | पर्यायवाची शब्दहरू |
|---|---|
| ज्ञान | विद्या, ज्ञान, बुद्धि, प्रज्ञा, मति, ज्ञानविज्ञान, विज्ञान, सुधा |
| अज्ञानता | अविद्या, अज्ञान, मूर्खता, अज्ञानता, अविवेक, मोह, अन्धता |
| बुद्धिमान | पण्डित, विद्वान, बुद्धिमान, ज्ञानी, प्राज्ञ, मेधावी, सुधी, विचक्षण |
| मूर्ख | अज्ञ, मूर्ख, बेवकूफ, निर्बुद्धि, जड, अल्पबुद्धि, अविद्वान, मूढ़ |
| शिक्षक | गुरु, आचार्य, उपाध्याय, शिक्षक, अध्यापक, पण्डित, उपाध्याय, प्राध्यापक |
| विद्यार्थी | छात्र, शिष्य, चेलो, विद्यार्थी, शागिर्द, अन्तेवासी, छात्रा |
| शिक्षा | तालीम, शिक्षा, विद्या, प्रशिक्षण, उपदेश, अध्ययन, ज्ञान |
प्रकृति र जनावर
| मूल शब्द | पर्यायवाची शब्दहरू |
|---|---|
| गृह | घर, गृह, निवास, आवास, भवन, गृहस्थी, नीड, सदन, मन्दिर, गेह |
| कृषक | किसान, खेतिहर, कृषक, कृषिजीवी, कृषक, हलधर |
| पशु | जनावर, पशु, प्राणी, जीव, मृग, पशु, चर, चतुष्पद |
| महिला | नारी, स्त्री, महिला, महिला, वनिता, कान्ता, अबला, योषा, ललना |
| पुरुष | मान्छे, पुरुष, नर, मानव, पुरुष, मनुज, मानुस, पुंस |
| भोक | क्षुधा, भूख, भोक, अनशन, उपवास, क्षुधा, भूख |
| तिर्खा | पिपासा, तिर्खा, तृष्णा, पिपासा |
| निन्द्रा | निद्रा, सुत्ने, नींद, निन्द्रा, शयन, स्वप्न, सुप्ति |
| स्वप्न | सपना, स्वप्न, सपना, निद्रादर्शन |
| मृत्यु | मृत्यु, मौत, देहान्त, निधन, अन्त, प्राणान्त, काल, यम |
| जीवन | जीवन, जिउने, प्राण, आयु, जीवित, प्राण, आयुष |
| हतियार | अस्त्र, शस्त्र, हतियार, आयुध |
ऋतु र समय
| मूल शब्द | पर्यायवाची शब्दहरू |
|---|---|
| वर्षा | वर्षा, झरी, पानी पर्ने, वृष्टि, मेघ, पर्जन्य |
| शरद | शरद, हेमन्त, पतझर, शिशिर, शरद् ऋतु |
| बसन्त | बसन्त, वसन्त, फूल फुल्ने ऋतु, कुसुमे, मधुमास |
| ग्रीष्म | गर्मी, ग्रीष्म, ऊष्ण, निदाघ, तापस |
| वर्ष | वर्षा ऋतु, वर्षा काल, वर्ष |
| शिशिर | जाडो, शिशिर, हेमन्त, शीतकाल |
| हेमन्त | जाडो, हेमन्त, शिशिर |
| दिन | दिवस, वार, दिन, दिवा, अहर्निश, दिवस |
| रात | रात्रि, निशा, रजनी, विभावरी, यामिनी, क्षणदा, निशीथ, त्रियामा |
| बिहान | प्रभात, प्रातः, बिहान, उषा, अरुणोदय |
| साँझ | सन्ध्या, साँझ, प्रदोष, गोधूली |
| दिउँसो | दिउँसो, मध्याह्न, दोपहर, अपराह्न |
| बेलुका | सन्ध्या, बेलुका, सायंकाल, प्रदोष |
रङ र भौतिक गुण
| मूल शब्द | पर्यायवाची शब्दहरू |
|---|---|
| चाँदी | रजत, चाँदी, रूपा, चन्द्रहास, रूपक |
| सुन | कनक, हेम, हिरण्य, स्वर्ण, सुन, कञ्चन, कनक |
| पत्थर | पाषाण, प्रस्तर, पत्थर, अश्मन, शिला, उपल, ग्रावन् |
| हरियो | श्यामल, हरियो, हरित, सस्य, श्याम |
| रातो | अरुण, रक्त, रातो, लोहित, रक्तिम, रोहित |
| सेतो | श्वेत, धवल, सेतो, शुभ्र, सित, गौर, अरुण |
| कालो | कृष्ण, श्याम, कालो, अन्धकार, तामस, मेचक |
| पहेँलो | पीत, हरिद्रा, पहेँलो, सुवर्ण, पीतवर्ण |
| नीलो | नील, नीलो, श्याम, आसमानी, नीलवर्ण |
| ठूलो | विशाल, महान्, बृहत्, विराट, ठूलो, स्थूल |
| सानो | क्षुद्र, लघु, सानो, छोटो, अणु, सूक्ष्म |
| नयाँ | नूतन, नयाँ, नव, नवीन, अभिनव, नव्य |
| पुरानो | प्राचीन, पुरातन, पुरानो, पुराण, चिरन्तन, पुरा |
| राम्रो | उत्तम, श्रेष्ठ, राम्रो, सुन्दर, भलो, असल, सत् |
| नराम्रो | कु, अधम, नीच, नराम्रो, बुरा, असल, कुत्सित |
२३.२ विपरीतार्थक शब्दकोष (विस्तृत सूची)
मूलभूत विपरीतार्थक
| शब्द | विपरीतार्थक | शब्द | विपरीतार्थक |
|---|---|---|---|
| सत्य | झूठो, मिथ्या, असत्य | झूठो | सत्य, ठीक, सच |
| सुख | दुःख, पीडा, कष्ट | दुःख | सुख, आनन्द, हर्ष |
| जीत | हार, पराजय | हार | जीत, विजय |
| साथी | शत्रु, दुश्मन, वैरी | शत्रु | मित्र, साथी |
| प्रेम | घृणा, द्वेष, राग | घृणा | प्रेम, स्नेह |
| नयाँ | पुरानो, प्राचीन | पुरानो | नयाँ, नवीन |
| राम्रो | नराम्रो, खराब | नराम्रो | राम्रो, असल |
| ठूलो | सानो, क्षुद्र | सानो | ठूलो, विशाल |
स्थान र दिशा
| शब्द | विपरीतार्थक |
|---|---|
| अगाडि | पछाडि, पछि |
| पछाडि | अगाडि, सम्मुख |
| माथि | तल, तल्लो, अधः |
| तल | माथि, उच्च, ऊर्ध्व |
| भित्र | बाहिर, बाह्य |
| बाहिर | भित्र, आभ्यन्तर |
| नजिक | टाढा, दूर |
| टाढा | नजिक, समीप, सन्निकट |
| देब्रे | दायाँ |
| दायाँ | देब्रे |
| उत्तर | दक्षिण |
| दक्षिण | उत्तर |
| पूर्व | पश्चिम |
| पश्चिम | पूर्व |
| माथिल्लो | तल्लो |
| तल्लो | माथिल्लो |
| अग्लो | होचो, बौना |
| होचो | अग्लो, उच्च |
| गहिरो | उथलो, छिटो |
| उथलो | गहिरो, गम्भीर |
| अगाडि | पछि, पछ्याउने |
समय
| शब्द | विपरीतार्थक |
|---|---|
| दिन | रात, रात्रि, निशा |
| रात | दिन, दिवस |
| बिहान | बेलुका, साँझ |
| बेलुका | बिहान, प्रभात |
| साँझ | बिहान |
| आज | भोलि, हिजो |
| हिजो | भोलि, आज, पर्सि |
| भोलि | हिजो, आज |
| पहिले | पछि, अब |
| पछि | पहिले, अघि |
| अघि | पछि, पछ्याउने |
| अहिले | पहिले, पछि, पहिल्यै |
| छिटो | ढिलो, बिस्तारै |
| ढिलो | छिटो, शीघ्र |
| सधैं | कहिल्यै, कहिलेकाहीँ |
| कहिल्यै | सधैं, निरन्तर |
| शीघ्र | ढिलो, विलम्ब |
| बिहानै | बेलुकापख, ढिलो |
प्रकाश र अँध्यारो
| शब्द | विपरीतार्थक |
|---|---|
| उज्यालो | अँधेरी, अन्धकार |
| अँधेरी | उज्यालो, प्रकाश |
| दिन | रात |
| रात | दिन |
| ज्योति | तमो, अन्धकार |
| प्रकाश | अन्धकार, छाया |
सामाजिक र नैतिक गुण
| शब्द | विपरीतार्थक |
|---|---|
| सफल | असफल, विफल |
| असफल | सफल, सिद्ध |
| सन्तुष्ट | असन्तुष्ट, अप्रसन्न |
| असन्तुष्ट | सन्तुष्ट, प्रसन्न |
| बुद्धिमान | मूर्ख, अज्ञ |
| मूर्ख | बुद्धिमान, विद्वान |
| साहसी | कायर, डरपोक |
| कायर | साहसी, वीर |
| विनम्र | अहङ्कारी, घमण्डी |
| अहङ्कारी | विनम्र, भद्र |
| उदार | कङ्जूस, कृपण |
| कङ्जूस | उदार, दानी |
| स्पष्ट | अस्पष्ट, अस्पष्ट |
| अस्पष्ट | स्पष्ट, स्पष्ट |
| सजिलो | गाह्रो, कठिन |
| गाह्रो | सजिलो, सरल |
| सरल | जटिल, कठिन |
| कठिन | सरल, सजिलो |
| असली | नक्कली, जाली |
| नक्कली | असली, सक्कली |
| सफा | फोहोर, मैलो |
| फोहोर | सफा, स्वच्छ |
| सुक्खा | भिजेको, ओसिलो |
| भिजेको | सुक्खा, शुष्क |
| पाकेको | काँचो, अपरिपक्व |
| काँचो | पाकेको, पाक्यो |
| ईर्ष्या | सन्तोष, तुष्टि |
| सन्तोष | ईर्ष्या, असन्तोष |
| ईमानदार | बेईमान, छली |
| बेईमान | ईमानदार, सच्चा |
| साहसी | कायर, डरपोक |
क्रियाका विपरीतार्थक
| शब्द | विपरीतार्थक |
|---|---|
| खुला | बन्द, रोकिएको |
| बन्द | खुला, उद्घाटित |
| जाग्नु | सुत्नु, निद्रा लाग्नु |
| सुत्नु | जाग्नु, बिउँझनु |
| बाँच्नु | मर्नु, मृत्यु |
| मर्नु | बाँच्नु, जीवित |
| आउनु | जानु, प्रस्थान |
| जानु | आउनु, आगमन |
| उठ्नु | बस्नु, लेट्नु |
| बस्नु | उठ्नु, उभिनु |
| सिक्नु | सिकाउनु, पढाउनु |
| सिकाउनु | सिक्नु |
| गर्नु | नगर्नु, छोड्नु |
| नगर्नु | गर्नु, कार्य गर्नु |
| चाहनु | नचाहनु, अनिच्छा |
| अनिच्छा | चाहना, इच्छा |
| जोड्नु | छुट्ट्याउनु, अलग गर्नु |
| छुट्ट्याउनु | जोड्नु, मिलाउनु |
| दिनु | लिनु, प्राप्त |
| लिनु | दिनु |
| प्रश्न | उत्तर, जवाफ |
| उत्तर | प्रश्न, सवाल |
| सुरु | अन्त्य, अन्त |
| अन्त्य | सुरु, आरम्भ |
| हाँसो | रुदन, विलाप |
| रुदन | हाँसो, हास्य |
| आय | व्यय, खर्च |
| व्यय | आय, आम्दानी |
उमेर र अवस्था
| शब्द | विपरीतार्थक |
|---|---|
| युवा | वृद्ध, बूढो |
| वृद्ध | युवा, जवान |
| बालक | वृद्ध, बूढो |
| जवान | बूढो, वृद्ध |
| धनी | गरिब, निर्धन |
| गरिब | धनी, सम्पन्न |
| प्रसिद्ध | अप्रसिद्ध, अज्ञात |
| अज्ञात | प्रसिद्ध, विख्यात |
| उपस्थित | अनुपस्थित, गायब |
| अनुपस्थित | उपस्थित, हाजिर |
| होशियार | मूर्ख, बेसमझ |
| बेसमझ | होशियार, समझदार |
| स्वस्थ | अस्वस्थ, बिरामी |
| अस्वस्थ | स्वस्थ, निरोग |
| निरोग | रोगी, बिरामी |
| बिरामी | निरोग, स्वस्थ |
२३.३ पर्यायवाची र विपरीतार्थक - थप MCQ खण्ड (२५ प्रश्न)
प्रश्न १. "सूर्य" को पर्यायवाची कुन हो?
- (क) चन्द्रमा
- (ख) रवि
- (ग) तारा
- (घ) पृथ्वी
उत्तर: (ख) रवि
प्रश्न २. "पानी" को पर्यायवाची कुन हो?
- (क) अग्नि
- (ख) जल
- (ग) पवन
- (घ) माटो
उत्तर: (ख) जल
प्रश्न ३. "पृथ्वी" को पर्यायवाची कुन हो?
- (क) आकाश
- (ख) धरा
- (ग) पानी
- (घ) अग्नि
उत्तर: (ख) धरा
प्रश्न ४. "सुख" को विपरीतार्थक कुन हो?
- (क) आनन्द
- (ख) दुःख
- (ग) शान्ति
- (घ) प्रेम
उत्तर: (ख) दुःख
प्रश्न ५. "नयाँ" को विपरीतार्थक कुन हो?
- (क) राम्रो
- (ख) पुरानो
- (ग) ठूलो
- (घ) सानो
उत्तर: (ख) पुरानो
प्रश्न ६. "मित्र" को विपरीतार्थक कुन हो?
- (क) साथी
- (ख) शत्रु
- (ग) बन्धु
- (घ) मीत
उत्तर: (ख) शत्रु
प्रश्न ७. "आकाश" को पर्यायवाची कुन हो?
- (क) पृथ्वी
- (ख) गगन
- (ग) पानी
- (घ) अग्नि
उत्तर: (ख) गगन
प्रश्न ८. "हावा" को पर्यायवाची कुन हो?
- (क) पवन
- (ख) जल
- (ग) अग्नि
- (घ) माटो
उत्तर: (क) पवन
प्रश्न ९. "दिन" को विपरीतार्थक कुन हो?
- (क) बिहान
- (ख) रात
- (ग) साँझ
- (घ) दिउँसो
उत्तर: (ख) रात
प्रश्न १०. "प्रेम" को विपरीतार्थक कुन हो?
- (क) माया
- (ख) घृणा
- (ग) स्नेह
- (घ) अनुराग
उत्तर: (ख) घृणा
प्रश्न ११. "चन्द्रमा" को पर्यायवाची कुन हो?
- (क) सूर्य
- (ख) इन्दु
- (ग) तारा
- (घ) अग्नि
उत्तर: (ख) इन्दु
प्रश्न १२. "अग्नि" को पर्यायवाची कुन हो?
- (क) पानी
- (ख) पावक
- (ग) हावा
- (घ) माटो
उत्तर: (ख) पावक
प्रश्न १३. "पर्वत" को पर्यायवाची कुन हो?
- (क) गिरि
- (ख) नदी
- (ग) समुद्र
- (घ) सागर
उत्तर: (क) गिरि
प्रश्न १४. "समुद्र" को पर्यायवाची कुन हो?
- (क) नदी
- (ख) सागर
- (ग) ताल
- (घ) पोखरी
उत्तर: (ख) सागर
प्रश्न १५. "सत्य" को विपरीतार्थक कुन हो?
- (क) ठीक
- (ख) झूठो
- (ग) सच
- (घ) यथार्थ
उत्तर: (ख) झूठो
प्रश्न १६. "जीत" को विपरीतार्थक कुन हो?
- (क) सफलता
- (ख) हार
- (ग) जय
- (घ) विजय
उत्तर: (ख) हार
प्रश्न १७. "आय" को विपरीतार्थक कुन हो?
- (क) आम्दानी
- (ख) व्यय
- (ग) कमाइ
- (घ) आर्जन
उत्तर: (ख) व्यय
प्रश्न १८. "बाँच्नु" को विपरीतार्थक कुन हो?
- (क) जिउनु
- (ख) मर्नु
- (ग) हिँड्नु
- (घ) बस्नु
उत्तर: (ख) मर्नु
प्रश्न १९. "सुन्दर" को पर्यायवाची कुन हो?
- (क) कुरूप
- (ख) रमणीय
- (ग) नराम्रो
- (घ) असल
उत्तर: (ख) रमणीय
प्रश्न २०. "कुरूप" को विपरीतार्थक कुन हो?
- (क) सुन्दर
- (ख) राम्रो
- (ग) नराम्रो
- (घ) असल
उत्तर: (क) सुन्दर
प्रश्न २१. "साहस" को पर्यायवाची कुन हो?
- (क) हिम्मत
- (ख) डर
- (ग) कायरता
- (घ) भय
उत्तर: (क) हिम्मत
प्रश्न २२. "कायरता" को विपरीतार्थक कुन हो?
- (क) साहस
- (ख) डर
- (ग) भय
- (घ) चिन्ता
उत्तर: (क) साहस
प्रश्न २३. "युवा" को विपरीतार्थक कुन हो?
- (क) जवान
- (ख) वृद्ध
- (ग) बालक
- (घ) किशोर
उत्तर: (ख) वृद्ध
प्रश्न २४. "धनी" को विपरीतार्थक कुन हो?
- (क) गरिब
- (ख) मालामाल
- (ग) सम्पन्न
- (घ) धनवान्
उत्तर: (क) गरिब
प्रश्न २५. "सफा" को विपरीतार्थक कुन हो?
- (क) स्वच्छ
- (ख) फोहोर
- (ग) मैलो
- (घ) शुद्ध
उत्तर: (ख) फोहोर
अध्याय २४: विस्तृत उखान, टुक्का र लोकोक्ति
२४.१ उखान (विस्तृत सूची)
शिक्षा र ज्ञान सम्बन्धी उखानहरू
| उखान | अर्थ |
|---|---|
| अभावले गरिबी, अनावृष्टिले दुःख | अभावमा पनि कष्ट हुन्छ |
| नअध्याएको पनि गुरु, अग्लो मान्छेलाई घुँडा टेकाउने | अरूको दर्जा नबुझ्ने |
| नबुझेको कुरा सोध्नु, बुझेको कुरा भन्नु | ज्ञानको बाटो |
| पढेको मान्छेको मति, खाएको मान्छेको पेट बढ्छ | पढाइले ज्ञान बढ्छ |
| पढाइले मान्छे मान्छे हुन्छ | शिक्षाले मान्छेलाई मान्छे बनाउँछ |
| विद्या विनाको मान्छे, पशु समान | शिक्षा नभएको मान्छे पशु जस्तै |
| विद्या भन्दा ठूलो सम्पत्ति छैन | शिक्षा सबैभन्दा ठूलो धन |
| बुबाको सम्पत्ति छोरा छोरा हुन्छ, आमाको विद्या हुन्छ | शिक्षा आमाबाट आउँछ |
| गुरुको गुरु भगवान् | गुरुको सम्मान |
| गुरु बिना विद्या, आमा बिना सन्तान | गुरुको आवश्यकता |
| सत्सङ्गले मान्छे सभ्य बनाउँछ | राम्रो संगतले राम्रो बनाउँछ |
| कुसङ्गले मान्छे कुसंगत बनाउँछ | नराम्रो संगतले नराम्रो बनाउँछ |
| हात्तीको देखाउने दाँत, मान्छेको देखाउने ज्ञान | बाहिरको देखावटी |
मेहनत र परिश्रम सम्बन्धी उखानहरू
| उखान | अर्थ |
|---|---|
| अल्छीको बाउ तीन वर्ष पुग्दैन | अल्छी मान्छे कहिल्यै सफल हुँदैन |
| करले गर्ने हेला, पापले गर्ने केला | नराम्रो कामको फल पछि आउँछ |
| मेहनतको फल मिठो हुन्छ | मेहनत गर्नेलाई राम्रो फल |
| काम गर्ने मान्छेको काम, नगर्नेको बकवास | काम गर्नुपर्छ |
| हात्ती पनि फट्याइँ गर्छ, मुसो पनि फट्याइँ गर्छ | सबैले ठूलो कुरा गर्छन् |
| निरन्तर लागेर काम गर्नेले सफलता पाउँछ | निरन्तरता सफलताको कुञ्जी |
| पसिना बगाउनेले मात्र सुन फलाउँछ | मेहनत नगरी केही पाइँदैन |
| हात हाले पुगिने काम, नहाले नपुगिने | मेहनत गर्नुपर्छ |
| बाँदरलाई बाँसरी, अँगुरोलाई अँगुरी | सबैलाई आफ्नो जस्तै |
| खानु खानु पर्छ, पर्खनु पर्दैन | मेहनत गर्नेले मात्र खान पाउँछ |
| मेहनती मान्छेको भाग्य पनि राम्रो | मेहनत गर्नेको भाग्य राम्रो |
| मेहनत नगरी माटो पनि फल्दैन | बिना मेहनत केही हुँदैन |
| ढुङ्गा खोज्दै गए पहाड भेटिन्छ | खोज्दै जाँदा ठूलो कुरा भेटिन्छ |
सङ्घर्ष र साहस सम्बन्धी उखानहरू
| उखान | अर्थ |
|---|---|
| लोभले पाप, लोभले दुःख | लोभमा सबै बिग्रन्छ |
| साहसीको कहिल्यै हार हुँदैन | साहसी मान्छे कहिल्यै हार्दैन |
| मरे पनि किराँती मरे, नमरे पनि किराँती नमरे | हिम्मत गर्ने |
| डराउने मान्छे सधैं डराउँछ | डरको जीवन |
| हिम्मत गर्नेको जित हुन्छ | साहसीको जीत |
| हिम्मत भए जगत् जितिन्छ | साहसले सबै जितिन्छ |
| डरले मान्छेलाई कमजोर बनाउँछ | डर कमजोरी हो |
| डराउनेले बाटो विर्सन्छ | डरले बुद्धि हटाउँछ |
| जसको लाठी उसको भैंसी | शक्तिशालीको जित |
| हात्ती आए, हात्ती गए, मुसो पनि मरे | ठूला कुरा आउँदा साना हराउँछन् |
मित्रता र शत्रुता सम्बन्धी उखानहरू
| उखान | अर्थ |
|---|---|
| साँचो साथी सङ्गी, झूटो साथी फटाहा | साँचो र झूटो साथीको भेद |
| सुखमा साथी, दुःखमा कसैले पनि | सुखमा साथी धेरै, दुःखमा कोही हुँदैन |
| आँसु पुछ्ने साथी | साँचो साथी |
| शत्रुको मुखमा स्याउ, मित्रको मुखमा विष | शत्रु र मित्रको भेद |
| अरूको भलो चित्तमा, आफ्नो भलो गोजीमा | आफ्नो स्वार्थ पहिले |
| साथी छान्न गाह्रो, छानेपछि राख्न गाह्रो | साथी छान्नुपर्छ |
| मित्र भन्दा राम्रो सम्पत्ति छैन | साँचो मित्र सबैभन्दा ठूलो धन |
| झूटो मित्र भन्दा साँचो शत्रु राम्रो | झूटो साथीभन्दा साँचो शत्रु राम्रो |
| मित्रता टुट्यो भने तितो हुन्छ | मित्रताको महत्त्व |
| नयाँ साथी बनाउन पुरानो नबिर्सनु | पुरानो मित्रको सम्मान |
| एक हातले ताली बज्दैन | दुई जना नभई काम हुँदैन |
| एकले अर्कालाई साथ दिन्छ, अर्कोले अर्कोलाई | मिलेर काम गर्नुपर्छ |
| हात मिलाएर काम गर्ने, साथी बढाउनुपर्छ | एकतामा शक्ति |
स्वभाव र चरित्र सम्बन्धी उखानहरू
| उखान | अर्थ |
|---|---|
| ओठमा राम नाम, कलिजोमा कुटुम्ब | बोलीमा राम्रो, भित्र खराब |
| कुकुरलाई काँध्यो भन्दैमा सुँघ्ने स्वभाव हराउँदैन | स्वभाव कहिल्यै बदलिँदैन |
| कुकुरले हाँस देखेर पुच्छर हल्लाउँछ | सजिलोमा सबै साथी |
| गाली गर्नु स्वभाव हो, मन पराउनु दुर्लभ | मन नपराउने मान्छे राम्रो |
| लाज नभएको मान्छेलाई कुकुरले पनि टोक्दैन | निर्लज्ज मान्छे |
| टाउको नभएको मान्छे टाउको नभएको भैंसी | अरूलाई आफ्नो जस्तो देख्ने |
| भेडालाई भेडा, बाघलाई बाघ | उस्तैलाई उस्तै |
| भेडी भेडी, बाघी बाघ | स्वभाव अनुसारको |
| मुखमा मुख | एकै प्रकारको |
| रुखलाई रुख, माटोलाई माटो | आफ्नो जाति अनुसारको |
| आफ्नो गोबर गन्हाउँदैन | आफ्नो दोष नदेख्ने |
| निन्दा गर्ने मुख पनि आफ्नै | आफूले आफैलाई गाली गर्ने |
| पेट पोले पनि मुख पोल्दैन | भोकै भए पनि अरूलाई खुवाउने |
| लुगा सफा, मन मैलो | बाहिर राम्रो, भित्र खराब |
| हात्ती पनि फट्याइँ गर्छ, मुसो पनि फट्याइँ गर्छ | सबैले ठूलो कुरा गर्छन् |
| मुख हेरेर कुरा गर्नु, कान हेरेर सुन्नु | अरूको सङ्केत बुझ्ने |
समय र अवसर सम्बन्धी उखानहरू
| उखान | अर्थ |
|---|---|
| खाएपछि मात्र जुँगा मुछ्ने | पछुतो गर्ने |
| बेलुकीको पछुतो, बिहानको काम | ढिलो पछुतो |
| समय रहँदै काम गर्ने, नत्र पछि पर्छ | समयमै काम गर्नुपर्छ |
| बितेको समय फर्किँदैन | समयको महत्त्व |
| समयले सबैलाई भेट्छ | समयले सबै देख्छ |
| समय बलवान छ | समयको शक्ति |
| समय र बेला नआए पनि फरक छैन | समयको महत्त्व |
| समयमा नखाए पछि मिठो हुँदैन | समयको महत्त्व |
| बिहानको भात, बेलुकीको काम | समय अनुसारको काम |
| ढिलो भएपछि पछुतो | ढिलाइको फल |
| अघि आँखा पछि कान | आँखाले नदेखे पनि कानले सुन्न सकिने |
परिवार र सम्बन्ध सम्बन्धी उखानहरू
| उखान | अर्थ |
|---|---|
| आमाको मुख हेर्ने, बाबुको जुध्ने | आमाको आशीर्वाद, बाबुको डर |
| छोरा हुर्काउनु छोराको, बुबा हुर्काउनु संसारको | बाबु बढेपछि अरूको भर पर्नुपर्छ |
| आफ्नो देश आफ्नै जस्तो | विदेश जति राम्रो भए पनि आफ्नो देश राम्रो |
| घरको भात पनि तातो, घरको लुगा पनि | आफ्नै राम्रो |
| नयाँ घरमा, नयाँ भान्सा | नयाँ ठाउँमा नयाँ नयाँ कुरा |
| घर न घरको, डेरा न डेराको | न ठाउँको |
| परिवारको माया, संसारको धन | परिवारको महत्त्व |
| आफ्नो मान्छे, आफ्नो देश | स्वदेशको माया |
आर्थिक र व्यापार सम्बन्धी उखानहरू
| उखान | अर्थ |
|---|---|
| दैलोमा आँगन, आँगनमा खेत | गरिबी |
| पेटको लागि पाप, पेटको लागि पुण्य | भोकले मान्छेलाई जे गर्न पनि बाध्य पार्छ |
| पहिले आफ्नो, पछि अरूको | पहिले आफू हेर्ने |
| पापीको पाप, पुण्यको पुण्य | जसको गुण उसैको |
| धनीको छोरा, गरिबको दुःख | आर्थिक असमानता |
| पैसा आए पनि मन पैसा बढ्दैन | पैसाले सुख किन्दैन |
| पैसा भए पनि साथी कम | पैसा र साथीको सम्बन्ध |
| पैसाले मान्छे किन्छ, मान्छेले पैसा किन्दैन | पैसाको शक्ति |
| बचाएको एक पैसा, कमाएको दश पैसा | बचतको महत्त्व |
| दान गर्ने मान्छेको हात स्वर्गमा पुग्छ | दानको महिमा |
| कमाउनेले खान्छ, नकमाउनेले लुक्छ | मेहनतको महत्त्व |
सत्य र धर्म सम्बन्धी उखानहरू
| उखान | अर्थ |
|---|---|
| सत्यमेव जयते | सत्यको जित हुन्छ |
| सत्य बोल्नु पर्छ, मिथ्या छोड्नु पर्छ | सत्यको महत्त्व |
| सत्य कडा हुन्छ, मिथ्या मीठो | सत्य कठिन, मिथ्या सजिलो |
| झूटो मुखमा मिठो, सत्य मुखमा कडा | सत्य कठिन |
| झूटो बोल्ने मान्छेको विश्वास गुम्छ | झूटो बोल्नेको अन्त |
| धर्मले रक्षा गर्छ, अधर्मले विनाश | धर्मको महत्त्व |
| पुण्य गर्ने मान्छे स्वर्गमा जान्छ | पुण्यको फल |
| पापको फल पीडा | पापको दण्ड |
| ईश्वरले राम्रोलाई राख्छ | ईश्वरको कृपा |
| भाग्य भए पनि मेहनत चाहिन्छ | भाग्य र मेहनत |
प्रकृति र मौसम सम्बन्धी उखानहरू
| उखान | अर्थ |
|---|---|
| अँध्यारोमा सबै खालि उस्तै | अन्धकारमा सबै उस्तै देखिन्छ |
| अन्धालाई अँध्यारो | अन्धा मान्छेलाई जुनसुकै बेला उस्तै |
| आकाशको फल आँखा ताक्ने | असम्भव कुरा चाहने |
| दूधले नुहाए झैं | राम्ररी |
| सेतो भयो भन्दैमा दूध हुँदैन | बाहिर सेतो देखिए पनि दूध नहुन सक्छ |
| गाउँ गाउँमा सिंह, जहाँ पुगे त्यहाँ शेर | आफू सबैतिर बहादुर |
| हावा खानु, धुलो खानु | बेकारमा समय बिताउनु |
२४.२ टुक्का (विस्तृत सूची)
व्यङ्ग्यात्मक टुक्काहरू
| टुक्का | अर्थ |
|---|---|
| अघि खोला, पछि खोला, बीचमा ताल | अप्ठ्यारो अवस्था |
| अरूको जुँगा पोल्ने, आफ्नो जुँगा नदेख्ने | अरूको दोष देख्ने, आफ्नो नदेख्ने |
| आँखा छ, देख्दैन; कान छ, सुन्दैन | अन्जान मान्छे |
| ओठमा राम राम, हातमा कटार | बोली र काम बेग्लै |
| कानमा मन, मनमा सर्प | षड्यन्त्र |
| काँधको कुखुरो, छातीको खुर्सानी | अरूको कुरा अरूलाई |
| डाँडा डाँडा, पाखा पाखा, हात्तीको मुख जत्रो फराक | हेर्दा ठूलो, हेर्दैन जत्रो |
| न त मरेको, न त बाँचेको | अनिर्णीत अवस्था |
| बाटोमा बाघ, घरमा स्याल | दुवैतिर खतरा |
| बाघको मुखमा पुगेपछि आँखा ठूलो | डराएको |
| मुखमा राम राम, पेटमा छुरा | बाहिर राम्रो, भित्र खराब |
| सुँगुरको जुँगा हुँदैन, हुँदैन भन्नेलाई पत्याउँदैन | अन्धविश्वास |
| हात्तीलाई बाँधे पनि बाँध, नबाँधे पनि बाँध | जे गरे पनि उस्तै |
| अल्छीलाई आकाशको फल | अल्छी मान्छे असम्भव चाहन्छ |
| न नुनको जाति, न मिठाको जाति | अरूको दोष देख्ने |
| ओठ चाटेर बस्ने, काम गर्दा अल्छी | सजिलो काम मात्र गर्ने |
| माटोमा कुटे पनि पानीमा पखाले पनि | जे भए पनि |
| उँडेको कुखुरालाई बाघले पनि खान्छ | जोखिममा हिँड्ने |
जीवन र दर्शन सम्बन्धी टुक्काहरू
| टुक्का | अर्थ |
|---|---|
| जिउँदो मान्छेको ठूलो आशा | जीवनको आशा |
| मरेको मान्छेलाई दान गर्नु | व्यर्थ काम |
| बाँचुन्जेल सिक्नु, मरेपछि छोड्नु | जीवनभर सिक्ने |
| सबैको मन सबैलाई थाहा हुँदैन | मनको कुरा |
| जिउनु ठूलो कुरा हो, मर्नु सजिलो | जीवनको महत्त्व |
| बाँचे पनि साथी, मरे पनि साथी | साँचो साथी |
| मान्छे मरे पनि नाम रहन्छ | नामको महत्त्व |
| दुनियाँमा मान्छेलाई मान्छे चाहिन्छ | मानवीय सम्बन्ध |
२४.३ लोकोक्ति (विस्तृत सूची)
लोकोक्ति र तिनका अर्थ
| लोकोक्ति | अर्थ |
|---|---|
| अल्छीको बाउ तीन वर्ष पुग्दैन | अल्छी मान्छे कहिल्यै सफल हुँदैन |
| अघि आँखा पछि कान | आँखाले नदेखे पनि कानले सुन्न सकिने |
| अन्धाले हात्ती छामे झैं | अन्धाले नदेखी अनुमान गरेको |
| एक हातले ताली बज्दैन | दुई जना नभई काम हुँदैन |
| करले गर्ने हेला, पापले गर्ने केला | नराम्रो कामको फल पछि आउँछ |
| काठको कुकुर काठै हान्ने | काठको कुकुरलाई काठले हान्दा आवाज आउँदैन |
| कुकुरले हाँस देखेर पुच्छर हल्लाउँछ | सजिलोमा सबै साथी |
| कुम्लो माटोले माटो काढ्ने | उस्तैले उस्तैलाई |
| खाएपछि मात्र जुँगा मुछ्ने | पछुतो गर्ने |
| गाउँ गाउँमा सिंह | आफू सबैतिर बहादुर |
| गोरु खोज्ने र गोरु पाउने | इच्छा र पूर्ति |
| घरको भात पनि तातो, घरको लुगा पनि | आफ्नै राम्रो |
| चोरको मुन्दरी भन्दैमा हराउँदैन | चोरी गरेको सम्पत्ति गुम्दैन |
| जसको लाठी उसको भैंसी | शक्तिशालीको जित |
| जहाँ गए पनि आफ्नै बाटो | आफ्नो बाटो नछोड्ने |
| जे गरे पनि राम्ररी गर | जुनसुकै काम गरे पनि राम्रो गर्नुपर्छ |
| झमक्क बाजा, झ्याम्म गीत | बाहिर राम्रो, भित्र खराब |
| ढुङ्गा खोज्दै गए पहाड भेटिन्छ | खोज्दै जाँदा ठूलो कुरा भेटिन्छ |
| नचाहिँदो कुरा कान पनि सुन्दैन | जुन कुरा चाहिँदैन त्यो सुन्न पनि मन लाग्दैन |
| नयाँ घरमा, नयाँ भान्सा | नयाँ ठाउँमा नयाँ नयाँ कुरा |
| पछ्याउने पनि पछि, अगाडि जाने पनि अगाडि | दुवैतिर अनुशासन |
| पानी बिनाको माछा | असहाय |
| फट्याइँमा फेरि | बारम्बार उस्तै |
| बाँदरलाई बाँसरी, अँगुरोलाई अँगुरी | सबैलाई आफ्नो जस्तै |
| बाटोमा नपर्ने, घरमा पर्ने | अनपेक्षित कुरा |
| बिरालोलाई बाघ बनाउनु | सानो कुरालाई ठूलो बनाउनु |
| बूढो मान्छे, जवान विचार | उमेर ठूलो भए पनि विचार जवान |
| मरे पनि किराँती मरे, नमरे पनि किराँती नमरे | हिम्मत गर्ने |
| मुखमा मुख | एकै प्रकारको |
| लाज नभएको मान्छेलाई कुकुरले पनि टोक्दैन | निर्लज्ज मान्छे |
| लोभले पाप, लोभले दुःख | लोभमा सबै बिग्रन्छ |
| सानो जुकोटी, ठूलो भकारी | सानो घर, ठूलो भकारी |
| सुखमा साथी, दुःखमा कसैले पनि | सुखमा साथी धेरै, दुःखमा कोही हुँदैन |
| हाँस उठ्नु भन्दैमा मुख बिग्रिँदैन | हाँस्ने मान्छे कहिल्यै बिग्रिँदैन |
| हिँड्ने लाटो, उभिने लाटो | न अगाडि न पछाडि |
| हिजो पनि म, आज पनि म, भोलि पनि म | सधैं आफ्नै स्वार्थ |
| होस् हुनेले होस् गर्छ, होस् नहुनेलाई लाग्छ | सम्झनशील मान्छेले सोच्छ |
२४.४ उखान र टुक्का - थप MCQ खण्ड (२५ प्रश्न)
प्रश्न १. "अल्छीको बाउ तीन वर्ष पुग्दैन" उखानको अर्थ कुन हो?
- (क) अल्छी मान्छे सफल हुन्छ
- (ख) अल्छी मान्छे सफल हुँदैन
- (ग) अल्छी मान्छे कडा परिश्रम गर्छ
- (घ) अल्छी मान्छे धनी हुन्छ
उत्तर: (ख) अल्छी मान्छे सफल हुँदैन
प्रश्न २. "एक हातले ताली बज्दैन" को अर्थ कुन हो?
- (क) एक्लै काम गर्न सकिन्छ
- (ख) दुई जना नभई काम हुँदैन
- (ग) ताली बजाउन सजिलो छ
- (घ) हातले काम गर्नुपर्छ
उत्तर: (ख) दुई जना नभई काम हुँदैन
प्रश्न ३. "जसको लाठी उसको भैंसी" को अर्थ कुन हो?
- (क) शक्तिशालीको जित
- (ख) कमजोरको जित
- (ग) भैंसी बलियो हुन्छ
- (घ) लाठीले भैंसी मार्छ
उत्तर: (क) शक्तिशालीको जित
प्रश्न ४. "ओठमा राम नाम, कलिजोमा कुटुम्ब" को अर्थ कुन हो?
- (क) बोलीमा राम्रो, भित्र खराब
- (ख) राम र कुटुम्ब दुवै राम्रो
- (ग) ओठले राम्रो कुरा गर्छ
- (घ) कलिजोमा राम बस्छ
उत्तर: (क) बोलीमा राम्रो, भित्र खराब
प्रश्न ५. "हात्ती आए हात्ती गए मुसो पनि मरे" को अर्थ कुन हो?
- (क) हात्ती मर्छ
- (ख) ठूला कुरा आउँदा साना हराउँछन्
- (ग) मुसा सधैं मर्छ
- (घ) सबै जनावर मर्छन्
उत्तर: (ख) ठूला कुरा आउँदा साना हराउँछन्
प्रश्न ६. "अन्धाले हात्ती छामे झैं" को अर्थ कुन हो?
- (क) अन्धाले हात्ती देख्छ
- (ख) अनुमान गरेको
- (ग) सही ज्ञान
- (घ) प्रत्यक्ष अनुभव
उत्तर: (ख) अनुमान गरेको
प्रश्न ७. "अँध्यारोमा सबै खालि उस्तै" को अर्थ कुन हो?
- (क) अन्धकारमा सबै उस्तै देखिन्छ
- (ख) सबै कुरा उस्तै हुन्छ
- (ग) अँध्यारोमा केही देखिँदैन
- (घ) उज्यालोमा सबै उस्तै
उत्तर: (क) अन्धकारमा सबै उस्तै देखिन्छ
प्रश्न ८. "आँखा नदेखे पनि मनले देख्छ" को अर्थ कुन हो?
- (क) सद्भावले सबै देख्छ
- (ख) आँखाले सबै देख्छ
- (ग) मनले केही देख्दैन
- (घ) अन्धा मान्छेले देख्छ
उत्तर: (क) सद्भावले सबै देख्छ
प्रश्न ९. "दैलोमा आँगन, आँगनमा खेत" को अर्थ कुन हो?
- (क) गरिबी
- (ख) सम्पन्नता
- (ग) ठूलो घर
- (घ) सानो घर
उत्तर: (क) गरिबी
प्रश्न १०. "काठको कुकुर काठै हान्ने" को अर्थ कुन हो?
- (क) काठको कुकुरलाई काठले हान्नु
- (ख) नराम्रोलाई नराम्रोले
- (ग) राम्रोलाई राम्रो
- (घ) कुकुर र काठको सम्बन्ध
उत्तर: (ख) नराम्रोलाई नराम्रोले
प्रश्न ११. "कुकुरले हाँस देखेर पुच्छर हल्लाउँछ" को अर्थ कुन हो?
- (क) कुकुर हाँस्छ
- (ख) सजिलोमा सबै साथी
- (ग) कुकुर खुसी हुन्छ
- (घ) पुच्छर हल्लाउनु
उत्तर: (ख) सजिलोमा सबै साथी
प्रश्न १२. "गाउँ गाउँमा सिंह" को अर्थ कुन हो?
- (क) सिंह धेरै छन्
- (ख) आफू सबैतिर बहादुर
- (ग) गाउँमा सिंह हुन्छन्
- (घ) सिंहले गाउँ भ्रमण गर्छ
उत्तर: (ख) आफू सबैतिर बहादुर
प्रश्न १३. "ओठमा राम राम, हातमा कटार" को अर्थ कुन हो?
- (क) बोली र काम बेग्लै
- (ख) राम र कटार दुवै छ
- (ग) हातमा कटार
- (घ) ओठमा राम
उत्तर: (क) बोली र काम बेग्लै
प्रश्न १४. "मुखमा राम राम, पेटमा छुरा" को अर्थ कुन हो?
- (क) बाहिर राम्रो, भित्र खराब
- (ख) राम र छुरा
- (ग) मुखमा राम
- (घ) पेटमा छुरा
उत्तर: (क) बाहिर राम्रो, भित्र खराब
प्रश्न १५. "सुखमा साथी, दुःखमा कसैले पनि" को अर्थ कुन हो?
- (क) सुखमा साथी धेरै, दुःखमा कोही हुँदैन
- (ख) सुखमा साथी कम
- (ग) दुःखमा साथी धेरै
- (घ) साथी हुँदैन
उत्तर: (क) सुखमा साथी धेरै, दुःखमा कोही हुँदैन
प्रश्न १६. "लोभले पाप, लोभले दुःख" को अर्थ कुन हो?
- (क) लोभमा पाप
- (ख) लोभमा सबै बिग्रन्छ
- (ग) पाप लोभ
- (घ) दुःख लोभ
उत्तर: (ख) लोभमा सबै बिग्रन्छ
प्रश्न १७. "छोरा हुर्काउनु छोराको, बुबा हुर्काउनु संसारको" को अर्थ कुन हो?
- (क) छोरा बढ्छ
- (ख) बाबु बढेपछि अरूको भर पर्नुपर्छ
- (ग) संसारको हुर्काइ
- (घ) छोरा र बुबा
उत्तर: (ख) बाबु बढेपछि अरूको भर पर्नुपर्छ
प्रश्न १८. "आमाको मुख हेर्ने, बाबुको जुध्ने" को अर्थ कुन हो?
- (क) आमाको आशीर्वाद, बाबुको डर
- (ख) आमा र बाबु
- (ग) मुख हेर्ने र जुध्ने
- (घ) परिवार
उत्तर: (क) आमाको आशीर्वाद, बाबुको डर
प्रश्न १९. "नबुझेको कुरा सोध्नु, बुझेको कुरा भन्नु" को अर्थ कुन हो?
- (क) ज्ञानको बाटो
- (ख) सोध्ने र भन्ने
- (ग) बुझ्ने
- (घ) नबुझ्ने
उत्तर: (क) ज्ञानको बाटो
प्रश्न २०. "मेहनतको फल मिठो हुन्छ" को अर्थ कुन हो?
- (क) मेहनत गर्नेलाई राम्रो फल
- (ख) फल मीठो
- (ग) मेहनत
- (घ) मिठो कुरा
उत्तर: (क) मेहनत गर्नेलाई राम्रो फल
प्रश्न २१. "विद्या भन्दा ठूलो सम्पत्ति छैन" को अर्थ कुन हो?
- (क) विद्या सबैभन्दा ठूलो धन
- (ख) विद्या ठूलो
- (ग) सम्पत्ति ठूलो
- (घ) पैसा ठूलो
उत्तर: (क) विद्या सबैभन्दा ठूलो धन
प्रश्न २२. "सत्सङ्गले मान्छे सभ्य बनाउँछ" को अर्थ कुन हो?
- (क) राम्रो संगतले राम्रो बनाउँछ
- (ख) मान्छे सभ्य हुन्छ
- (ग) संगत राम्रो
- (घ) सभ्य बनाउँछ
उत्तर: (क) राम्रो संगतले राम्रो बनाउँछ
प्रश्न २३. "बाँदरलाई बाँसरी, अँगुरोलाई अँगुरी" को अर्थ कुन हो?
- (क) सबैलाई आफ्नो जस्तै
- (ख) बाँदर र अँगुरो
- (ग) बाँसरी र अँगुरी
- (घ) सबैलाई राम्रो
उत्तर: (क) सबैलाई आफ्नो जस्तै
प्रश्न २४. "बूढो मान्छे, जवान विचार" को अर्थ कुन हो?
- (क) उमेर ठूलो भए पनि विचार जवान
- (ख) बूढो र जवान
- (ग) मान्छे र विचार
- (घ) उमेर
उत्तर: (क) उमेर ठूलो भए पनि विचार जवान
प्रश्न २५. "साँचो साथी सङ्गी, झूटो साथी फटाहा" को अर्थ कुन हो?
- (क) साँचो र झूटो साथीको भेद
- (ख) साथी र शत्रु
- (ग) सङ्गी र फटाहा
- (घ) सबै साथी राम्रो
उत्तर: (क) साँचो र झूटो साथीको भेद
अध्याय २५: विस्तृत विगत लोकसेवा प्रश्नहरू (थप)
२५.१ प्रि-क्वालिफाइङ्ग परीक्षा २०८१ (प्रश्नहरू)
प्रश्न १. "रामले किताब पढ्यो" मा "राम" कुन कारक हो?
- (क) कर्ता
- (ख) कर्म
- (ग) करण
- (घ) सम्बन्ध
उत्तर: (क) कर्ता (ले = कर्ता)
प्रश्न २. "उसले मलाई पुस्तक दियो" मा "मलाई" कुन कारक हो?
- (क) कर्म
- (ख) सम्प्रदान
- (ग) कर्ता
- (घ) करण
उत्तर: (ख) सम्प्रदान (दिने/पाउने)
प्रश्न ३. "कोसी" मा कुन स्वर प्रयोग भएको छ?
- (क) ह्रस्व इ
- (ख) दीर्घ ई
- (ग) ह्रस्व उ
- (घ) दीर्घ ऊ
उत्तर: (ख) दीर्घ ई (नदीको नाम)
प्रश्न ४. "शिक्षा" मा कुन वर्ण प्रयोग भएको छ?
- (क) श
- (ख) ष
- (ग) स
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (क) श (तत्सम)
प्रश्न ५. "सामाजिक" मा कुन प्रत्यय छ?
- (क) सामा
- (ख) जिक
- (ग) इक
- (घ) क
उत्तर: (ग) इक
प्रश्न ६. "त्रिभुवन" कुन समास हो?
- (क) तत्पुरुष
- (ख) कर्मधारय
- (ग) द्विगु
- (घ) द्वन्द्व
उत्तर: (ग) द्विगु (तीन + भुवन)
प्रश्न ७. "उसले मलाई पुस्तक दियो" मा कस्तो क्रिया छ?
- (क) अकर्मक
- (ख) सकर्मक
- (ग) दुकर्मक
- (घ) संयुक्त
उत्तर: (ग) दुकर्मक (मलाई + पुस्तक = दुई कर्म)
प्रश्न ८. "पढिन्छ" कुन वाच्य हो?
- (क) कर्तृवाच्य
- (ख) कर्मवाच्य
- (ग) भाववाच्य
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) कर्मवाच्य
प्रश्न ९. "म र ऊ आएँ" मा क्रिया कुन पुरुषको हो?
- (क) प्रथम
- (ख) द्वितीय
- (ग) तृतीय
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (क) प्रथम पुरुष (म = उत्तम)
प्रश्न १०. "जब ऊ आयो, म गएँ" कस्तो वाक्य हो?
- (क) सरल
- (ख) संयुक्त
- (ग) मिश्र
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ग) मिश्र
प्रश्न ११. "राम र श्याम" मा क्रिया कस्तो हुन्छ?
- (क) एकवचन
- (ख) बहुवचन
- (ग) दुवै
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) बहुवचन
प्रश्न १२. "सूर्य" को पर्यायवाची कुन हो?
- (क) चन्द्र
- (ख) रवि
- (ग) तारा
- (घ) पृथ्वी
उत्तर: (ख) रवि
प्रश्न १३. "सुख" को विपरीतार्थक कुन हो?
- (क) आनन्द
- (ख) दुःख
- (ग) शान्ति
- (घ) प्रेम
उत्तर: (ख) दुःख
प्रश्न १४. "ओठमा राम नाम" को अर्थ कुन हो?
- (क) रामको नाम
- (ख) बोलीमा राम्रो
- (ग) ओठमा राम
- (घ) भगवान्
उत्तर: (ख) बोलीमा राम्रो
प्रश्न १५. "एक हातले ताली बज्दैन" को अर्थ कुन हो?
- (क) एक्लै काम गर्न सकिन्छ
- (ख) दुई जना नभई काम हुँदैन
- (ग) ताली बजाउन सजिलो
- (घ) हातले काम गर्नुपर्छ
उत्तर: (ख) दुई जना नभई काम हुँदैन
प्रश्न १६. "घरबाट आयो" मा कुन कारक हो?
- (क) कर्ता
- (ख) कर्म
- (ग) अपादान
- (घ) अधिकरण
उत्तर: (ग) अपादान (बाट = अपादान)
प्रश्न १७. "कलमले लेख" मा "कलम" कुन कारक हो?
- (क) कर्ता
- (ख) कर्म
- (ग) करण
- (घ) सम्प्रदान
उत्तर: (ग) करण (साधन)
प्रश्न १८. "रामलाई किताब दियो" मा "रामलाई" कुन कारक हो?
- (क) कर्म
- (ख) सम्प्रदान
- (ग) करण
- (घ) अधिकरण
उत्तर: (ख) सम्प्रदान
प्रश्न १९. "मैले गरेको" मा कुन काल हो?
- (क) सामान्य वर्तमान
- (ख) पूर्ण वर्तमान
- (ग) सामान्य भूत
- (घ) पूर्ण भूत
उत्तर: (ख) पूर्ण वर्तमान
प्रश्न २०. "ऊ पढेछ" कुन काल हो?
- (क) अज्ञात वर्तमान
- (ख) अज्ञात भूत
- (ग) सामान्य वर्तमान
- (घ) सामान्य भूत
उत्तर: (ख) अज्ञात भूत
२५.२ खरिदार (NAYAB SUBBA) परीक्षा २०८० (प्रश्नहरू)
प्रश्न १. "राम पढ्छ" लाई कर्मवाच्यमा कसरी बदलिन्छ?
- (क) रामले पढिन्छ
- (ख) पढिन्छ
- (ग) पढाइन्छ
- (घ) पढाइएको
उत्तर: (ख) पढिन्छ (कर्ता छैन)
प्रश्न २. "सीता रामलाई हेर्छिन्" मा "रामलाई" कुन कारक हो?
- (क) कर्ता
- (ख) कर्म
- (ग) सम्प्रदान
- (घ) अधिकरण
उत्तर: (ख) कर्म (हेर्ने कार्य रामलाई)
प्रश्न ३. "विद्यार्थीले पुस्तक पढे" मा कस्तो वाक्य हो?
- (क) सरल
- (ख) संयुक्त
- (ग) मिश्र
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (क) सरल
प्रश्न ४. "सुन्दर" को विपरीतार्थक कुन हो?
- (क) राम्रो
- (ख) कुरूप
- (ग) मिठो
- (घ) असल
उत्तर: (ख) कुरूप
प्रश्न ५. "चन्द्र" को पर्यायवाची कुन हो?
- (क) सूर्य
- (ख) इन्दु
- (ग) तारा
- (घ) अग्नि
उत्तर: (ख) इन्दु
प्रश्न ६. "बच्चा रोयो" मा कस्तो वाक्य हो?
- (क) सरल
- (ख) संयुक्त
- (ग) मिश्र
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (क) सरल (एउटा कर्ता, एउटा क्रिया)
प्रश्न ७. "दाजुभाइ" कुन समास हो?
- (क) तत्पुरुष
- (ख) कर्मधारय
- (ग) द्विगु
- (घ) द्वन्द्व
उत्तर: (घ) द्वन्द्व (दाजु + भाइ)
प्रश्न ८. "जसले पढ्यो, त्यो सफल भयो" कस्तो वाक्य हो?
- (क) सरल
- (ख) संयुक्त
- (ग) मिश्र
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ग) मिश्र (जसले-त्यो = आश्रित-प्रधान)
प्रश्न ९. "म पढ्दैछु" कुन पक्ष हो?
- (क) सामान्य
- (ख) अपूर्ण
- (ग) पूर्ण
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) अपूर्ण पक्ष (जारी)
प्रश्न १०. "राम पढ्छ" मा कति उद्देश्य छ?
- (क) एक
- (ख) दुई
- (ग) तीन
- (घ) शून्य
उत्तर: (क) एक
प्रश्न ११. "राम र सीता स्कूल गए" मा क्रिया कस्तो छ?
- (क) एकवचन
- (ख) बहुवचन
- (ग) दुवै
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) बहुवचन (दुई कर्ता)
प्रश्न १२. "हिजो म स्कूल गएँ" कुन काल हो?
- (क) सामान्य वर्तमान
- (ख) सामान्य भूत
- (ग) पूर्ण भूत
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) सामान्य भूत (हिजो = भूत)
प्रश्न १३. "रामले पुस्तक पढ्यो" मा "पुस्तक" कुन कारक हो?
- (क) कर्ता
- (ख) कर्म
- (ग) करण
- (घ) सम्बन्ध
उत्तर: (ख) कर्म (पढ्ने कार्य पुस्तकमा)
प्रश्न १४. "जब म आएँ, तब ऊ गयो" कस्तो वाक्य हो?
- (क) सरल
- (ख) संयुक्त
- (ग) मिश्र
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ग) मिश्र (जब-तब)
प्रश्न १५. "ऊ आफ्नै काम गर्छ" मा "आफ्नै" कुन पद हो?
- (क) नाम
- (ख) सर्वनाम
- (ग) विशेषण
- (घ) क्रियापद
उत्तर: (ख) सर्वनाम (निजवाचक)
प्रश्न १६. "उनीहरू खेल्छन्" मा क्रिया कुन पुरुषको हो?
- (क) प्रथम
- (ख) द्वितीय
- (ग) तृतीय
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ग) तृतीय पुरुष (उनीहरू)
प्रश्न १७. "म र तँ सँगै जान्छौं" मा क्रिया कुन पुरुषको हो?
- (क) प्रथम
- (ख) द्वितीय
- (ग) तृतीय
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (क) प्रथम पुरुष (म = उत्तमले प्राथमिकता)
प्रश्न १८. "उसले गरेको" कुन काल हो?
- (क) सामान्य वर्तमान
- (ख) अपूर्ण वर्तमान
- (ग) पूर्ण वर्तमान
- (घ) सामान्य भूत
उत्तर: (ग) पूर्ण वर्तमान
प्रश्न १९. "कक्षाकोठा" कस्तो शब्द हो?
- (क) रूढ
- (ख) यौगिक
- (ग) तत्सम
- (घ) आगन्तुक
उत्तर: (ख) यौगिक (समस्त) शब्द
प्रश्न २०. "नदी" मा कुन स्वर छ?
- (क) ह्रस्व इ
- (ख) दीर्घ ई
- (ग) ह्रस्व उ
- (घ) दीर्घ ऊ
उत्तर: (ख) दीर्घ ई (नदीको नाम)
२५.३ अधिकृत स्तर परीक्षा २०७९ (प्रश्नहरू)
प्रश्न १. "सरकारद्वारा कानुन बनाइयो" मा कुन वाच्य हो?
- (क) कर्तृवाच्य
- (ख) कर्मवाच्य
- (ग) भाववाच्य
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) कर्मवाच्य (द्वारा = कर्ता)
प्रश्न २. "यदि पढ्छौ भने पास हुन्छौ" कस्तो वाक्य हो?
- (क) सरल
- (ख) संयुक्त
- (ग) मिश्र
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ग) मिश्र
प्रश्न ३. "रामले श्यामलाई किताब दियो" मा कस्तो क्रिया छ?
- (क) अकर्मक
- (ख) सकर्मक
- (ग) दुकर्मक
- (घ) संयुक्त
उत्तर: (ग) दुकर्मक (श्यामलाई + किताब = दुई कर्म)
प्रश्न ४. "विद्यार्थीले किताब पढे" कस्तो वाक्य हो?
- (क) सरल
- (ख) संयुक्त
- (ग) मिश्र
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (क) सरल
प्रश्न ५. "जब ऊ आउँछ, म जान्छु" कस्तो वाक्य हो?
- (क) सरल
- (ख) संयुक्त
- (ग) मिश्र
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ग) मिश्र
प्रश्न ६. "सुख र शान्ति" कुन समास हो?
- (क) तत्पुरुष
- (ख) कर्मधारय
- (ग) द्विगु
- (घ) द्वन्द्व
उत्तर: (घ) द्वन्द्व (सुख + शान्ति)
प्रश्न ७. "पञ्चतन्त्र" कुन समास हो?
- (क) तत्पुरुष
- (ख) कर्मधारय
- (ग) द्विगु
- (घ) द्वन्द्व
उत्तर: (ग) द्विगु (पाँच + तन्त्र)
प्रश्न ८. "अशुद्ध" मा कुन उपसर्ग छ?
- (क) अ
- (ख) शुद्ध
- (ग) शु
- (घ) अशु
उत्तर: (क) अ (नकारात्मक)
प्रश्न ९. "प्रतिबद्ध" मा कुन उपसर्ग छ?
- (क) प्रति
- (ख) बद्ध
- (ग) प्र
- (घ) ब
उत्तर: (क) प्रति
प्रश्न १०. "सद्भावना" मा कुन उपसर्ग छ?
- (क) सत्
- (ख) भावना
- (ग) स
- (घ) सद्
उत्तर: (क) सत् (राम्रो)
प्रश्न ११. "विद्वान" मा कुन प्रत्यय छ?
- (क) विद्
- (ख) वान
- (ग) आन
- (घ) अन
उत्तर: (ख) वान
प्रश्न १२. "उदार" मा कुन उपसर्ग छ?
- (क) उद्
- (ख) आर
- (ग) उ
- (घ) दा
उत्तर: (क) उद् (माथि)
प्रश्न १३. "उपचार" मा कुन उपसर्ग छ?
- (क) उप
- (ख) चार
- (ग) उ
- (घ) प
उत्तर: (क) उप
प्रश्न १४. "निरोग" मा कुन उपसर्ग छ?
- (क) नि
- (ख) रोग
- (ग) निर
- (घ) ग
उत्तर: (ग) निर (बिना)
प्रश्न १५. "सुशील" मा कुन उपसर्ग छ?
- (क) सु
- (ख) शील
- (ग) स
- (घ) श
उत्तर: (क) सु (राम्रो)
प्रश्न १६. "कुसंग" मा कुन उपसर्ग छ?
- (क) कु
- (ख) संग
- (ग) क
- (घ) सं
उत्तर: (क) कु (नराम्रो)
प्रश्न १७. "नीरोग" मा कुन उपसर्ग छ?
- (क) नी
- (ख) रोग
- (ग) नि
- (घ) नीर
उत्तर: (क) नी
प्रश्न १८. "कमलनयन" कुन समास हो?
- (क) तत्पुरुष
- (ख) कर्मधारय
- (ग) द्विगु
- (घ) द्वन्द्व
उत्तर: (ख) कर्मधारय (कमल जस्तै नयन)
प्रश्न १९. "सत्सङ्ग" कुन समास हो?
- (क) तत्पुरुष
- (ख) कर्मधारय
- (ग) अव्ययीभाव
- (घ) द्वन्द्व
उत्तर: (ग) अव्ययीभाव (सत् + सङ्ग)
प्रश्न २०. "नवरत्न" कुन समास हो?
- (क) तत्पुरुष
- (ख) कर्मधारय
- (ग) द्विगु
- (घ) द्वन्द्व
उत्तर: (ग) द्विगु (नौ + रत्न)
२५.४ विगत लोकसेवा प्रश्न - मिश्रित (५० प्रश्न)
प्रश्न १. "माटो" को पर्यायवाची कुन हो?
- (क) मृत्तिका
- (ख) पानी
- (ग) हावा
- (घ) अग्नि
उत्तर: (क) मृत्तिका
प्रश्न २. "नयाँ" को विपरीतार्थक कुन हो?
- (क) पुरानो
- (ख) राम्रो
- (ग) ठूलो
- (घ) सानो
उत्तर: (क) पुरानो
प्रश्न ३. "रात" को पर्यायवाची कुन हो?
- (क) दिन
- (ख) रात्रि
- (ग) बिहान
- (घ) साँझ
उत्तर: (ख) रात्रि
प्रश्न ४. "अग्नि" को पर्यायवाची कुन हो?
- (क) पावक
- (ख) जल
- (ग) वायु
- (घ) माटो
उत्तर: (क) पावक
प्रश्न ५. "मित्र" को विपरीतार्थक कुन हो?
- (क) शत्रु
- (ख) साथी
- (ग) बन्धु
- (घ) मीत
उत्तर: (क) शत्रु
प्रश्न ६. "शिक्षक" को पर्यायवाची कुन हो?
- (क) गुरु
- (ख) विद्यार्थी
- (ग) छात्र
- (घ) किसान
उत्तर: (क) गुरु
प्रश्न ७. "सुन्दर" को विपरीतार्थक कुन हो?
- (क) कुरूप
- (ख) राम्रो
- (ग) मिठो
- (घ) असल
उत्तर: (क) कुरूप
प्रश्न ८. "रोग" को विपरीतार्थक कुन हो?
- (क) स्वास्थ्य
- (ख) बिमारी
- (ग) व्याधि
- (घ) आमय
उत्तर: (क) स्वास्थ्य
प्रश्न ९. "पृथ्वी" को विपरीतार्थक कुन हो?
- (क) आकाश
- (ख) पानी
- (ग) अग्नि
- (घ) माटो
उत्तर: (क) आकाश
प्रश्न १०. "उच्च" को विपरीतार्थक कुन हो?
- (क) नीच
- (ख) माथि
- (ग) अग्लो
- (घ) ठूलो
उत्तर: (क) नीच
प्रश्न ११. "सफल" को विपरीतार्थक कुन हो?
- (क) असफल
- (ख) सिद्ध
- (ग) जित
- (घ) विजयी
उत्तर: (क) असफल
प्रश्न १२. "विद्या" को पर्यायवाची कुन हो?
- (क) ज्ञान
- (ख) अज्ञान
- (ग) मोह
- (घ) अविद्या
उत्तर: (क) ज्ञान
प्रश्न १३. "मूर्ख" को विपरीतार्थक कुन हो?
- (क) बुद्धिमान
- (ख) मूढ़
- (ग) अज्ञ
- (घ) निर्बुद्धि
उत्तर: (क) बुद्धिमान
प्रश्न १४. "पर्वत" को पर्यायवाची कुन हो?
- (क) गिरि
- (ख) नदी
- (ग) समुद्र
- (घ) सागर
उत्तर: (क) गिरि
प्रश्न १५. "नदी" को पर्यायवाची कुन हो?
- (क) सरिता
- (ख) पर्वत
- (ग) समुद्र
- (घ) ताल
उत्तर: (क) सरिता
प्रश्न १६. "समुद्र" को पर्यायवाची कुन हो?
- (क) सागर
- (ख) नदी
- (ग) ताल
- (घ) पोखरी
उत्तर: (क) सागर
प्रश्न १७. "आँखा" को पर्यायवाची कुन हो?
- (क) नेत्र
- (ख) कान
- (ग) नाक
- (घ) मुख
उत्तर: (क) नेत्र
प्रश्न १८. "मुख" को पर्यायवाची कुन हो?
- (क) वदन
- (ख) आँखा
- (ग) नाक
- (घ) कान
उत्तर: (क) वदन
प्रश्न १९. "कान" को पर्यायवाची कुन हो?
- (क) कर्ण
- (ख) नेत्र
- (ग) वदन
- (घ) हस्त
उत्तर: (क) कर्ण
प्रश्न २०. "पानी" को विपरीतार्थक कुन हो?
- (क) अग्नि
- (ख) जल
- (ग) नीर
- (घ) तोय
उत्तर: (क) अग्नि
प्रश्न २१. "राम" को पर्यायवाची कुन हो?
- (क) अयोध्यापुरुष
- (ख) सीता
- (ग) लक्ष्मण
- (घ) हनुमान्
उत्तर: (क) अयोध्यापुरुष (रामचन्द्र)
प्रश्न २२. "सुगम" को विपरीतार्थक कुन हो?
- (क) दुर्गम
- (ख) सरल
- (ग) सजिलो
- (घ) गमन
उत्तर: (क) दुर्गम
प्रश्न २३. "सुलभ" को विपरीतार्थक कुन हो?
- (क) दुर्लभ
- (ख) सरल
- (ग) सजिलो
- (घ) सहज
उत्तर: (क) दुर्लभ
प्रश्न २४. "यश" को विपरीतार्थक कुन हो?
- (क) अपयश
- (ख) कीर्ति
- (ग) ख्याति
- (घ) प्रतिष्ठा
उत्तर: (क) अपयश
प्रश्न २५. "प्रसिद्ध" को विपरीतार्थक कुन हो?
- (क) अप्रसिद्ध
- (ख) विख्यात
- (ग) प्रतिष्ठित
- (घ) महान्
उत्तर: (क) अप्रसिद्ध
प्रश्न २६. "राम्रो" को विपरीतार्थक कुन हो?
- (क) नराम्रो
- (ख) सुन्दर
- (ग) मीठो
- (घ) असल
उत्तर: (क) नराम्रो
प्रश्न २७. "असल" को विपरीतार्थक कुन हो?
- (क) खराब
- (ख) राम्रो
- (ग) मीठो
- (घ) उत्तम
उत्तर: (क) खराब
प्रश्न २८. "जाग्नु" को विपरीतार्थक कुन हो?
- (क) सुत्नु
- (ख) उठ्नु
- (ग) बस्नु
- (घ) हिँड्नु
उत्तर: (क) सुत्नु
प्रश्न २९. "आउनु" को विपरीतार्थक कुन हो?
- (क) जानु
- (ख) आइपुग्नु
- (ग) प्रवेश
- (घ) आगमन
उत्तर: (क) जानु
प्रश्न ३०. "दिनु" को विपरीतार्थक कुन हो?
- (क) लिनु
- (ख) बाँड्नु
- (ग) वितरण
- (घ) प्रदान
उत्तर: (क) लिनु
प्रश्न ३१. "हाँस्नु" को विपरीतार्थक कुन हो?
- (क) रुनु
- (ख) हाँस्नु नै
- (ग) खुसी
- (घ) प्रसन्न
उत्तर: (क) रुनु
प्रश्न ३२. "सफा" को पर्यायवाची कुन हो?
- (क) स्वच्छ
- (ख) फोहोर
- (ग) मैलो
- (घ) गन्दा
उत्तर: (क) स्वच्छ
प्रश्न ३३. "शरीर" को पर्यायवाची कुन हो?
- (क) देह
- (ख) आत्मा
- (ग) प्राण
- (घ) मन
उत्तर: (क) देह
प्रश्न ३४. "हावा" को पर्यायवाची कुन हो?
- (क) पवन
- (ख) जल
- (ग) अग्नि
- (घ) माटो
उत्तर: (क) पवन
प्रश्न ३५. "अगाडि" को विपरीतार्थक कुन हो?
- (क) पछाडि
- (ख) माथि
- (ग) तल
- (घ) भित्र
उत्तर: (क) पछाडि
प्रश्न ३६. "माथि" को विपरीतार्थक कुन हो?
- (क) तल
- (ख) अगाडि
- (ग) पछाडि
- (घ) भित्र
उत्तर: (क) तल
प्रश्न ३७. "भित्र" को विपरीतार्थक कुन हो?
- (क) बाहिर
- (ख) माथि
- (ग) तल
- (घ) अगाडि
उत्तर: (क) बाहिर
प्रश्न ३८. "अँध्यारो" को विपरीतार्थक कुन हो?
- (क) उज्यालो
- (ख) प्रकाश
- (ग) दिन
- (घ) सूर्य
उत्तर: (क) उज्यालो
प्रश्न ३९. "उज्यालो" को विपरीतार्थक कुन हो?
- (क) अँध्यारो
- (ख) प्रकाश
- (ग) ज्योति
- (घ) दीप्ति
उत्तर: (क) अँध्यारो
प्रश्न ४०. "उठ्नु" को विपरीतार्थक कुन हो?
- (क) बस्नु
- (ख) सुत्नु
- (ग) पल्टनु
- (घ) लेट्नु
उत्तर: (क) बस्नु
प्रश्न ४१. "बस्नु" को विपरीतार्थक कुन हो?
- (क) उठ्नु
- (ख) सुत्नु
- (ग) पल्टनु
- (घ) लेट्नु
उत्तर: (क) उठ्नु
प्रश्न ४२. "रात" को विपरीतार्थक कुन हो?
- (क) दिन
- (ख) बिहान
- (ग) साँझ
- (घ) दिउँसो
उत्तर: (क) दिन
प्रश्न ४३. "उत्तम" को विपरीतार्थक कुन हो?
- (क) अधम
- (ख) मध्यम
- (ग) उच्च
- (घ) श्रेष्ठ
उत्तर: (क) अधम
प्रश्न ४४. "वृद्ध" को विपरीतार्थक कुन हो?
- (क) युवा
- (ख) बालक
- (ग) जवान
- (घ) तरुण
उत्तर: (क) युवा
प्रश्न ४५. "धनी" को विपरीतार्थक कुन हो?
- (क) गरिब
- (ख) सम्पन्न
- (ग) मालामाल
- (घ) धनवान्
उत्तर: (क) गरिब
प्रश्न ४६. "प्रेम" को पर्यायवाची कुन हो?
- (क) माया
- (ख) घृणा
- (ग) द्वेष
- (घ) राग
उत्तर: (क) माया
प्रश्न ४७. "घृणा" को विपरीतार्थक कुन हो?
- (क) प्रेम
- (ख) माया
- (ग) स्नेह
- (घ) अनुराग
उत्तर: (क) प्रेम
प्रश्न ४८. "सूर्य" को विपरीतार्थक कुन हो?
- (क) चन्द्र
- (ख) तारा
- (ग) ग्रह
- (घ) पृथ्वी
उत्तर: (क) चन्द्र
प्रश्न ४९. "सत्य" को पर्यायवाची कुन हो?
- (क) ठीक
- (ख) झूठो
- (ग) मिथ्या
- (घ) कपट
उत्तर: (क) ठीक
प्रश्न ५०. "झूठो" को विपरीतार्थक कुन हो?
- (क) सत्य
- (ख) ठीक
- (ग) सच
- (घ) यथार्थ
उत्तर: (क) सत्य
अध्याय २६: मोक टेस्ट पेपरहरू (अभ्यास)
२६.१ मोक टेस्ट पेपर १ (५० प्रश्न)
समय: ३० मिनेट, पूर्णाङ्क: ५० (प्रत्येक १ अङ्क)
वर्णविन्यास (प्रश्न १-१०):
प्रश्न १. "दाजु" शब्दमा कुन स्वर प्रयोग भएको छ?
- (क) ह्रस्व इ
- (ख) दीर्घ ई
- (ग) ह्रस्व उ
- (घ) दीर्घ ऊ
उत्तर: (ग) ह्रस्व उ
प्रश्न २. "दिदी" शब्दमा कुन स्वर प्रयोग भएको छ?
- (क) ह्रस्व इ
- (ख) दीर्घ ई
- (ग) ह्रस्व उ
- (घ) दीर्घ ऊ
उत्तर: (ख) दीर्घ ई
प्रश्न ३. "पोखरा" शब्दमा कुन स्वर प्रयोग भएको छ?
- (क) ह्रस्व उ
- (ख) दीर्घ ऊ
- (ग) ह्रस्व इ
- (घ) दीर्घ ई
उत्तर: (क) ह्रस्व उ
प्रश्न ४. "नदी" शब्दमा कुन स्वर प्रयोग भएको छ?
- (क) ह्रस्व इ
- (ख) दीर्घ ई
- (ग) ह्रस्व उ
- (घ) दीर्घ ऊ
उत्तर: (ख) दीर्घ ई
प्रश्न ५. "किताब" शब्दमा कुन स्वर प्रयोग भएको छ?
- (क) ह्रस्व इ
- (ख) दीर्घ ई
- (ग) ह्रस्व उ
- (घ) दीर्घ ऊ
उत्तर: (क) ह्रस्व इ
प्रश्न ६. "शिक्षा" शब्दमा कुन वर्ण प्रयोग भएको छ?
- (क) श
- (ख) ष
- (ग) स
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (क) श
प्रश्न ७. "षड्यन्त्र" शब्दमा कुन वर्ण प्रयोग भएको छ?
- (क) श
- (ख) ष
- (ग) स
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) ष
प्रश्न ८. "सहर" शब्दमा कुन वर्ण प्रयोग भएको छ?
- (क) श
- (ख) ष
- (ग) स
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ग) स
प्रश्न ९. "संवाद" शब्दमा कुन वर्ण प्रयोग भएको छ?
- (क) ब
- (ख) व
- (ग) दुवै
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) व
प्रश्न १०. "कवि" शब्दमा कुन वर्ण प्रयोग भएको छ?
- (क) ब
- (ख) व
- (ग) दुवै
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) व
पदसङ्गति (प्रश्न ११-१५):
प्रश्न ११. "राम र श्याम आए" मा क्रिया कस्तो छ?
- (क) एकवचन
- (ख) बहुवचन
- (ग) दुवै
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) बहुवचन
प्रश्न १२. "म र ऊ जान्छौं" मा क्रिया कुन पुरुषको हो?
- (क) प्रथम
- (ख) द्वितीय
- (ग) तृतीय
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (क) प्रथम
प्रश्न १३. "तँ र ऊ जान्छौं" मा क्रिया कुन पुरुषको हो?
- (क) प्रथम
- (ख) द्वितीय
- (ग) तृतीय
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) द्वितीय
प्रश्न १४. "सीता गईन्" कस्तो पदसङ्गति हो?
- (क) पुलिङ्ग
- (ख) स्त्रीलिङ्ग
- (ग) उभयलिङ्गी
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) स्त्रीलिङ्ग
प्रश्न १५. "मन्त्री आउनुभयो" मा कस्तो पदसङ्गति छ?
- (क) कर्ता एकवचन, क्रिया एकवचन
- (ख) कर्ता एकवचन, क्रिया बहुवचन (आदर)
- (ग) कर्ता बहुवचन, क्रिया बहुवचन
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) कर्ता एकवचन, क्रिया बहुवचन (आदर)
पदवर्ग (प्रश्न १६-२०):
प्रश्न १६. "रामले किताब पढ्यो" मा "राम" कुन पद हो?
- (क) सर्वनाम
- (ख) नाम
- (ग) विशेषण
- (घ) क्रियापद
उत्तर: (ख) नाम
प्रश्न १७. "ऊ स्कूल गयो" मा "ऊ" कुन पद हो?
- (क) नाम
- (ख) सर्वनाम
- (ग) विशेषण
- (घ) क्रियापद
उत्तर: (ख) सर्वनाम
प्रश्न १८. "राम्रो मान्छे" मा "राम्रो" कुन पद हो?
- (क) नाम
- (ख) सर्वनाम
- (ग) विशेषण
- (घ) क्रियापद
उत्तर: (ग) विशेषण
प्रश्न १९. "छिटो आउ" मा "छिटो" कुन पद हो?
- (क) विशेषण
- (ख) क्रियाविशेषण
- (ग) नाम
- (घ) सर्वनाम
उत्तर: (ख) क्रियाविशेषण
प्रश्न २०. "कुर्सीमा बस" मा "मा" कुन पद हो?
- (क) नामयोगी
- (ख) संयोजक
- (ग) क्रियापद
- (घ) विशेषण
उत्तर: (क) नामयोगी
धातु र क्रिया (प्रश्न २१-२५):
प्रश्न २१. "पढ्छ" मा कुन धातु छ?
- (क) पढ
- (ख) पढ्
- (ग) पढ्नु
- (घ) पढ्न
उत्तर: (ख) पढ्
प्रश्न २२. "गर्छ" मा कुन धातु छ?
- (क) ग
- (ख) गर
- (ग) गर्
- (घ) गर्नु
उत्तर: (ग) गर्
प्रश्न २३. "खान्छ" मा कुन धातु छ?
- (क) खा
- (ख) खान
- (ग) खान्
- (घ) खाँ
उत्तर: (क) खा
प्रश्न २४. "रामले किताब पढ्यो" मा कस्तो क्रिया हो?
- (क) अकर्मक
- (ख) सकर्मक
- (ग) संयुक्त
- (घ) नामधातु
उत्तर: (ख) सकर्मक
प्रश्न २५. "बच्चा रोयो" मा कस्तो क्रिया हो?
- (क) सकर्मक
- (ख) अकर्मक
- (ग) दुकर्मक
- (घ) संयुक्त
उत्तर: (ख) अकर्मक
काल र पक्ष (प्रश्न २६-३०):
प्रश्न २६. "म पढ्छु" कुन काल हो?
- (क) वर्तमान
- (ख) भूत
- (ग) भविष्यत्
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (क) वर्तमान
प्रश्न २७. "ऊ गयो" कुन काल हो?
- (क) वर्तमान
- (ख) भूत
- (ग) भविष्यत्
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) भूत
प्रश्न २८. "म पढ्दैछु" कुन पक्ष हो?
- (क) सामान्य
- (ख) अपूर्ण
- (ग) पूर्ण
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) अपूर्ण
प्रश्न २९. "म पढ्नेछु" कुन काल हो?
- (क) वर्तमान
- (ख) भूत
- (ग) भविष्यत्
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ग) भविष्यत्
प्रश्न ३०. "ऊ पढ्थ्यो" कुन काल हो?
- (क) सामान्य भूत
- (ख) अभ्यस्त भूत
- (ग) पूर्ण भूत
- (घ) अज्ञात भूत
उत्तर: (ख) अभ्यस्त भूत
कारक र विभक्ति (प्रश्न ३१-३५):
प्रश्न ३१. "रामले किताब पढ्यो" मा "राम" कुन कारक हो?
- (क) कर्ता
- (ख) कर्म
- (ग) करण
- (घ) सम्बन्ध
उत्तर: (क) कर्ता
प्रश्न ३२. "उसले किताब पढ्यो" मा "किताब" कुन कारक हो?
- (क) कर्ता
- (ख) कर्म
- (ग) करण
- (घ) सम्बन्ध
उत्तर: (ख) कर्म
प्रश्न ३३. "कलमले लेख" मा "कलम" कुन कारक हो?
- (क) कर्ता
- (ख) कर्म
- (ग) करण
- (घ) सम्प्रदान
उत्तर: (ग) करण
प्रश्न ३४. "मैले रामलाई किताब दिएँ" मा "रामलाई" कुन कारक हो?
- (क) कर्म
- (ख) सम्प्रदान
- (ग) करण
- (घ) अधिकरण
उत्तर: (ख) सम्प्रदान
प्रश्न ३५. "घरबाट आयो" मा "घरबाट" कुन कारक हो?
- (क) कर्ता
- (ख) कर्म
- (ग) अपादान
- (घ) अधिकरण
उत्तर: (ग) अपादान
वाच्य र वाक्य संरचना (प्रश्न ३६-४०):
प्रश्न ३६. "रामले किताब पढ्यो" कुन वाच्य हो?
- (क) कर्मवाच्य
- (ख) कर्तृवाच्य
- (ग) भाववाच्य
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) कर्तृवाच्य
प्रश्न ३७. "किताब पढियो" कुन वाच्य हो?
- (क) कर्तृवाच्य
- (ख) कर्मवाच्य
- (ग) भाववाच्य
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) कर्मवाच्य
प्रश्न ३८. "राम पढ्छ" कस्तो वाक्य हो?
- (क) सरल
- (ख) संयुक्त
- (ग) मिश्र
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (क) सरल
प्रश्न ३९. "राम पढ्छ र श्याम खेल्छ" कस्तो वाक्य हो?
- (क) सरल
- (ख) संयुक्त
- (ग) मिश्र
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) संयुक्त
प्रश्न ४०. "जब ऊ आयो, म गएँ" कस्तो वाक्य हो?
- (क) सरल
- (ख) संयुक्त
- (ग) मिश्र
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ग) मिश्र
शब्दनिर्माण (प्रश्न ४१-४५):
प्रश्न ४१. "असभ्य" मा कुन उपसर्ग छ?
- (क) अ
- (ख) स
- (ग) सभ्य
- (घ) भ्य
उत्तर: (क) अ
प्रश्न ४२. "प्रतिदिन" मा कुन उपसर्ग छ?
- (क) प्रति
- (ख) दिन
- (ग) प्र
- (घ) ति
उत्तर: (क) प्रति
प्रश्न ४३. "पढाइ" मा कुन प्रत्यय छ?
- (क) पढ
- (ख) आइ
- (ग) ाइ
- (घ) इ
उत्तर: (ख) आइ
प्रश्न ४४. "कक्षाकोठा" कुन समास हो?
- (क) तत्पुरुष
- (ख) कर्मधारय
- (ग) द्विगु
- (घ) द्वन्द्व
उत्तर: (क) तत्पुरुष
प्रश्न ४५. "त्रिभुवन" कुन समास हो?
- (क) तत्पुरुष
- (ख) कर्मधारय
- (ग) द्विगु
- (घ) द्वन्द्व
उत्तर: (ग) द्विगु
पर्यायवाची र विपरीतार्थक (प्रश्न ४६-५०):
प्रश्न ४६. "सूर्य" को पर्यायवाची कुन हो?
- (क) चन्द्र
- (ख) रवि
- (ग) तारा
- (घ) पृथ्वी
उत्तर: (ख) रवि
प्रश्न ४७. "पानी" को पर्यायवाची कुन हो?
- (क) अग्नि
- (ख) जल
- (ग) पवन
- (घ) माटो
उत्तर: (ख) जल
प्रश्न ४८. "सुख" को विपरीतार्थक कुन हो?
- (क) आनन्द
- (ख) दुःख
- (ग) शान्ति
- (घ) प्रेम
उत्तर: (ख) दुःख
प्रश्न ४९. "नयाँ" को विपरीतार्थक कुन हो?
- (क) राम्रो
- (ख) पुरानो
- (ग) ठूलो
- (घ) सानो
उत्तर: (ख) पुरानो
प्रश्न ५०. "मित्र" को विपरीतार्थक कुन हो?
- (क) साथी
- (ख) शत्रु
- (ग) बन्धु
- (घ) मीत
उत्तर: (ख) शत्रु
२६.२ मोक टेस्ट पेपर २ (५० प्रश्न)
समय: ३० मिनेट, पूर्णाङ्क: ५० (प्रत्येक १ अङ्क)
प्रश्न १. "कार्की" मा कुन स्वर प्रयोग भएको छ?
- (क) ह्रस्व इ
- (ख) दीर्घ ई
- (ग) ह्रस्व आ
- (घ) दीर्घ आ
उत्तर: (ख) दीर्घ ई
प्रश्न २. "कोसी" मा कुन स्वर प्रयोग भएको छ?
- (क) ह्रस्व इ
- (ख) दीर्घ ई
- (ग) ह्रस्व उ
- (घ) दीर्घ ऊ
उत्तर: (ख) दीर्घ ई
प्रश्न ३. "सामाजिक" मा कुन स्वर छ (बीचमा)?
- (क) ह्रस्व
- (ख) दीर्घ
- (ग) कुनै पनि होइन
- (घ) माथिका कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (क) ह्रस्व
प्रश्न ४. "श्री" मा कुन वर्ण प्रयोग भएको छ?
- (क) श
- (ख) ष
- (ग) स
- (घ) श्र
उत्तर: (घ) श्र (संयुक्ताक्षर)
प्रश्न ५. "संविधान" मा कुन वर्ण छ?
- (क) ब
- (ख) व
- (ग) दुवै
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) व
प्रश्न ६. "बाघ" मा कुन वर्ण छ?
- (क) ब
- (ख) व
- (ग) दुवै
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (क) ब (स्वरपछि)
प्रश्न ७. "राम पढ्छ र श्याम खेल्छ" कस्तो वाक्य हो?
- (क) सरल
- (ख) संयुक्त
- (ग) मिश्र
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) संयुक्त
प्रश्न ८. "यदि पढ्छौ भने पास हुन्छौ" कस्तो वाक्य हो?
- (क) सरल
- (ख) संयुक्त
- (ग) मिश्र
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ग) मिश्र
प्रश्न ९. "म पढ्दैछु" मा कुन पक्ष हो?
- (क) सामान्य
- (ख) अपूर्ण
- (ग) पूर्ण
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) अपूर्ण
प्रश्न १०. "म पढेको छु" मा कुन पक्ष हो?
- (क) सामान्य
- (ख) अपूर्ण
- (ग) पूर्ण
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ग) पूर्ण
प्रश्न ११. "उसले मलाई पुस्तक दियो" मा कस्तो क्रिया हो?
- (क) अकर्मक
- (ख) सकर्मक
- (ग) दुकर्मक
- (घ) संयुक्त
उत्तर: (ग) दुकर्मक
प्रश्न १२. "गाउँलो" मा कुन प्रत्यय छ?
- (क) गाउँ
- (ख) लो
- (ग) ाउँ
- (घ) ँलो
उत्तर: (ख) लो
प्रश्न १३. "सामाजिक" मा कुन प्रत्यय छ?
- (क) सामा
- (ख) जिक
- (ग) इक
- (घ) क
उत्तर: (ग) इक
प्रश्न १४. "अध्यक्ष" मा कुन उपसर्ग छ?
- (क) अ
- (ख) अधि
- (ग) अध्य
- (घ) क्ष
उत्तर: (ख) अधि
प्रश्न १५. "उपनगर" मा कुन उपसर्ग छ?
- (क) उप
- (ख) नगर
- (ग) उ
- (घ) प
उत्तर: (क) उप
प्रश्न १६. "सुशासन" मा कुन उपसर्ग छ?
- (क) शासन
- (ख) सु
- (ग) स
- (घ) न
उत्तर: (ख) सु
प्रश्न १७. "दुर्गुण" मा कुन उपसर्ग छ?
- (क) दु
- (ख) दुर्
- (ग) गुण
- (घ) द
उत्तर: (ख) दुर्
प्रश्न १८. "कुमारी" मा कुन उपसर्ग छ?
- (क) कु
- (ख) मारी
- (ग) क
- (घ) री
उत्तर: (क) कु
प्रश्न १९. "अनुपम" मा कुन उपसर्ग छ?
- (क) अ
- (ख) अनु
- (ग) पम
- (घ) म
उत्तर: (ख) अनु
प्रश्न २०. "उत्सव" मा कुन उपसर्ग छ?
- (क) उत्
- (ख) सव
- (ग) उ
- (घ) त
उत्तर: (क) उत्
प्रश्न २१. "निरर्थक" मा कुन उपसर्ग छ?
- (क) न
- (ख) निर
- (ग) र्थक
- (घ) क
उत्तर: (ख) निर
प्रश्न २२. "प्रतिनिधि" मा कुन उपसर्ग छ?
- (क) प्रति
- (ख) निधि
- (ग) नि
- (घ) प्र
उत्तर: (क) प्रति
प्रश्न २३. "विदेश" मा कुन उपसर्ग छ?
- (क) वि
- (ख) देश
- (ग) वि
- (घ) दे
उत्तर: (क) वि
प्रश्न २४. "गुणवान्" मा कुन प्रत्यय छ?
- (क) गुण
- (ख) वान्
- (ग) अन्
- (घ) गु
उत्तर: (ख) वान्
प्रश्न २५. "गरिमा" मा कुन प्रत्यय छ?
- (क) गरि
- (ख) इमा
- (ग) मा
- (घ) ग
उत्तर: (ख) इमा
प्रश्न २६. "सुखदुःख" कुन समास हो?
- (क) तत्पुरुष
- (ख) कर्मधारय
- (ग) द्विगु
- (घ) द्वन्द्व
उत्तर: (घ) द्वन्द्व
प्रश्न २७. "चिरञ्जीवी" मा कुन उपसर्ग छ?
- (क) चिर
- (ख) जीवी
- (ग) चिरन्
- (घ) जी
उत्तर: (क) चिर
प्रश्न २८. "कालेमान्छे" कुन समास हो?
- (क) तत्पुरुष
- (ख) कर्मधारय
- (ग) द्विगु
- (घ) द्वन्द्व
उत्तर: (ख) कर्मधारय
प्रश्न २९. "चौघेरा" कुन समास हो?
- (क) तत्पुरुष
- (ख) कर्मधारय
- (ग) द्विगु
- (घ) द्वन्द्व
उत्तर: (ग) द्विगु
प्रश्न ३०. "बेखर्ची" कुन समास हो?
- (क) तत्पुरुष
- (ख) कर्मधारय
- (ग) अव्ययीभाव
- (घ) बहुव्रीहि
उत्तर: (ग) अव्ययीभाव
प्रश्न ३१. "त्रिलोचन" कुन समास हो?
- (क) तत्पुरुष
- (ख) कर्मधारय
- (ग) द्विगु
- (घ) बहुव्रीहि
उत्तर: (घ) बहुव्रीहि
प्रश्न ३२. "हल्लोखल्लो" कस्तो शब्द हो?
- (क) समास
- (ख) द्वित्व
- (ग) अनुकरण
- (घ) उपसर्ग
उत्तर: (ख) द्वित्व
प्रश्न ३३. "रामलक्ष्मण" कुन समास हो?
- (क) तत्पुरुष
- (ख) कर्मधारय
- (ग) द्विगु
- (घ) द्वन्द्व
उत्तर: (घ) द्वन्द्व
प्रश्न ३४. "रामले किताब पढ्यो" मा "किताब" कुन कारक हो?
- (क) कर्ता
- (ख) कर्म
- (ग) करण
- (घ) सम्बन्ध
उत्तर: (ख) कर्म
प्रश्न ३५. "मैले हातले खाएँ" मा "हातले" कुन कारक हो?
- (क) कर्ता
- (ख) कर्म
- (ग) करण
- (घ) सम्बन्ध
उत्तर: (ग) करण
प्रश्न ३६. "हिजोदेखि सुरु भयो" मा "हिजोदेखि" कुन कारक हो?
- (क) अधिकरण
- (ख) अपादान
- (ग) करण
- (घ) सम्बन्ध
उत्तर: (ख) अपादान
प्रश्न ३७. "रामको घर" मा "रामको" कुन कारक हो?
- (क) कर्ता
- (ख) सम्बन्ध
- (ग) करण
- (घ) अधिकरण
उत्तर: (ख) सम्बन्ध
प्रश्न ३८. "घरमा छ" मा "घरमा" कुन कारक हो?
- (क) कर्ता
- (ख) कर्म
- (ग) अधिकरण
- (घ) अपादान
उत्तर: (ग) अधिकरण
प्रश्न ३९. "रामलाई रुन्छ" कुन वाच्य हो?
- (क) कर्तृवाच्य
- (ख) कर्मवाच्य
- (ग) भाववाच्य
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ग) भाववाच्य
प्रश्न ४०. "किताब पढिन्छ" कुन वाच्य हो?
- (क) कर्तृवाच्य
- (ख) कर्मवाच्य
- (ग) भाववाच्य
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) कर्मवाच्य
प्रश्न ४१. "पढाइन्छ" कुन वाच्य हो?
- (क) कर्तृवाच्य
- (ख) कर्मवाच्य
- (ग) भाववाच्य
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) कर्मवाच्य
प्रश्न ४२. "आकाश" को पर्यायवाची कुन हो?
- (क) पृथ्वी
- (ख) गगन
- (ग) पानी
- (घ) अग्नि
उत्तर: (ख) गगन
प्रश्न ४३. "हावा" को पर्यायवाची कुन हो?
- (क) पवन
- (ख) जल
- (ग) अग्नि
- (घ) माटो
उत्तर: (क) पवन
प्रश्न ४४. "दिन" को विपरीतार्थक कुन हो?
- (क) बिहान
- (ख) रात
- (ग) साँझ
- (घ) दिउँसो
उत्तर: (ख) रात
प्रश्न ४५. "प्रेम" को विपरीतार्थक कुन हो?
- (क) माया
- (ख) घृणा
- (ग) स्नेह
- (घ) अनुराग
उत्तर: (ख) घृणा
प्रश्न ४६. "अल्छीको बाउ तीन वर्ष पुग्दैन" उखानको अर्थ कुन हो?
- (क) अल्छी मान्छे सफल हुन्छ
- (ख) अल्छी मान्छे सफल हुँदैन
- (ग) अल्छी मान्छे कडा परिश्रम गर्छ
- (घ) अल्छी मान्छे धनी हुन्छ
उत्तर: (ख) अल्छी मान्छे सफल हुँदैन
प्रश्न ४७. "एक हातले ताली बज्दैन" को अर्थ कुन हो?
- (क) एक्लै काम गर्न सकिन्छ
- (ख) दुई जना नभई काम हुँदैन
- (ग) ताली बजाउन सजिलो छ
- (घ) हातले काम गर्नुपर्छ
उत्तर: (ख) दुई जना नभई काम हुँदैन
प्रश्न ४८. "ओठमा राम नाम, कलिजोमा कुटुम्ब" को अर्थ कुन हो?
- (क) बोलीमा राम्रो, भित्र खराब
- (ख) राम र कुटुम्ब दुवै राम्रो
- (ग) ओठले राम्रो कुरा गर्छ
- (घ) कलिजोमा राम बस्छ
उत्तर: (क) बोलीमा राम्रो, भित्र खराब
प्रश्न ४९. "म पढ्छु" कुन काल हो?
- (क) वर्तमान
- (ख) भूत
- (ग) भविष्यत्
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (क) वर्तमान
प्रश्न ५०. "ऊ गयो" कुन काल हो?
- (क) वर्तमान
- (ख) भूत
- (ग) भविष्यत्
- (घ) कुनै पनि होइन
उत्तर: (ख) भूत
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